Ethics 4 PDF

they inspired ADA APA CODE ↔ ETHICAL THEORIES O Which ethical reasoning in the APA code? How we find the pinciples in ARA Deontology Respect...

they inspired ADA APA CODE ↔ ETHICAL THEORIES O Which ethical reasoning in the APA code? How we find the pinciples in ARA Deontology Respect ! O Duty and rules (especially the standards) Respect, rights, autonomy, integrity humanity principle > - respecting people/dignity O Utilitarianism Beneficence and non-maleficence max good and min harm -.. Not very present as reasoning, but: deception sometimes justified (to maximize good); avoiding multiple roles (rule utilitarianism) O Virtue ethics Principles relate to virtues Preamble: importance of own professional judgment, modifiers O Kitchener: principles are prima facie binding um overridinge they apply until there's find another givea more |6 importan human ightsat or are stake Levels of ethical justification ↑ unidal. had good using - over breaking confidentiality xacting Now/ but feelings/Emot-react. |7  Ethical decision-making requires: what are my biages - Self-reflection ↳ Courage to challenge your own moral convictions and values Practical wisdom - learn with exp. luse your own ultural awareness Ethical awareness, active engagement judgement-what is the - of your position and others Sensitivity and open-mindedness to other perspectives most appop , principle 2.06 Self-care => don't allow interpersonal Ethical toolbox stuff to interrupt u your work rules , law principles |8 ETHICAL DECISION MAKING: A POSSIBLE 5-STEP MODEL Step 1: Identify ethical issue: the different ethical concerns and dilemmas why it's an eterical dilema to feel how the feel Step 2: Consider perspective of different stakeholders you need openness Institutional ethics, examples: Step 3: Ethical ‘toolbox’: Consider relevant… Ethical approval for your thesis research? O o ethical theories, Confidential advisers @ RU ⑨ o general principles (APA, optionally NIP) See literature this week: Nagy (2011) (about ethical o ethical standards (APA, optionally NIP) dilemmas) o 6 guidelines, policies, laws, … Step 4: Generate as many ethical alternatives as possible (using steps 1–3), select the best alternative o = that best fulfills one’s obligations as a psychologist and has the greatest likelihood of protecting the welfare of those who will be affected o Provide a thorough justification for your decision o Note all its shortcomings, possible biases etc. Step 5: Monitor & evaluate the effectiveness of the course of action (and modify plan if necessary).  Group Assignment – instructions & forming groups Form subgroups this week Subgroups of 4-6 students of your workgroup Sign up for your subgroup via Google Doc Assignment: Ethical case analysis 3 possible cases you choose 1 of them Apply the steps of the decision-making model (following the instructions) As you will see in the specific instructions, in the assignment we ask you to apply the steps of the model separately, as separate questions Pay attention to the word count requirements! NB 2024: please follow the instructions given by the Cases + specific instructions will be published this weekend! coordinator/workgroup teacher for this year! | 10  for oppression - looking Feminist Ethics: Ethics of Justice focus or equality of genders Traditionally, addresses moral, political, legal equality of men and women. Aims to understand, criticize and correct: Binary view of gender a & Privilege historically available to men not so much research on women ⑨ Gender views keeping oppressive social orders and practices in place · However: ↳ more men> women represent of univ. Staff professors y Not all feminist ethicists concerned with all three Not all feminist ethicists argue we should develop a gender-free perspective Feminist ethics is not limited to gendered issues, can be used to address other forms of oppression - ↓ agression lother adress recidl forms of opression) you the much focus on Female's exper opression very - (but rope/domestic asuse/ethics of pregnancy men are common in women ex - > more | 14 also considered)  Foces on Feminist Ethics: Power & Morality Concerned with power relations and power inequality -- Hierarchical relationships of unequal power Supervisor ↔ student; Therapist ↔ client the risk of Exploitative relationships (Nagy 2011) but using someone for your good student overwork it's defremental for the other ex supervisor making a do Goal : Becoming sensitive to oppression and reducing it A Goal “Psychologists endeavor to be aware of and guard against & their own biases and the prejudices of others that may condone : Be aware of biases in ethical decision-making: or lead to unjust practices” - APA Code Principle D: Justice | 15  “If the concept of “human” were built upon what we