Anatomy Exam 1 Review PDF

Review Week 3 Exam 1 Download 11/7 at 11:59pm until 11/14 **Characteristic that describes both skeletal and cardiac muscle.** **\ DEFINE:** electrical excitability- Responsiveness, ability to receive and respond to stimuli\ contractility- ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated extensibility...

Review Week 3 Exam 1 Download 11/7 at 11:59pm until 11/14 **Characteristic that describes both skeletal and cardiac muscle.** **\ DEFINE:** electrical excitability- Responsiveness, ability to receive and respond to stimuli\ contractility- ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated extensibility- ability to be stretched\ elasticity- ability to recoil to resting length **Define:** Epimysium- Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle; may blend with the fascia Endomysium- fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber Perimysium- fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers) **Define:** **I Band-shorten; contains thin filaments made of actin** **A Band- move closer to one another; dark region within a sarcomere that contains thick myosin filaments and some thin actin filaments** **Z Disc; Pulled toward the M line; plate like structures that marks the boundary of a sarcomere in muscle cells** **M Line- line at the center of a sarcomere to which myosin bind** **H Zone- disappear; region in the middle of a sarcomere, a contractile unit of skeletal muscle, that contains only thick myosin filaments and no thin actin filaments** **Define** sacroplasmic reticulum- network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules surrounding each myofibril; Store and releases Ca2\ sarcomere- Smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of muscle fiber\ sarcolemma- muscle fiber plasma membrane **Acetylcholine is neurotransmitters is found at the neuromuscular junction and excitatory to skeletal muscles.** **The sliding filament theory or mechanism occurs when the thin (actin) filaments slide past thick (myosin) filaments towards the M line.** **Define:** Aerobic respiration -- how many ATPs produced and approximately how many seconds of energy 36 ATP produced and several minutes or longer Anaerobic glycolysis - how many ATPs produced and approximately how many seconds of energy; 2 ATP and lasts 10 to 30 seconds Creatine phosphate - how many ATPs produced and approximately how many seconds of energy; 1 ATP; 15 seconds of energy **Define:** Isotonic-muscles shortens because muscle tension exceeds load Isometric- no shortening; muscle tension increases but does not exceed load Eccentric Contractions- Muscle lengthens and generates force Concentric Contractions: Muscle shortens and does work (ex. Biceps contract to pick up a book) **Define:** Agonist/Prime Mover- Major responsibility for producing specific movement Antagonists- opposes or reverses particular movement Fixators-type of synergist the immobilizes bone or muscles origin rather than enhancing movement of prime movers; fivers prime mover stable base on which to act Synergists- helps prime movers **Define:** origin.- point where it attaches to the bone; attachment site that doesn't move during contraction\ insertion- place where one end of a muscle is attached to the freely moving bone of its joint; point at which a muscle attaches to a bone that moves during a muscle contraction **Skeletal muscle are under the somatic system (voluntary)\ ** **A mechanically-gated channel opens because of a physical distortion of the cell membrane. Many channels associated with the sense of touch are mechanically-gated. For example, as pressure is applied to the skin, mechanically-gated channels on the subcutaneous receptors open and allow ions to enter.** **Define:** Action Potentials- caused by changes in electrical charges, electrical current must be generated in sarcolemma Graded Potentials -- send electrical signals over short distances Summation Potentials-produces smooth continuous contractions that add up **Define:** Convergent series- broad origin fascicles converge toward single tendon insertion\ Spatial summation - Spatial summation occurs when multiple presynaptic inputs each stimulate the postsynaptic neuron at the same time. \ Divergent series\ Temporal summation- Additional stimuli delivered before relaxation is complete produce temporal (wave) summation\ Salutatory conduction **Central Nervous System** consists of brain and spinal cord **Peripheral Nervous System** consists of nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord (cranial nerves and spinal nerves) A diagram of a human body Description automatically generated\ **Name the muscle and what is the action** **\ Name the muscle and what is the action** A close-up of a cell Description automatically generated \ **Name the muscle and what is the action** A diagram of a nerve cell Description automatically generated  A computer screen shot of a diagram Description automatically generated\ **What is the gap called** **Define:** Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells **Rotator Cuff Muscles** Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis **Hamstrings** Bicep femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus **Quadriceps** Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis **Name the 3 types of muscle fibers and describe the function of each** **List and describe the major functional divisions of the nervous system**