Respiratory System Exam Review PDF

🫁 Respiratory System Pneumonia De nition: In ammation of the lung parenchyma caused by infection. Can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Assessment: Auscultation (crackles, wheezes, diminished breath sounds), percussion (dullness), vital signs...

🫁 Respiratory System Pneumonia De nition: In ammation of the lung parenchyma caused by infection. Can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Assessment: Auscultation (crackles, wheezes, diminished breath sounds), percussion (dullness), vital signs (fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxia), sputum analysis, chest x-ray. Assess for cough, dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, and changes in mental status. Diagnostic Tests: Chest x-ray (shows consolidation), sputum culture and sensitivity (identi es causative organism and guides antibiotic therapy), blood tests (complete blood count, blood cultures). Clinical Manifestations: Cough (productive or non-productive), fever, chills, dyspnea, tachypnea, pleuritic chest pain, fatigue, altered mental status (in severe cases), sputum production (color varies depending on the cause). Nursing Interventions: Oxygen therapy, airway clearance techniques (coughing, deep breathing, incentive spirometry), medication administration (antibiotics, bronchodilators, analgesics), uid management, monitoring vital signs and oxygen saturation, patient education. Prioritize interventions based on ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Discharge Teaching: Continue medications as prescribed, follow-up appointments, recognize signs and symptoms of worsening infection (increased dyspnea, fever, productive cough), proper hand hygiene, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Sepsis De nition: Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Assessment: Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, altered mental status, fever or hypothermia, elevated white blood cell count, lactic acidosis, organ dysfunction (e.g., oliguria, altered liver function). Diagnostic Tests: Blood cultures, complete blood count, lactate levels, in ammatory markers (CRP, procalcitonin), chest x-ray, other imaging studies as needed. Clinical Manifestations: Fever, chills, hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, altered mental status, decreased urine output, organ dysfunction. Symptoms can be subtle or severe. Nursing Interventions: Fluid resuscitation, vasopressor support, antibiotic administration, oxygen therapy, monitoring vital signs and organ function, supportive care. Early recognition and treatment are crucial. Discharge Teaching: Importance of follow-up care, recognition of signs and symptoms of sepsis, infection prevention strategies. Flail Chest fi fi fl fl fl fi  De nition: Fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places, resulting in a segment of the chest wall that moves paradoxically during breathing. Assessment: Paradoxical chest wall movement, pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, decreased breath sounds over the affected area, hypoxemia. Diagnostic Tests: Chest x-ray, CT scan. Clinical Manifestations: Pain, dyspnea, paradoxical chest wall movement (segment moves inward during inspiration and outward during expiration), hypoxemia, tachycardia, and potential for respiratory distress. Nursing Interventions: Pain management, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation (if necessary), stabilization of the ail segment (surgical intervention may be required), monitoring respiratory status. Discharge Teaching: Pain management techniques, deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry, follow- up appointments, recognition of signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. Pleural Effusion De nition: Abnormal accumulation of uid in the pleural space. Assessment: Dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, chest pain, diminished breath sounds, dullness to percussion over the affected area. Diagnostic Tests: Chest x-ray, ultrasound, thoracentesis (to obtain uid for analysis). Clinical Manifestations: Dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough, decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and potentially signs of hypoxemia. Nursing Interventions: Oxygen therapy, thoracentesis (if indicated), chest tube insertion (if indicated), monitoring respiratory status, pain management. Discharge Teaching: Follow-up appointments, recognition of signs and symptoms of worsening pleural effusion, and potential need for further treatment. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) De nition: A group of lung diseases that block air ow to the lungs. Includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Assessment: Dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, use of accessory muscles for breathing, barrel chest (in emphysema), decreased breath sounds, prolonged expiration. Diagnostic Tests: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), chest x-ray, arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. Clinical Manifestations: Progressive dyspnea, chronic cough (often productive), wheezing, barrel chest (in emphysema), use of accessory muscles for breathing, fatigue, weight loss. Nursing Interventions: Oxygen therapy, bronchodilator therapy, inhaled corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, smoking cessation counseling, infection prevention. fi fi fi fl fl fl fl  Discharge Teaching: Medication management, smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, infection prevention, recognizing signs and symptoms of exacerbation. Emphysema De nition: A type of COPD characterized by the destruction of alveoli. Assessment: Similar to COPD, but with more prominent barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing, and diminished breath sounds. Diagnostic Tests: Similar to COPD. Clinical Manifestations: Similar to COPD, but with more pronounced dyspnea, barrel chest, and use of pursed-lip breathing. Nursing Interventions: Similar to COPD. Discharge Teaching: Similar to COPD. Asthma De nition: Chronic in ammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible air ow obstruction. Assessment: Wheezing, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, use of accessory muscles for breathing, decreased breath sounds. Diagnostic Tests: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), allergy testing, methacholine challenge test. Clinical Manifestations: Episodic wheezing, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, varying degrees of air ow obstruction. Nursing Interventions: Bronchodilator therapy (inhalers, nebulizers), inhaled corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, monitoring respiratory status, patient education. Discharge Teaching: Medication management, trigger avoidance, recognizing signs and symptoms of exacerbation, use of peak ow meter. Thoracentesis De nition: Procedure to remove uid from the pleural space using a needle. Setup: Sterile procedure, local anesthetic, appropriate size needle, collection containers, chest x-ray before and after. Nurse's Role: Assist with positioning the patient, prepare the sterile eld, monitor vital signs, provide emotional support, document the procedure. Sputum for Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) fi fi fi fl fl fl fi fl fl  De nition: A laboratory test to identify the bacteria or fungi causing a respiratory infection and determine which antibiotics are most effective against it. Purpose: To guide antibiotic therapy and improve treatment outcomes. Color Interpretation: Green: Often indicates bacterial infection; Yellow: May indicate infection; Rusty/ Brown: May indicate pneumococcal pneumonia; Pink/Bloody: May indicate lung cancer or other serious conditions; Clear/White: May indicate viral infection or other conditions. Color alone is not diagnostic. Normal Ranges Respiratory Rate: 12-20 breaths per minute (adults) SpO2: 95-100% 🧠 Neurological System Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) De nition: Elevated pressure within the skull. Assessment: Changes in level of consciousness (LOC), headache, vomiting, papilledema (swelling of the optic disc), Cushing's triad (bradycardia, hypertension, irregular respirations), pupillary changes. Diagnostic Tests: CT scan, MRI, EEG. Clinical Manifestations: Headache, vomiting, altered LOC, pupillary changes, Cushing's triad, seizures. Nursing Interventions: Elevate head of bed 30 degrees, maintain head midline, avoid activities that increase ICP (coughing, straining), monitor ICP, administer medications to reduce ICP (mannitol, corticosteroids), seizure precautions. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, activity restrictions, signs and symptoms of increased ICP, follow-up appointments. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) De nition: Temporary interruption of blood ow to the brain, often a warning sign of stroke. Assessment: Sudden onset of neurological de cits (weakness, numbness, speech problems, visual disturbances) that resolve within 24 hours. Diagnostic Tests: CT scan, MRI, carotid ultrasound. Clinical Manifestations: Sudden onset of neurological de cits that are temporary (usually resolving within minutes to hours). Symptoms vary depending on the affected area of the brain. Nursing Interventions: Monitor neurological status, assess for stroke risk factors, initiate stroke prevention strategies (e.g., antiplatelet therapy). fi fi fi fl fi fi  Discharge Teaching: Stroke prevention strategies, medication adherence, recognition of stroke symptoms. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) De nition: Interruption of blood ow to the brain, resulting in brain cell death. Assessment: Sudden onset of neurological de cits (weakness, numbness, speech problems, visual disturbances, loss of consciousness), vital signs, neurological exam. Diagnostic Tests: CT scan, MRI, angiogram. Clinical Manifestations: Sudden onset of neurological de cits that can be permanent. Symptoms vary depending on the location and extent of the brain damage. FAST (Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech dif culty, Time to call 911) is a useful mnemonic. Nursing Interventions: Maintain airway, administer thrombolytic therapy (if indicated), monitor neurological status, prevent complications (e.g., pneumonia, pressure ulcers), rehabilitation. Discharge Teaching: Rehabilitation plan, medication adherence, stroke prevention strategies, recognition of stroke symptoms. Atrial Fibrillation De nition: Irregular, rapid heartbeat that can lead to blood clots and stroke. Impact on Nervous System: Can cause stroke due to clot formation in the atria. Assessment: Irregular pulse, palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain. Diagnostic Tests: ECG, echocardiogram. Clinical Manifestations: Irregular heartbeat, palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, potential for stroke. Nursing Interventions: Monitor heart rhythm, administer anticoagulants, control heart rate, patient education. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, lifestyle modi cations (diet, exercise), recognition of symptoms. Bacterial Meningitis De nition: In ammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) caused by bacterial infection. Assessment: Fever, headache, stiff neck (nuchal rigidity), photophobia, altered LOC, positive Brudzinski's and Kernig's signs. Diagnostic Tests: Lumbar puncture (to obtain cerebrospinal uid for analysis), blood cultures. Clinical Manifestations: Fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia, altered LOC, vomiting, seizures. fi fi fi fi fl fl fi fi fi fl  Nursing Interventions: Administer antibiotics, monitor neurological status, maintain uid balance, seizure precautions, isolation precautions. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, follow-up appointments, recognition of signs and symptoms of recurrence. Seizures De nition: Abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Aura: Warning sign that precedes a seizure. Can be sensory (visual, auditory, olfactory), motor, or psychic. Assessment: Observe seizure activity (type, duration, postictal state), monitor vital signs, assess for injuries. Diagnostic Tests: EEG, MRI. Clinical Manifestations: Vary widely depending on the type of seizure. Can include loss of consciousness, convulsions, altered behavior, sensory disturbances. Nursing Interventions: Protect the patient from injury, maintain airway, administer anticonvulsant medications, monitor vital signs, document seizure activity. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, seizure safety precautions, recognition of seizure triggers. Parkinson's Disease De nition: Progressive neurological disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Assessment: Tremor (resting tremor), rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), postural instability, gait disturbances, mask-like face. Diagnostic Tests: Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms. Clinical Manifestations: Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, gait disturbances, speech problems, swallowing dif culties. Nursing Interventions: Medication management (levodopa, dopamine agonists), physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, support groups. Discharge Teaching: Medication management, exercise program, safety precautions, support resources. Epilepsy De nition: A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Assessment: Seizure history, neurological exam, EEG. Diagnostic Tests: EEG. fi fi fi fi fl  Clinical Manifestations: Recurrent seizures, varying symptoms depending on the type of seizure. Nursing Interventions: Medication management, seizure precautions, patient education. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, seizure safety precautions, recognition of seizure triggers. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) De nition: A neurological assessment tool used to evaluate level of consciousness. Range: 3-15 3: Indicates severe brain injury. 7: Indicates moderate brain injury. 15: Indicates normal neurological function. Assessment: Eye opening, verbal response, motor response. Each component is scored separately, and the scores are added together to obtain the total GCS score. Head Injury Precautions De nition: Measures taken to prevent further injury to the brain after a head injury. Precautions: Maintain airway, monitor vital signs, neurologic assessment, prevent increased ICP, seizure precautions, pain management. Dementia (A's of Dementia) Amnesia: Memory loss. Aphasia: Impaired language ability. Apraxia: Impaired ability to perform purposeful movements. Agnosia: Inability to recognize familiar objects or people. Apathy: Lack of motivation or interest. Nursing Diagnoses (Respiratory & Neuro) Impaired Gas Exchange: Related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes, airway obstruction, ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Interventions: Oxygen therapy, airway clearance techniques, mechanical ventilation (if needed). Ineffective Airway Clearance: Related to excessive secretions, airway obstruction. Interventions: Airway clearance techniques, hydration, suctioning. fi fi  Ineffective Breathing Pattern: Related to pain, fatigue, decreased lung compliance. Interventions: Pain management, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises. Risk for Aspiration: Related to decreased level of consciousness, impaired swallowing. Interventions: Elevate head of bed, thickened liquids, suctioning. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (cerebral): Related to decreased cerebral blood ow. Interventions: Maintain blood pressure, oxygen therapy, manage ICP. Impaired Verbal Communication: Related to neurological de cits. Interventions: Communication strategies, assistive devices. Impaired Physical Mobility: Related to neurological de cits, weakness. Interventions: Physical therapy, assistive devices. Risk for Injury: Related to altered LOC, seizures. Interventions: Seizure precautions, fall precautions. Risk for Self-Directed Violence: Related to altered mental status, depression. Interventions: Suicide precautions, mental health support. Powerlessness: Related to chronic illness, disability. Interventions: Empowerment strategies, support groups. 🍽 Gastrointestinal System Pancreatitis De nition: In ammation of the pancreas. Assessment: Severe abdominal pain (often radiating to the back), nausea, vomiting, fever, tachycardia, abdominal distention, elevated amylase and lipase levels. Diagnostic Tests: Amylase and lipase levels, CT scan, MRI. Clinical Manifestations: Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, tachycardia, abdominal distention, jaundice (in some cases). Nursing Interventions: Pain management, NPO status (initially), intravenous uids, nutritional support (TPN or enteral nutrition), monitoring vital signs and laboratory values. Discharge Teaching: Dietary restrictions (low-fat diet), medication adherence, pain management techniques, recognition of signs and symptoms of recurrence. GERD (Gastroesophageal Re ux Disease) De nition: Chronic re ux of stomach acid into the esophagus. Assessment: Heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, cough. Diagnostic Tests: Upper endoscopy, esophageal pH monitoring. fi fi fl fl fi fl fi fl fl  Clinical Manifestations: Heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, cough, hoarseness. Nursing Interventions: Lifestyle modi cations (elevate head of bed, avoid trigger foods), medication management (antacids, proton pump inhibitors), patient education. Discharge Teaching: Dietary modi cations, medication adherence, lifestyle changes, recognition of complications. IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) De nition: Chronic functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. Assessment: Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, altered bowel habits. Diagnostic Tests: Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms, exclusion of other conditions. Clinical Manifestations: Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, altered bowel habits, fatigue. Nursing Interventions: Dietary modi cations, stress management techniques, medication management (antispasmodics, antidiarrheals, laxatives), patient education. Discharge Teaching: Dietary modi cations, stress management, medication adherence, recognition of complications. Colitis vs. Crohn's Disease Colitis: In ammation of the colon. Usually affects the rectum and sigmoid colon. Ulcerative colitis is a common type. Crohn's Disease: In ammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Can affect any part of the GI tract, from mouth to anus. Characterized by skip lesions (areas of in ammation separated by healthy tissue). Assessment: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, fatigue, rectal bleeding (in colitis). Diagnostic Tests: Colonoscopy, biopsy. Clinical Manifestations: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, fatigue, rectal bleeding (in colitis), stulas (in Crohn's disease). Nursing Interventions: Medication management (anti-in ammatory drugs, immunomodulators, biologics), nutritional support, surgery (if necessary). Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, dietary modi cations, stress management, recognition of complications. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) De nition: Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. fi fi fi fl fl fi fi fi fi fl fl fi  Assessment: Epigastric pain (often relieved by food), nausea, vomiting, weight loss, melena (black, tarry stools). Diagnostic Tests: Upper endoscopy, biopsy. Clinical Manifestations: Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, melena, hematemesis (vomiting blood). Nursing Interventions: Medication management (proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics if H. pylori infection is present), dietary modi cations, stress management. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, dietary modi cations, stress management, recognition of complications. Nutritional Support for NPO Patients Methods: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), enteral nutrition (feeding tube). Hepatitis Precautions Standard Precautions: Hand hygiene, gloves, gown, eye protection. Additional Precautions: Avoid sharing needles, safe sex practices. ⚖ Endocrine System Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid gland. Clinical manifestations: Weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance, nervousness, tremor, exophthalmos (bulging eyes). Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid gland. Clinical manifestations: Weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia. Assessment: Symptoms, thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4). Diagnostic Tests: Thyroid hormone levels, thyroid scan. Nursing Interventions: Medication management (antithyroid drugs for hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone replacement for hypothyroidism), patient education. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, follow-up appointments, recognition of complications. Diabetes Mellitus De nition: Metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Assessment: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision. fi fi fi  Diagnostic Tests: Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test. Clinical Manifestations: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, increased risk of infections. Nursing Interventions: Blood glucose monitoring, insulin therapy (if needed), dietary management, exercise, patient education. Discharge Teaching: Blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration (if needed), dietary management, exercise, recognition of complications. Cushing's Syndrome vs. Addison's Disease Cushing's Syndrome: Excess cortisol. Clinical manifestations: Weight gain (truncal obesity), moon face, buffalo hump, muscle weakness, hypertension, hyperglycemia. Addison's Disease: Adrenal insuf ciency. Clinical manifestations: Weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia. Assessment: Symptoms, cortisol levels, ACTH levels. Diagnostic Tests: Cortisol levels, ACTH levels, imaging studies. Nursing Interventions: Medication management (corticosteroids for Addison's disease, surgery or medication to reduce cortisol production for Cushing's syndrome), patient education. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, follow-up appointments, recognition of complications. Diabetes Insipidus De nition: Condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to a de ciency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Assessment: Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, hypernatremia. Diagnostic Tests: Water deprivation test, ADH levels. Clinical Manifestations: Excessive thirst, excessive urination, dehydration, hypernatremia. Nursing Interventions: Fluid replacement, desmopressin (synthetic ADH), monitoring uid balance and electrolyte levels. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, uid intake guidelines, recognition of dehydration. Post-Thyroidectomy Concerns Hemorrhage: Monitor for bleeding, swelling, and changes in voice. Hypocalcemia: Monitor for tetany, muscle spasms, and changes in calcium levels. Parathyroid gland damage: Monitor for hypocalcemia. fi fi fl fi fl  Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage: Monitor for hoarseness, dif culty breathing. Prednisone Education Mechanism of Action: Synthetic glucocorticoid that suppresses in ammation. Side Effects: Weight gain, moon face, hyperglycemia, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis. Tapering: Must be tapered gradually to avoid adrenal insuf ciency. HbA1c De nition: A measure of average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. Used to monitor diabetes control. 🫘 Genitourinary System Renal/Ureteral Calculi (Kidney Stones) De nition: Hard deposits that form in the kidneys or urinary tract. Assessment: Severe ank pain (often radiating to the groin), nausea, vomiting, hematuria, oliguria. Diagnostic Tests: CT scan, ultrasound, urinalysis. Clinical Manifestations: Severe ank pain, nausea, vomiting, hematuria, oliguria. Nursing Interventions: Pain management, increase uid intake, strain urine, medication to promote stone passage or dissolution, surgery (if necessary). Discharge Teaching: Increase uid intake, dietary modi cations (reduce oxalate intake), medication adherence, recognition of recurrence. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) De nition: Infection of the urinary tract. Assessment: Dysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria, fever, chills. Diagnostic Tests: Urinalysis, urine culture. Clinical Manifestations: Dysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria, fever, chills, ank pain (in pyelonephritis). Nursing Interventions: Antibiotic therapy, increase uid intake, pain management. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, increase uid intake, proper hygiene practices, recognition of recurrence. fi fi fi fl fl fl fl fl fl fi fi fi fl fl Kidney Failure Dietary Requirements Protein restriction: To reduce workload on kidneys. Potassium restriction: To prevent hyperkalemia. Phosphorous restriction: To prevent hyperphosphatemia. Sodium restriction: To control uid balance. Hemodialysis Leg Cramps Interventions: Hydration, calcium supplements, stretching exercises. Incontinence Care Goals Maintain skin integrity: Prevent skin breakdown. Promote comfort: Reduce discomfort and embarrassment. Improve quality of life: Increase independence and self-esteem. Normal Electrolyte Ranges & Concerning Lab Values for Kidney Patients Electrolyte Normal Range Concerning Values in Kidney Patients Sodium (Na+) 135-145 mEq/L 145 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L >5.0 mEq/L Calcium (Ca2+) 8.5-10.5 mg/dL 4.5 mg/dL Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.5-2.5 mEq/L 2.5 mEq/L Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dL (men), 0.5-1.1 mg/dL (women) >1.2 mg/dL (men), >1.1 mg/dL (women) BUN 7-20 mg/dL Elevated levels Nursing Diagnoses (GU) Ineffective Coping related to emotional lability: Interventions: Emotional support, coping skills training. Risk for Non-Compliance related to feelings of anger: Interventions: Anger management techniques, patient education. Anticipatory Grieving related to perceived loss: Interventions: Grief counseling, support groups. Risk for Ineffective Health Maintenance related to complexity of therapeutic regimen: Interventions: Patient education, medication reconciliation. 🎗 Cancer Cancer Prevention and Education fl  Risk Factors: Smoking, exposure to carcinogens, genetics, diet, sun exposure, lack of physical activity. Carcinogen: A substance capable of causing cancer. Education: Healthy lifestyle choices, regular screenings, early detection. 🤰 Reproductive System STI Testing NAAT (Nucleic Acid Ampli cation Test): Highly sensitive test for detecting STIs. VDLR (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory): Test for syphilis. Herpes: Diagnosed by viral culture or PCR. Medication: Antiviral medications for herpes, antibiotics for other STIs. Communication and Education/Prevention Importance of safe sex practices: Condom use, limiting number of partners. Regular screenings: Early detection and treatment. 👀 Sensory System Chemical Splash to the Eyes Nursing Interventions: Immediate irrigation with copious amounts of water or saline for at least 15-20 minutes, remove contact lenses, seek medical attention. Pre-Op for Eye Surgery Assessment: Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, medications, allergies. Teaching: Post-operative care instructions, medication regimen, activity restrictions. Foreign Body in the Eye Removal: Attempt removal only if easily visible and accessible. Otherwise, seek medical attention. Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection) Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, pain management, follow-up appointments, recognition of complications. fi  🧠 Mental Health Anxiety Disorders De nition: Characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. Examples: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, PTSD. Assessment: Symptoms, history, physical exam. Diagnostic Tests: Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms. Clinical Manifestations: Excessive worry, fear, nervousness, panic attacks, avoidance behaviors. Nursing Interventions: Medication management (antidepressants, anxiolytics), therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy), stress management techniques. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, therapy attendance, stress management techniques, recognition of triggers. Depression/Mania Depression: Characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, and other symptoms. Mania: Characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity, and other symptoms. Assessment: Symptoms, history, physical exam. Diagnostic Tests: Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms. Clinical Manifestations: Depression: Sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, feelings of hopelessness. Mania: Elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep. Nursing Interventions: Medication management (antidepressants, mood stabilizers), therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), support groups. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, therapy attendance, support groups, recognition of triggers. Hallucinations De nition: Sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus. Can be visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory. Assessment: Description of hallucinations, history, mental status exam. Nursing Interventions: Establish rapport, provide a safe environment, medication management (antipsychotics), reality testing. Psychosis fi fi  De nition: Loss of contact with reality. Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and other symptoms. Assessment: Symptoms, history, mental status exam. Diagnostic Tests: Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms. Clinical Manifestations: Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized speech, catatonia. Nursing Interventions: Medication management (antipsychotics), therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy), support groups. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, therapy attendance, support groups, recognition of triggers. Schizophrenia De nition: Chronic mental illness characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized speech. Negative Symptoms: Flat affect, avolition (lack of motivation), alogia (poverty of speech), anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure), asociality. Assessment: Symptoms, history, mental status exam. Diagnostic Tests: Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms. Clinical Manifestations: Positive and negative symptoms, cognitive de cits. Nursing Interventions: Medication management (antipsychotics), therapy (cognitive behavioral therapy), social skills training, support groups. Discharge Teaching: Medication adherence, therapy attendance, support groups, recognition of triggers. Antipsychotic Medication Side Effects Some non-reversible side effects: Tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements). Nursing Diagnoses (Mental Health) Risk for Injury: Related to altered mental status, impulsivity. Interventions: Safety precautions, supervision. Risk for Self-Directed Violence: Related to depression, hopelessness. Interventions: Suicide precautions, mental health support. Powerlessness: Related to chronic illness, disability. Interventions: Empowerment strategies, support groups. 🤰 Maternity fi fi fi  Neural Tube Defects De nition: Birth defects that affect the brain, spinal cord, or both. Examples: Anencephaly, spina bi da. Education: Folic acid supplementation before conception and during pregnancy. Iron in Pregnancy When to give: During pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters. Folic Acid Role: Essential for neural tube development. When to take: Before conception and during pregnancy. GTPAL De nition: Gravida (number of pregnancies), Term births, Preterm births, Abortions, Living children. Presumptive, Probable, and Positive Signs of Pregnancy Sign Category Signs Presumptive (Subjective) Amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, breast changes, fatigue, urinary frequency Probable (Objective) Positive pregnancy test, uterine enlargement, Braxton Hicks contractions, Hegar's sign, Chadwick's sign, Goodell's sign Positive (Diagnostic) Fetal heartbeat, fetal movement felt by examiner, ultrasound visualization of fetus Pre-eclampsia vs. Eclampsia Pre-eclampsia: Hypertension and proteinuria during pregnancy. Eclampsia: Pre-eclampsia with seizures. Hyperemesis Gravidarum De nition: Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Newborn Nursing Diagnoses (Priority) Ineffective Breathing Pattern: Priority due to risk of respiratory distress. fi fi fi fi  Diabetes in Pregnancy (Maternal Effect on Baby) In utero: Increased risk of macrosomia (large baby), birth defects. Immediately after birth: Hypoglycemia, respiratory distress. Gestational Hypertension De nition: High blood pressure during pregnancy. Clinical Manifestations: Elevated blood pressure, headache, visual disturbances. Priority Symptoms: Severe headache, visual disturbances, epigastric pain. Education: Blood pressure monitoring, dietary modi cations, rest. Terms to Know Quickening: First fetal movements felt by the mother. Braxton Hicks: Practice contractions. Goodell's sign: Softening of the cervix. Chadwick's sign: Bluish discoloration of the cervix. Hegar's sign: Softening of the lower uterine segment. Colostrum: First milk produced after delivery. Inevitable abortion: Bleeding and cramping, cervix dilating. Incomplete abortion: Some products of conception expelled, some retained. Missed abortion: Fetus dies in utero, but is not expelled. Complete abortion: All products of conception expelled. Pregnancy Symptoms Nausea/Vomiting: Hormonal changes. Urinary frequency: Uterine pressure on bladder. Fatigue: Hormonal changes, increased metabolic demands. Leukorrhea: Increased vaginal discharge. Facts to Memorize fi fi  1. Pneumonia Assessment: Auscultation for crackles, percussion for dullness, vital signs (fever, tachycardia, tachypnea), sputum analysis, chest x-ray. 2. Sepsis: Life-threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host response to infection. Early recognition and treatment are crucial. 3. Flail Chest: Paradoxical chest wall movement. 4. Pleural Effusion: Fluid accumulation in the pleural space; assess for dyspnea, diminished breath sounds. 5. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. 6. Increased ICP: Elevated pressure within the skull; assess for changes in LOC, headache, vomiting, Cushing's triad. 7. TIA: Transient ischemic attack; temporary neurological de cits resolving within 24 hours. 8. Stroke: Interruption of blood ow to the brain; use FAST mnemonic (Face, Arm, Speech, Time). 9. Atrial Fibrillation: Irregular, rapid heartbeat; risk factor for stroke. 10. Bacterial Meningitis: In ammation of the meninges; assess for fever, headache, stiff neck. 11. Seizures: Abnormal electrical activity in the brain; assess for aura, convulsions, postictal state. 12. Parkinson's Disease: Progressive neurological disorder; characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia. 13. GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; assesses level of consciousness (3-15). 14. Pancreatitis: In ammation of the pancreas; assess for severe abdominal pain, elevated amylase and lipase. 15. GERD: Gastroesophageal re ux disease; assess for heartburn, regurgitation. 16. IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; assess for abdominal pain, bloating, altered bowel habits. 17. Colitis/Crohn's: In ammatory bowel diseases; colitis affects the colon, Crohn's Sure! Here’s an overview of common medications for the diseases mentioned in your study guide, including their purposes and mechanisms of action: 🫁 Respiratory System Pneumonia Antibiotics (e.g., Amoxicillin, Azithromycin)** Purpose: Treat bacterial pneumonia. Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis, leading to bacterial cell death. fl fl fl fl fl fi Bronchodilators (e.g., Albuterol)** Purpose: Relieve bronchospasm and improve air ow. Mechanism: Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone)** Purpose: Reduce in ammation in the airways. Mechanism: Suppress the immune response and decrease in ammation. Sepsis Broad-spectrum Antibiotics (e.g., Piperacillin-tazobactam, Meropenem)** Purpose: Treat infections causing sepsis. Mechanism: Target a wide range of bacteria to eliminate the infection. Vasopressors (e.g., Norepinephrine)** Purpose: Manage hypotension in septic shock. Mechanism: Constrict blood vessels to increase blood pressure. Fluid Resuscitation (e.g., Crystalloids like Normal Saline)** Purpose: Restore intravascular volume. Mechanism: Increase blood volume to improve circulation and organ perfusion. Flail Chest Analgesics (e.g., Morphine)** Purpose: Manage pain. Mechanism: Bind to opioid receptors in the brain to reduce the perception of pain. Oxygen Therapy** Purpose: Improve oxygenation. fl fl fl  Mechanism: Increases the amount of oxygen available for gas exchange in the lungs. Pleural Effusion Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide)** Purpose: Reduce uid accumulation. Mechanism: Increase urine output by inhibiting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. Thoracentesis (Procedure)** Purpose: Remove excess uid from the pleural space. Mechanism: A needle is inserted into the pleural space to drain uid. COPD Bronchodilators (e.g., Tiotropium, Salmeterol)** Purpose: Open airways and improve breathing. Mechanism: Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) or anticholinergics relax bronchial muscles. Inhaled Corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone)** Purpose: Reduce in ammation in the airways. Mechanism: Suppress in ammatory responses in the lungs. Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors (e.g., Ro umilast)** Purpose: Reduce in ammation and relax airways. Mechanism: Inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase-4, leading to increased cAMP levels. Asthma Short-acting Beta-agonists (e.g., Albuterol)** Purpose: Provide quick relief from asthma symptoms. Mechanism: Relax bronchial smooth muscle. fl fl fl fl fl fl fl Inhaled Corticosteroids (e.g., Budesonide)** Purpose: Control chronic in ammation. Mechanism: Reduce in ammation and mucus production in the airways. Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (e.g., Montelukast)** Purpose: Prevent asthma attacks. Mechanism: Block the action of leukotrienes, which cause bronchoconstriction and in ammation. 🧠 Neurological System Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Mannitol** Purpose: Reduce ICP. Mechanism: An osmotic diuretic that draws uid out of the brain tissue and into the bloodstream. Corticosteroids (e.g., Dexamethasone)** Purpose: Decrease in ammation and edema. Mechanism: Suppress the immune response and reduce swelling. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Antiplatelet Agents (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel)** Purpose: Prevent future strokes. Mechanism: Inhibit platelet aggregation to reduce clot formation. Stroke Thrombolytics (e.g., Alteplase)** Purpose: Dissolve blood clots in acute ischemic stroke. fl fl fl fl fl  Mechanism: Activate plasminogen to plasmin, which breaks down brin in clots. Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin, Rivaroxaban)** Purpose: Prevent clot formation. Mechanism: Inhibit various factors in the coagulation cascade. Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulants (e.g., Apixaban, Dabigatran)** Purpose: Prevent stroke. Mechanism: Inhibit thrombin or factor Xa to prevent clot formation. Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol)** Purpose: Control heart rate. Mechanism: Block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and contractility. Bacterial Meningitis Antibiotics (e.g., Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin)** Purpose: Treat bacterial infection. Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis. Corticosteroids (e.g., Dexamethasone)** Purpose: Reduce in ammation. Mechanism: Suppress the immune response to decrease swelling. Seizures Anticonvulsants (e.g., Phenytoin, Levetiracetam)** Purpose: Control seizure activity. Mechanism: Stabilize neuronal membranes and reduce excitability. fl fi Additional Notes Patient Education:** It's essential to educate patients about the purpose of their medications, potential side effects, and the importance of adherence to prescribed regimens. Feel free to ask if you need more speci c information or additional medications for other conditions! fi