think about “woman” Feminist Ethics (Held) Criticising other points : rather than what we think about “man,” it would be a very different concept. Ethics... has not been a search for ↳ no unified approach universal…guidance, but a gender- based enterprise” ~ Held imasculitimity/stregte O 1. Rethinking reason and emotion = femininity/passive As opposition; as associated with masculinity and femininity “The flourishing of children ought to be Priority of reason over~ emotion at the very center of moral and social surpressed (they are opposed to morality and political and economic and legal O 2. -male/animal Rethinking the public and the private naturefemle/home Association of public with the uniquely human Isiological Revaluation is it thought” ~ Held about female us. male or Public as the model for ethical interactions not reasoning us emotions reasoning. approach - Feminist theorists begin ethical way mothers biology the care about children is put - theorizing with embodied, gendered O3. Rethinking the concept of self autonomous subjects who have particular histories, z as e Independent particular communities, particular well The self as autonomous, independent - &S allegiances, and particular visions of d Relations as impersonal - human flourishing” ~ Morgan (in Held) But famle ethics wants to this is rational say Cons that | 16 we are always in = interdependent  Care Ethics - Focuses on - relationships whereas at home Feminist ethics the public A normative ethical theory more on Points to care—especially a mother’s care—as the model of moral “Caring, empathy, feeling with others, relations and the basis of ethics being sensitive to each other’s feelings, there's no one ue/principle but based on context all may be better guides to what Care is contextual, care emphasizes the importance of emotions, and care morality requires in actual contexts than focuses on maintaining relationships may abstract rules of reason, or rational calculation” for emotions The family as the primary sphere of morality - more place ~ Annette Baier (in Held) - virtues Interdependency (not autonomous, isolated, rational self-interested individual) Prioritization of human relations (instead of abstract, universal, impartial rules) Q | 18  Carol Gilligan “In a Different Voice” (1982) w Against Kant: we should not focus on responsibilities towards abstract others but on specific responsibilities arising in relationships Against Kohlberg: “justice reasoning” is not the end stage of moral development mod th ways to develop nor | 19  Kohlberg’s stages of moral development Level 1: Preconventional morality Stage 1: Punishment and obedience: Morality is external to the self otiations Stage 2: Individualism and exchange: Realization that rules aren’t absolute there's parents somee it ly but there Y - out Level 2: Conventional morality “[For women]be might the amoral problem arises from way conflicting responsibilities rather than from relati Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships: Morality is conforming to the group standard maintaining competing rights and requires for its resolution a - mode of thinking that is contextual and maintain narrative order Social Stage 4: Maintaining social order: Becoming aware of the rules of society on broader scale rather than formal and abstract. -. Level 3: Postconventional morality This conception of morality as concerned with Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights: Society should function as a socialthe activity of care centers moral development contract around the understanding of responsibility and Stage 6: Universal principles: Autonomous development of principles that applyrelationships, to all just as the conception of morality as un fairness ties moral development to the Unitda t t understanding of rights and rules” most developed : Deauto ~ Gilligan, “In a Different Voice” But y enson ourselves not some law by outside at they try relationships finding 3rd preserve the a to way ButWomen got stuck 3 => of dilemma about expensive medicine - men say stealing as negotiating | 20 doesn't help  Forwomen : Carol Gilligan > - coutlichingresponsibilities = moral de a of care - - Against Kohlberg: “justice reasoning” is not the end stage of moral development. ↓ T Gilligan suggests women typically engage more in “care reasoning” Male perspective: fairness Male - Independence (separation); responsibility to oneself focusing ⑧ ↳ from the main caregiver (mother on their self Focus on the political/legal: rights, justice, social contracts. Female - identity wide caregiver · interdependance ; responsible others · faces on social/personal communic/responses. maintaining Female perspective: | 21  Nell Noddings ECaring. A Feminist Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (1984) Caring