Evolution of Nectar Spurs in Columbines PDF

12/3/24 Assuming each species is an independent data point is like assuming a star phylogeny But what if the phylogeny really looks like this? 597 597...

12/3/24 Assuming each species is an independent data point is like assuming a star phylogeny But what if the phylogeny really looks like this? 597 597 598 598 1  12/3/24 An example from plants What is the connection between plant mating system and seed type? Fleshy Dry Monoecious 45 339 Dioecious 420 18 Givnish 1980 Fleshy fruits – animal dispersal Dry fruits – wind dispersal Monoecious – male and female flowers on one plant Dioecious – plant has either only male flowers or only female flowers 386 599 Character state transitions represent independent data points loss of dioecy gain of dioecy dry fleshy equivocal * dioecious Fleshy Dry ? Gains of dioecy 5 1 1 Losses of dioecy 2 0 0 600 Donoghue 1989 600 2  12/3/24 Evolution of limb reduction in lizards – Wiens and Slingluff 2001 Limblessness correlated with elongation (multiple times) Elongation occurs through either trunk or trunk + tail (multiple times). The first is assoc. with subterranean, the second with surface-dwelling) 601 601 A big challenge for these approaches is inferring the ancestral states, especially for continuous traits… 602 602 3  12/3/24 Independent Contrasts Felsenstein 1985 603 603 Logic of the independent contrasts approach Change in character Y Taxa E vs F Taxa C vs D Taxa G vs H Taxa A vs B Change in character X 604 604 4  12/3/24 Example Independent Contrast Summers & Clough 2001 605 605 Example Independent Contrast Summers & Clough 2001 606 606 5  12/3/24 Evolution of nectar spurs in columbines Pollination syndrome bumblebee hummingbird hawkmoth Whittall & Hodges 2007 607 607 Whittall&Hodges 2007 608 608 6