3-Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds of Life Exam Review PDF

3-BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: THE CARBON COMPOUNDS\ OF LIFE Chapter Outline =============== 3.1 FORMATION AND MODIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Carbon chains and rings form the backbones of all biological molecules. Functional groups confer specific properties to biological molecules. Isomers have...

3-BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES: THE CARBON COMPOUNDS\ OF LIFE Chapter Outline =============== 3.1 FORMATION AND MODIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Carbon chains and rings form the backbones of all biological molecules. Functional groups confer specific properties to biological molecules. Isomers have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures. A water molecule is added or removed in many reactions involving functional groups. Many carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. 3.2 CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides are the structural units of carbohydrates. General Formula Glycosidic bonds 3.3 LIPIDS Neutral lipids are familiar as fats and oils. Phospholipids provide the framework of biological membranes. A boundary phospholipid membrane around organic molecules was key to the formation of cells and the origin of life. Steroids contribute to membrane structure and work as hormones. 3.4 PROTEINS Cells assemble 20 kinds of amino acids into proteins by forming peptide bonds. Proteins have as many as four levels of structure. Primary structure is the fundamental determinant of protein form and function. Coils and folds of the amino acid chain form the secondary structure of a protein. The alpha helix and The beta strand. The tertiary structure of a protein is its overall three-dimensional conformation. Multiple polypeptide chains form quaternary structure. Combinations of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure form functional domains in many proteins. Proteins combine with units derived from other classes of biological molecules. Some proteins and protein regions have disordered structures. 3.5 NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. DNA and RNA consist of chains of nucleotides and are the informational molecules in cells. DNA molecules in cells consist of two polynucleotide chains wound together. RNA molecules are usually single nucleotide chains. Learning Objectives =================== 1\. Summarize the properties of carbon that have made it important for the evolution of a wide diversity of organisms. 2\. Know and describe how functional groups are important for the functions of biological molecules. 3\. Define isomer and state the relevance of isomers to biochemical reactions. 4\. Define a dehydration synthesis reaction and hydrolysis. 5\. Differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, the different forms of carbohydrate molecules. 6\. Describe the structure and properties of lipids. 7\. List major protein functions in living organisms. 8\. Discuss the structure of amino acids, the formation of polypeptides, and the four levels of protein structure. 9\. Describe the structure of nucleotides and how they link together to form DNA and RNA. 10\. The structure of DNA and how it differs from RNA. Key Terms ========= organic molecules inorganic molecules hydrocarbons functional groups chemical evolution hydroxyl group carbonyl group carboxyl group amino group phosphate group sulfhydryl group isomers stereoisomers structural isomers dehydration synthesis reaction condensation reaction hydrolysis polymer polymerization macromolecule starch glycogen cellulose monosaccharides disaccharide polysaccharides glycosidic bonds lipids neutral lipids oils fats triglyceride fatty acid ester linkage saturated unsaturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated waxes phospholipids steroids sterols cholesterol phytosterols enzymes amino acid peptide bond N-terminal end C-terminal end polypeptide primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure alpha helix beta sheet conformation denaturation renaturation chaperone proteins chaperonins conformational changes domains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide nitrogenous base pyrimidines purines deoxyribose ribose deoxyribonucleotides ribonucleotides nucleoside phosphodiester bond double helix template 4-CELLS Chapter Outline =============== 4.1 BASIC FEATURES OF CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Cells are visualized using a microscope. Evolutionary adaptations circumvent cell size limits Cells are subdivided into compartments. Cells occur in prokaryotic and eukaryotic forms, each with distinctive structures and organization. 4.2 PROKARYOTIC CELLS Structure and organization of prokaryotic cells. Evolutionary divergence of bacteria and archaea. 4.3 EUKARYOTIC CELLS Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles enclosed within a plasma membrane. Eukaryotic DNA is enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic ribosomes are either free in the cytosol or attached to membranes. An endomembrane system divides the cytoplasm into functional and structural compartments. *Endoplasmic reticulum* *Golgi complex* *Lysosomes* Mitochondria are the organelles in which some reactions of cellular respiration occur. *Mitochondrial function* *Mitochondrial structure* *Evolutionary origin of mitochondria* The cytoskeleton supports and moves cell structures. Flagella propel cells, and cilia move materials over the cell surface. 4.4 SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES OF PLANT CELLS Chloroplasts are biochemical factories powered by sunlight. Central vacuoles have diverse roles in storage, structural support, and cell growth. Cell walls support and protect plant cells. The extracellular matrix organizes the cell exterior. 4.5 THE ANIMAL CELL SURFACE Cell adhesion molecules organize animal cells into tissues and organs. Cell junctions reinforce cell adhesions and provide avenues of communication. The extracellular matrix organizes the cell exterior. Learning Objectives =================== 1\. Identify the relative sizes of different types of cells and structures within cells. 2\. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of microscopy. 3\. Explain how compartments are formed within cells and the advantages of compartmentalization. 4\. Compare the organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5\. Describe the structure and function of each eukaryotic organelle. 6\. Distinguish which organelles are present in animal cells, in plant cells, or in both. 7\. Explain how the endomembrane system transports proteins and membrane to their appropriate destinations. 8\. Describe how cytoskeletal filaments work together to determine cell shape and generate forces within cells. 9\. Identify what structures attach animal cells together to form tissues. Key Terms ========= cell theory microscopy microscope light microscope electron microscopes magnification resolution plasma membrane cytoplasm organelles cytosol cytoskeleton prokaryotes nucleoid eukaryotes nucleus prokaryotic chromosome ribosomes cell wall glycocalyx slime layer capsule flagella bacterial flagellum pili nuclear envelope nuclear pore complex nucleoporins nuclear pore nuclear localization signal nucleoplasm chromatin eukaryotic chromosome nucleoli endomembrane system vesicles endoplasmic reticulum cisternae ER lumen rough ER smooth ER Golgi complex secretory vesicles exocytosis endocytosis endocytic vesicle lysosomes phagocytosis mitochondria outer mitochondrial membrane inner mitochondrial membrane cristae mitochondrial matrix microbodies peroxisomes microtubules cell center centrosome centrioles intermediate filaments microfilaments basal body chloroplasts plastids amyloplasts chromoplasts outer boundary membrane inner boundary membrane thylakoids grana central vacuoles tonoplast primary cell wall secondary cell wall middle lamella plasmodesmata cell adhesion molecules cell junctions extracellular matrix anchoring junctions desmosomes adherens junctions tight junctions gap junctions collagen proteoglycans