Exam 3 Review Notes PDF

STAGES T1,2,3 tumor size N- Lymph nodes involved {N-1,2,3 } M-metastasis (has spread) {M-1,2} Stage 4 t3 n3 m1 Advanced: large , lymph nodes, metastasic Skin cancer malignant melanoma is most dangerous- arise from melanocytes in basement membrane Gastric cancer- cancer of inner lining R/F...

STAGES T1,2,3 tumor size N- Lymph nodes involved {N-1,2,3 } M-metastasis (has spread) {M-1,2} Stage 4 t3 n3 m1 Advanced: large , lymph nodes, metastasic Skin cancer malignant melanoma is most dangerous- arise from melanocytes in basement membrane Gastric cancer- cancer of inner lining R/F h pylori causes ulcers untreated ulcers cause cause Smoking, lean meats, alcohol Gastroscopy: checks placement and size Tx: gasterectomy (partial removment of stomach), chemo, radiation Gastrectomy causes dumping syndrome - eat small frequent meals Anerexia (early sign) NV Anemia Weigh,oss Changes in Bowles Unexplained epigastric pain Overian cancer - cancer cell in ovarians RF: age, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) Esophageal cancer common in high consumption of alcohol Liver cancer - poor prognosis Clinical manifestation: ascites (fluid in abdominal cavity) {Tx: abdominalcentesis} Dx: ammonia levels Esophagus cancer usually precipitates liver cancer, where it metastasized to Jaundice - accumulation of bike in liver Cihhrosis- liver disease end stage (healthy liver tissue replaced by scar tissue ) Clinical manifestation: ascites (fluid in abdominal cavity) {Tx: abdominalcentesis} R/F: alcoholism , advanced hepatitis C, biliary disease Dx: ammonia levels (Sudden personality changes is indicative of high ammonia levels ) Complication: High risk of bleeding (due to involvement of vitamin k synthesis) {low vitamin k, high risk of bleeding ) S/S : epistaxsis Complication of hepatic diseases The ammonia levels will be high for all helatic / liver diseases {hepatitis, cirrhosis,liver cancer } Hepatic encephalopathy: brain disorder due to altered brain function due to liver cirrhosis and cancer Leads to accumulation of toxins in body eventually affecting functioning of brain Tx: lactulose- binds to ammonia cause excretion through GI tract causes loose stools S/S Other complications Rhabdomyolososis- complication of compression injury to muscle causing ischemia R/F: age 1:05 Compartment syndrome- increased pressure Tx: fascitomy S/s: worsening pain, numbness, pressure, Hepatitis- infection and inflammation of liver Types Hepatitis A: most common spread through food Hepatitis B: spread via blood and body fluid Hepatitis C Acute pancreatitis - sudden inflammation of pancrease Requires immediate medical attention Clincal manifestation: Servere epigastric pain R/F: gallstones, alcoholism, pancreatitis cancer Dx: abnormal AST, ALP, ALT, GTT levels (amino transfer levels) transfease elevated liver enzymes (obstruction of bile flow) Tx: Labroscopic surgery for stone Tx: opioids, muscle relaxants {spasmolytics} (relaxes sphincter of odee), PPI (proton pump inhibitors- to reduce gastric acids, anticholingerics (reduce intenstinal motility) OSPA Opioids Spasmoltics proton pump inhibitors Anticholinergics Pancreatic cancer- poor prognosis Unresectable- Inoperable if spread to lymph nodes {N1-3} R/F: age , diabetes, alcoholism, smoking, high fat diet, pancreatitis hx S/s: Asymptomatic until tumor is large Clear stool, abdomen pain, jaundice, unexplained weight loss Tx: resect tumor Bones Fractures have high risk of blood clots > increased risk for PE- immediately notify hcp of sudden dyspnea Cancer R/F: breast and overian cancer often metastasize to bones Dx: increase in calcium S/S: new unexplained limb DKA- servere insulin insufficiency most common in type 1 clincal manifestation: fruity breathe (ketones) S/s: blood sugar 200+, dry mouth rapid respirations Always assess blood sugar first Tx: regular insulin drip (IV) GI Inflammatory bowel disease (autoimmune) no cure manage symptoms Rest bowels during flair up Chrohns disease- inflammation of gut (digestive tract) high risk of colon cancer S/s; Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue , Malabsorption syndrome Tx: rest bowels Small request meals , high fiber diet, increase fluids 5100 Ulcerative colitis Esophagus cancer R/F cigarette, alcohol, chronic reflux disease (GERD) , vitamin deficiency Early s/s: anorexia* Dysphasia Painful swallowing Malaise Tx: chemo, radiation, resection of tumor (cut out tumor ) 4200 colon cancer - intestine cancer Metastasis’s too circulatory system R/F Chronic inflammatory bowel disease ( chrons) Tx: chemo, radiation, surgery resulting in colostomy or ileostomy Leukemia- blood cancer overproduction of premature wbcs by bone marrow (low wbc) High risk of bleeding and infection Chemo makes them immunocompromised Neutropenic patients: avoid invasive procedures S\s: swollen painful lymph nodes, neutropenia, decreased neutrophils Tx: chemo* , sometimes radiation {goal of Tx is remission} bone marrow transplant {cure} Lymphoma- cancer in lymph nodes R/F: men , age Complcaition: pericardial effusion {Tx: pericardialcentesis} Placed on broad specter antibiotic prophylactic oh Tx: chemo , radiation, surgery Bladder cancer - R/F: ovarian and testicular cancer Clincal manifestation: hematuria Breast cancer R/F: age (65+), family hx, delayed menopause Dx: Mammography. MRI, ultrasound Tx: Chemo, radiation (high risk of infection r/t to skin lesions due to radiation burns), surgery (Depending on stage) 5500 complication Tx Hydration Topical antibiotics Prostate cancer- - cancer cells in prostate Clincal manifestation : weak urine strength, Dx: PSA Ovarian cancer Dx: mammograms S/s eating issues , pelvic discomfort Uterine / cervical cancer- cancer in uterine lining of uterus Hx is important In these patients Heavy irregular periods and/or menstrual flow high risk for cancer Vocab S/S: post menopausal vaginal bleeding, heavy irregularities bleeding Tx: Hysterectomy , chemo Metastasis Anaplasia- Apoptosis- programmed death of cell Cancer - disorder of immune system due to exposure to carcinogens Prevention of skin cancer - sunscreen S/S: Dysphasia, difficultly swallowing, unresolved cough, skin lesions, Autoimmune diseases Rheumatic disease: Rheumatoid arthritis: Lupus: S/s: Tx: Dx: Mammography. MRI, ultrasound Burns Scalding (steam , water) most common in children