and ethical caring Caring requires engrossment - Natural caring = “I want”. (Example: hugging a friend) natural desire - we need institution Ethical caring = “I must” (Example: hugging someone who is in pain). > e - to boost it Acting out of the belief that caring is the appropriate way of relating to people thinking and being awae/ appropria a “It is through experiencing others caring for Ethical caring is an ethical ideal, that can be stimulated and diminished them and naturally caring for others that people sa build what is called an "ethical ideal," an image Heighter of the kind of person they want to be.” ~ Nell Noddings | 22 FEMINIST AND CARE ETHICS & ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING Both Sensitivity to differences between your own social location and that of others E Being aware of your position of power Of specific biases Develop the skill to become sensitive to the needs of people you interact with even if you may never have experienced that particular need Pay attention to particular relationships and their moral relevance : - specifically Care Ethics Becoming aware of dilemmas that you yourself might not consider as such | 23  public relat relational ethics ~ home Feminist Ele Care Ethicspirat Core Idea critises trad turies. relat , interdepend. being gender-biasedfor cingforot For of to abstract Origin re-evaluation account for exp of principle women Faces - inequality (oppression how mord actionswise 2 - justice/power from sense of resp. within personal &ly relationships empal + people Qa Net Nodding Carol Gilligan I  Held. Feministic Ethics ① History Ethics+ -xcluding Philosophy women's roles and exp. maleness rationality = emotions femininity = - irrational female = passive > - ex. Histotle - > mole = active/rational plato-likened women to earth tying them to nature ex. Greek mythology - women as dark forces irrational ②. Dualisms reinforced by Genders · Reason vs. Emotion ↓ ↓ MeN women · Public US Private un - State/law/ market household/reproduction ~ - male = morlity Female-bidogly instictual/siological mothering - viewd as outside as mordity · concept of Self ↓ man = autonomous moral  ③. Reason and Emotion a) Reason Forms L - Y Kauf Utilitariaus Focus-universal · principles foces-max Idea-rational utility should beings · · apply abstract moral principles · Idea - calculation of ① and G · Emotions are viewd as irrational Emotions are influenced nogzutehy suppression to desires but Cuty act mora according are subordinate to rational evaluations ex - resist lying to protect a friend moral as lying violates the universal rule regardless of emot. motive b) Criticism Rational and Abstract doesn't Contexual and relational dimensions. thinking adress c) Frameworks of Feministic perspective · Ethics of care : Focus-relations and empathy > - Contrast rules moral - to Abstract principles are seen - as relational and addressed through feelings of care/ thou universal principles empathing ex- caregive primitive not needs to sick relative more from adherence to social rules  Emotions morality · = ex · parent's love motivates protecting their child not because from deep feltnot of duty but commitment Cridique to Universality · ↑ context independent rules ? Feminist - disprove it Because universally applicable rules overlook gender/relationships between men/women > inequality - up disadvantage ④. Public vs. Private Al distinction E - · Public · Private political/ rational/male-dominated domestic lemotional female-dom. BICitique > shows gender bins - c) Feminist viewpoint · Household is not isolated from political ex-gender division/wage gaps/legislation on abortion · Human vS. Natural ↓ ↓ Public usehold - not human in which man-human in which Female reproduce shows his animal nature Elod-nature biology ,  due to roles women - closerdo nature their biological - Feminism challenges this as they any human rectivity/mordity(transformative not mothering involves repetitive · Revised eteical frameworks > - feminists propose to use relationships from private as models for public life > - friendship as potential model for more eecical non-contractual societal relationship ⑤. the concept of self · traditional views-bows on stic self neglecting relationships (family/friendships) Feminists include the and montily relationships - · concerns teat shape our identity suce as child ex War · ot shape family Relationships-what those matters relat no is the self well-being of interest but to for both individ. develop we are shaped by our relation steps a Relation self-self is connection made though not isolation , autonomous  · girls vs-boys ↓ ↓ Ib will to not Id with mom ping mum aut grow autonomosly Autonomy= not inclusion/exclusion to inheritet = finding your own bath within relch. Independent