BIO 311D Exam 3 Student Study Guide PDF

BIO 311D - Exam 3 Student Study Guide LO8: Cell communication and hormone systems serve to maintain homeostatic environments and coordinate physiology. a. Use physiological examples to explain the concept of homeostasis and to describe the phenomenon of negative feedback in terms of...

BIO 311D - Exam 3 Student Study Guide LO8: Cell communication and hormone systems serve to maintain homeostatic environments and coordinate physiology. a. Use physiological examples to explain the concept of homeostasis and to describe the phenomenon of negative feedback in terms of a detection system, set-point, and e;ectors. Tell why positive feedback cannot contribute to homeostasis. b. Tell how animal cells detect and coordinate responses to endocrine signals, either in the form of peptide hormones or steroid hormones. Study Guide 1. Compare the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of signal type, transmission, speed, duration, and response. 2. Compare endocrine signaling and neuron signaling (Figure 32.4). Explain the similarities and differences between an endocrine cell, a neuron, and a neuroendocrine (neurosecretory) cell. 3. What are hormones? Describe the mechanisms by which peptide and steroid hormones affect target cells. 4. What are the roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in neuroendocrine signaling? 5. Explain the difference between negative and positive feedback loops and why only negative feedback restores a preexisting state. 6. Apply your understanding of homeostatic mechanisms to common life experiences such as blood sugar regulation, childbirth, blood clotting, milk release from the mammary glands, and sweating. 7. Describe the difference between endothermy and ectothermy. Use examples to demonstrate how endotherms and ectotherms regulate body temperature. 8. Animal thermoregulation system: Explain the difference between animal regulators and conformers. 9. How do insulin and glucagon regulate glucose homeostasis? Explain their role in the context of diabetes mellitus - type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. 10. Terms: hormone, hypothalamus, receptor, endothermy, ectothermy, thermoregulation LO9: Organisms solve the common problems of acquiring energy and nutrients, transporting materials within their body, and eliminating wastes. Natural selection leads to adaptations to maximize acquisition and exchange in organisms with diCerent nutritional modes and in diCerent environments. (Consider both exchange between organism and its environment and also transport within the organism.) a. Give examples of physical adaptations and mutualisms for maximizing energy acquisition in plants and animals. Correlate physical adaptations to success in a particular environment or using a certain energy source. b. Describe adaptations for water/solute exchange and osmoregulation in di;erent habitats. c. Describe the movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen into and out of plants and animals, listing adaptations that facilitate gas exchange. Include examples of stomata regulation in plants and respiratory epithelia in animals. Link carbon and oxygen movement to cellular processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and to the global cycling of these elements. 1  BIO 311D - Exam 3 Student Study Guide d. Explain how transpiration forces are able to transport water through the plant, and tell what vascular cell types are involved. Tell how gradients are used in ‘pressure flow’ to move sugars, and tell what vascular cell types are involved. Study Guide Animals 1. What are the four types of essential nutrients in animals' diets? 2. Explain four distinct stages in food processing. 3. Recognize the mammalian digestive system's main organs and accessory glands and describe their main function in food processing. (Figure 33.7) 4. Understand and compare the chemical digestion of each class of nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats. (Figure 33.9) 5. Describe the process of digestion and absorption of fats. (Figure 33.11) 6. What are the functions of the large intestine? 7. Illustrate and scheme the connections among three mammalian accessory glands - gallbladder, liver and pancreas, and duodenum. 8. What key adaptations have ruminants evolved in their digestive systems? 9. What are the functions of the gallbladder and pancreas? 10. Use a flowchart to illustrate the hormonal control of digestion. 11. Use freshwater and marine fish as examples to compare the diYerences in osmoregulation systems. 12. Describe four key steps of the excretory system and their functions (Figure 32.19). 13. Describe the following mammalian excretory organs - kidney, nephron, urinary bladder, & glomerulus. 14. Compare the open circulatory system and the closed circulatory system. 15. Use examples to explain the variable specialized respiratory surfaces that animals have. 16. Describe the alveoli in mammalian lungs. 17. Diagram and distinguish single circulation and double circulation. 18. Understand the advantages of a countercurrent exchange system. 19. Compare the diYerences between negative pressure breathing and positive pressure breathing. 20. Items: Peristalsis, chyme, amylase, pepsin, gastric ulcers, Helicobacter pylori, villi/microvilli, hepatic portal vein, triglycerides, sphincter, chylomicrons, microbiome, constipation, hydrolysis, bile, secretin, ruminant, rumen, osmolarity, kidney, nephron, urinary bladder, glomerulus, tracheal system, alveolus, hemoglobin. Plants 1. Use examples to explain key adaptations for land vascular plants to acquire resources. 