Europe Before Transatlantic Travel: Greek and Roman Government PDF

Europe before Transatlantic Travel Greek and Roman Government  Greek Philosophers Plato Aristotle Socrates Encouraged Wrote The Promoted deep Republic, reason and thinking and describing a logi...

Europe before Transatlantic Travel Greek and Roman Government  Greek Philosophers Plato Aristotle Socrates Encouraged Wrote The Promoted deep Republic, reason and thinking and describing a logical questioning fair society. thinking.  Greek Legacy Advanced in geometry, calculated Earth’s size, and invented tools like the water screw. Athens introduced direct democracy where all male citizens voted on laws. Roman Legacy Roman Republic: Citizens elected officials to rule; later developed a government with three parts. Roman Law: Promoted equality and “innocent until proven guilty.”  Type of Government & Influence Direct Democracy: Citizens vote on every issue. Republic: Citizens elect representatives to vote for them. Greek and Roman ideas shaped the democratic republic of the U.S. Government Section 4 Middle continued Ages  Middle Ages Roman Empire fell in the 400s By 500s, Europe was divided into small kingdoms The Middle Ages lasted for about 1,000 years Feudalis m Franks conquered Gaul (now France) in the 480s Nobles gained power as kings became weaker Lords gave land to knights in exchange for military service Vassals: knights who supported lords in battle Feudalism: system of promises between lords and vassals Manorial System Peasants worked on knights’ estates, called manors In exchange, peasants gave food or goods as payment Catholic Church unified people during the Middle Ages Life revolved around the local church  The Crusades Series of wars between European Christians and Muslims (1000s) Goal: to recapture Palestine from the Turks Failed, but boosted trade between Europe and Asia Europeans were introduced to new products and ideas  Travel, Trade, and Towns After 1000, increased food production led to population growth Safer travel allowed merchants to trade across Europe and Asia Marco Polo’s journey to China spread stories of spices and paper money Trade routes also brought the Black Death, killing 25 million people  Decline of Feudalism Black Death led to a labor shortage, allowing peasants to demand wages Towns grew, and the manor system weakened Trade cities became commercial centers with rising middle-class merchants  The Renaissance Began in Italy, spread across Europe Renaissance = “rebirth” of Greek and Roman ideas Focus shifted to humanism: human value and achievements Artists like Michelangelo and da Vinci became famous for their work Writers like Dante Alighieri wrote in common languages  Scientific and Cultural Advances Rediscovery of ancient texts led to advances in science and math Symbols for square roots, positive, and negative numbers created Astronomers discovered Earth moves around the sun Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press spread new ideas across Europe  Economic Changes and Trade Growth of trade led to a commercial revolution Italian cities like Florence, Venice, and Milan became major trading centers Banks emerged, especially in Florence, to support merchants Joint-stock companies allowed investors to share risks