Exam 2 Review Session PDF

Exam 2 Review Session: October 7, 2024 Agenda: 1. Answer specific questions from students (add below) 2. Fill out study guide together- answer questions as we go Questions: 1. 2. 3. ○ · Main energy source for our brain glucose- ○ · Fiber recommendation and i...

Exam 2 Review Session: October 7, 2024 Agenda: 1. Answer specific questions from students (add below) 2. Fill out study guide together- answer questions as we go Questions: 1. 2. 3. ○ · Main energy source for our brain glucose- ○ · Fiber recommendation and intake among most Americans Do most americans eat enough? No 25 + 38 grams for fiber 14 grams/ 1,000 calories ○ · Parts of a whole grain Bran, endosperm and germ ○ · Glycemic index and its effect on blood glucose levels Define Glycemic index: how fast and how much your blood glucose is raised by different foods ○ · Diverticulosis definition and how to prevent Diverticulosis: small pouches form in colon Prevented by a high fiber diet ○ · Monosaccharides and disaccharides Monosaccharides: glucose fructose disaccharides:Lactose maltose sucrose ○ · Number one source of added sugar in avg American diet soda ○ · Sugar substitutes Aspartame, saccharin, sucralose ○ · Enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose in the small intestine Pancreatic amylase ○ · Hormones that are used to balance blood sugar levels and their functions Insulin and glucagon ○ · Diabetes symptoms, outcome of uncontrolled blood sugars, how to prevent type 2 diabetes Symptoms: skin dryness, sudden vision changes, thirst, unintentional weight loss, slow wound recovery, shakiness  Organ damage, CVD, damage to epithelial cells, potential coma Prevention: Regular exercise, balanced diet, avoiding alcohol, walking after meals, maintaining a healthy weight, ○ · Physical activity and carb needs Carbs fuel physical activity ○ · Primary fat in our diet and its structure Triglycerides 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids ○ · Healthy dietary fats vs unhealthy dietary fats Healthy: unsaturated (mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated) Unhealthy: trans fats and saturated ○ · Saturation in fats definition Saturation- fully surrounded by hydrogen ○ · Sources of saturated and unsaturated fats/ examples of foods with mono/poly/saturated/omega-3/omega6 Saturated- butter, coconut oil, red meat Unsaturated- fish,olive oil, Types of fats that lead to heart disease saturated ○ · Phospholipids Structure: glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group ○ · Function of fats Transport and absorption of fat soluble vitamins Insulation Component of cell membranes Storage to be used as energy- ○ · Triglycerides uses in our body Stored for energy Provide energy Synthesis of lipid containing compounds ○ · Good and bad cholesterol – know the difference and what they do generally VLDL- LDL- “bad kind” HDL- “good kind” ○ · Which fats are made in the body and which need to be consumed in our diet Cholesterol made in body Which foods must be obtained in the diet? Omega 3 and 6 ○ · Types of vegetarian diets Lacto- ovo- dairy and eggs Pesce- fish, dairy and eggs Vegan- exclude all animal products ○ · Energy density for carbs/fats/proteins 4 kcal/ gram of carb 4kcal/ gram of protein  9 kcal/1 gram ○ · How to improve blood lipid levels ○ · Gluconeogenesis Body starts breaking down amino acids to make glucose ○ · Amino acid structure and what sets amino acids apart from each other Parts of AA: amine group, carboxyl, side chain, central carbon ○ · Enzyme that breaks down proteins in small intestine protease ○ · Transamination definition Transfer of the amine group to another amino acid to make a new one ○ · Health problems associated with high and low protein intake High protein intake: high cholesterol, kidney disease, increased urea production Low protein intake: edema, ○ · Immune health and protein associated Antibodies are a protein ○ · Functions of protein in our body Build and maintain tissue, hormone synthesis, maintain fluid balance ○ · Complete vs incomplete proteins and their sources Difference: completes contain all necessary amino acids Plant based protein that is complete: soy/ tofu ○ · Complementary plant- based protein sources Peanut butter and bread Beans and rice Barley and lentils ○ · Protein digestion and absorption Absorption in small intestine