2. Diagram and contrast three transport routes for water and solutes - apoplast, symplast and transmembrane routes. 3. What is Casparian strip? What is the function and why is it important? 2  BIO 311D - Exam 3 Student Study Guide 4. Use examples to describe mutualisms between plants and other organisms, regarding how they support plant nutrition. 5. Analyze the roles of soil bacteria in plant nitrogen nutrition (Fig 29.13), focusing on the contributions of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (such as Rhizobium) and nitrifying bacteria. 6. Understand some unusual nutritional adaptations in plants with examples (Figure 29.16), including epiphytes, parasitic and carnivorous plants. 7. How do mycorrhizae contribute to plant nutrition? 8. Transpirational pull and root pressure are the two main forces that drive the movement of water upwards through a plant's xylem. Explain how each works. 9. Explain how sugars are transported from the sugar source to the sugar sink through the process of pressure flow (bulk flow). 10. Diagram a stoma. Describe the structure and function of stomata in plants, and understand the mechanisms of stomatal opening and closing (Fig 29.20). 11. Terms: plasmodesma, osmosis, aquaporins, plasmolysis, flaccid, bulk flow, tracheids and vessel elements, rhizosphere, Mycorrhizae, Arbuscular mycorrhizae vs. ectomycorrhizae, Rhizobium, nodule, endophyte, epiphyte, nitrification, nitrogenase, transpiration, turgor pressure, stoma, xylem sap, phloem sap, xerophytes, halophytes, CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plant, sugar source, sugar sink, guttation. LO10: Organisms are adapted to detect, integrate, and coordinate responses to environmental stimuli. a. Compare and contrast adaptations that allow organisms to detect and respond to specific stimuli. Light: phototropism (plants) and eyes (animals), Gravity: gravitropism (plants) and ears (animals). b. Describe how neural pathways, neuromuscular connections, and muscle contraction are integrated to coordinate animal response to a stimulus. Study Guide Animals 1. Describe the structure of a neuron and explain how a single transmission occurs within the nervous system. 2. Explain the three stages of information processing in the nervous system: sensory input, integration, and motor output. 3. How does ganglia process information? 4. What is membrane potential? explain how ion channels lead to ion movement and gradient, producing electrical signals. 5. Use a diagram to distinguish resting potential and action potential. 6. Explain how an action potential is transmitted from one cell to another across a synapse by summarizing what is shown above in four steps. 7. Briefly describe how mammalian ear detects, transmits, and sends the sound. Note the functions of the outer, middle, and inner ear. Note a few key organs such as cochlea, organ of Corti, hair cells. 8. Briefly describe how the mammalian ear helps maintain balance, and note the related organs- semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule. 3  BIO 311D - Exam 3 Student Study Guide 9. Identify and label key structures of the human eye (Figure 38.26 – 1) involved in the pathway of light (worksheet). 10. Briefly explain how the human eye responds to light stimuli, including the role of the retina and photoreceptor cells. 11. Explain the diYerences in the roles of cones and rods in visual perception, including their response to light and color. 12. Identify and explain the structural components of skeletal muscle. 13. Describe the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction. 14. What is the role of calcium in regulating muscle contraction? 15. DiYerentiate between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. 16. Briefly explain the steps involved in the inflammatory response. 17. Describe and compare the processes of B cell and T cell immune responses, including how each cell type recognizes antigens, becomes activated, and diYerentiates. 18. Explain how vaccination enhances the immune response and provides long-term protection. 19. Terms: Neuron, dendrites, cell body, axon, ganglia; synapse; neurotransmitters; ion channel, hyperpolarization and depolarization; CNS, PNS, sensory neuron, Interneuron, motor neuron. statocysts, statoliths, cochlea, hair cells, organ of Corti; semicircular canals, utricle, saccule, ocellus, ommatidia, retina, rhodopsin, Myofibrils, sarcomeres, myosin, actin filament. troponin; pathogens, innate immunity, adaptive immunity; lymphocytes, phagocytosis, inflammation, T cells, B cells, antigen, antibody, immunoglobulin, cytotoxic T Cells, helper T Cells, neutrophils, macrophages, epitope Plants 1. How do plants sense and respond to environmental stimuli? Explain the roles of phototropism and gravitropism in these responses, and discuss how each process supports the plant's growth and survival. 2. What is photoperiodism, and how does it aYect plant growth and development? 3. Explain thigmomorphogenesis using vine tendril as an example. How does it respond to touch, and what is the biological significance of this response? 4. Terms: Photomorphogenesis, phototropism; photoperiodism; gravitropism; statoliths; thigmomorphogenesis; thigmotropism, Mimosa pudica. 4