Biol-106 Study Guide for Organisms Ch 4-6 PDF

**Biol-106: Study guide for organisms Chapters 4-6** **Learning objectives: Prokaryotes** 1.Understand the different type of habitats for prokaryotes 2.Be able to discuss how prokaryotes can "fix" essential elements from the environment; also how they can "clean" up toxic substances 3.Understand...

**Biol-106: Study guide for organisms Chapters 4-6** **Learning objectives: Prokaryotes** 1.Understand the different type of habitats for prokaryotes 2.Be able to discuss how prokaryotes can "fix" essential elements from the environment; also how they can "clean" up toxic substances 3.Understand the various type of symbiotic relationships that can exist between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including Mutualism, amensalism, commensalism, neutralism, and parasitism. 4\. Know the basics of the human microbiome project and why it is important. 5\. Know how bacteria are classified, i.e. gram stain, shape, aggregation behavior (i.e. staph, strept, etc), 6\. Understand bacterial ribosomes (i.e. 70S) vs eukaryotic ribosomes (i.e. 80S) and the significance of these for diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. 6\. Know the basic components of the bacterial cytoplasm, including the nucleoid, ribosomes, 7\. Know the basic structure of the bacterial cell membrane, including the lipid bilayer and transport proteins. 8\. Understand the basic structure of the bacterial cell wall, including the peptidoglycan layer; compare and contrast gram negative and gram-positive cell walls (hint-this accounts for the gram staining pattern) 9\. Understand why *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* doesn't stain with gram stain (i.e understand the mycolic acid coat) 10\. Understand LPS (lipopolysaccharide), where it's found and how it causes pathology. 11\. Understand bacterial capsules and how they affect pathogenicity 12\. Know the function of pili and fimbria, particularly in genetic transfer operations 13\. Understand bacterial flagella, how they work and what they do, and their arrangements, including monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous. 14\. Understand the basic process of spore formation in some gram positive bacteria 15.Taxonomy: Know the basics Linnaea classification scheme: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. 16.The phylum Proteobacteria has 5 classes -- Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, Epsilon-, and non-proteobacteria Be familiar with the following classes of bacteria. Know what diseases each causes, if any (in parenthesis) Alphaproteobacteria *Rhizobium* *Rickettsia (Rocky mountain spotted fever)* *Chlamydia (STD)* Betaproteobacteria *Neisseria (gonorrhea)* *Bordetella (whooping cough)* Gammaproteobacteria *Pseudomonas (folliculitis)* *Legionella (pneumonia)* *Salmonella (typhoid fever)* Epsilonproteobacteria *Campylobacter (bacillary dysentery)* *Helicobacter (gastric ulcers)* Nonproteobacteria Spirochetes; *Borrelia* (lyme disease ) and *Treponema (syphilis)* CFB group *Bacterioides* Phototrophic bacteria *Chloroflexus* Cyanobacteria: *Microcystis aeruginosa* [Gram positive bacteria] *Actinomyces (periodontitis)* *Corynebacterium (diptheria)* *Gardernella* *Mycobacterium (tuberculosis* Low G-C Gram positives *Clostridium (gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism)* *Streptococcus (strept throat, scarlett fever)* *Staphylococcus (toxic shock, skin infections)* *Bacillus (anthrax)* **Ch 5 Eukaryotes** 1.Understand the basic differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 2\. know the various methods of motility of unicellular prokaryotes, including amoeboid, flagellar, ciliate, or non motile (i.e. sporozoan) 3\. Understand the trophozoite (motile) and cyst (non-motile) life stages of protists 4\. Understand the process of schizogony, with trophozoites, merozoites, schizonts, sporocytes, in the life cycle of malaria. 5.Know the definition of the following terms: heterotrophic, saprozoic, holozoic, cytoproct 6\. Understand the basic structure and diseases caused by the following important groups of eukaryotic pathogens (don't worry about knowing the classification categories). Also be familiar with the life cycle, and any distinguishing features: **Protists** Amoebozoa: *Entamoeba (amoebic dysentery)* *Acanthamoeba (keratitis)* *Naegleria (Primary amoebic meningoecephalitis; Brain eating amoeba)* Eumycetozoa *Dictyostelium (slime molds) -- not a human pathogen* Excavata *Giardia (giardiasis - diarrhea)* *Trichomonas (STD -- vaginal infection)* *Trypanosoma/Leishmania (African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis)* Chromoaveolata *Plasmodium (malaria)* *Cryptosporidium (epidemic diarrhea)* *Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis)* *Babesia (babesiosis -- American malaria)* Ciliates *Balantidium (intestinal disease)* **Helminths (worms)** Nematodes (roundworms) *Ascaris* (Giant roundworm) *Enterobius* (Pinworm) *Toxocara (larval migrans)* *Necator/Ancylostoma* (hookworm) *Trichinella* *Dracunculus* (Guinea worm) Trematodes (flukes) *Schistosoma* Cestodes (tapeworms) *Taenia* *Diphyllobothrium* **Fungi** Zygomycota *Rhizopus* Ascomycota *Aspergillus (lung infection)* *Candida (STD, thrush)* Basidiomycota *Cryptococcus (Neurologic disorder)* *Trichophyton (skin infections)* **Ch 5 Acellular pathogens** 1.Understand the basic components of a virus, such as they are -obligate intracellular parasites -have either DNA or RNA as a genome -all have a protein capsid -some may have a lipid cover called an envelope 2.Understand the different capsid structures, helical, polyhedral, complex, icosahedral. 3\. Understand the lytic life cycle, including -Attachment -Entry -Biosynthesis -Maturation -lysis 4\. Understand the lysogenic cycle, including the terms prophage, lysogen, lyogeny, induction. 5\. Be able to describe both generalized and specialized transduction. 6\. understand the concepts of tissue tropism, host specificity. 7\. Know the basic replication cycles of positive strand RNA viruse, negative strand RNA viruses, and retroviruses. 8\. Be familiar with latent infections such as Varicella zoster. 9\. Be familiar with chronic infections such as HIV 10\. Understand viral growth curves 11\. Understand the basic biology of Prions, including understanding transmissible spongiform encephalopathy