ESW Summary (1).docx

ESW Summary History dates timeline: - 43 CE: Roman Invasion - 430 CE: Anglo-Saxon Invasion - 865 CE: First Viking Invasions - 1066 CE: Battle of Hastings - 1215 CE: Magna Carta - 1337 CE: Start Hundred Years' war - 1348 CE: Black Death - 1455 CE: War of the Roses - 1492 C...

ESW Summary History dates timeline: - 43 CE: Roman Invasion - 430 CE: Anglo-Saxon Invasion - 865 CE: First Viking Invasions - 1066 CE: Battle of Hastings - 1215 CE: Magna Carta - 1337 CE: Start Hundred Years' war - 1348 CE: Black Death - 1455 CE: War of the Roses - 1492 CE: "Discovery" of the Americas - 1534 CE: Establishment Church of England - 1620 CE: Puritan colonization of America - 1760 CE: Start Industrial Revolution - 1776 CE: American Declaration of Independence - 1789 CE: French Revolution - 1815 CE: Battle of Waterloo - 1837 CE: Start reign Queen Victoria - 1861 CE: Start American Civil War - 1914 CE: Start WWI - 1929 CE: Wall Street crash (a.k.a. Black Tuesday) - 1940 CE: Start WWII - 1945 CE: First detonation nuclear device - 1947 CE: Independence of India and Pakistan - 1962 CE: Cuban Missile Crisis - 1979 CE: Election Thatcher as PM - 2013 CE: Completion Freedom Tower - **43 CE: Roman Invasion** - **430 CE: Anglo-Saxon Invasion** In 430 CE, the Anglo-Saxon invasion refers to the arrival of Germanic tribes from regions such as modern-day Denmark and Germany, known as the Anglo-Saxons, to Britain. These tribes gradually migrated and settled in various parts of Britain, displacing the Romano-British population and establishing their own kingdoms.  - **865 CE: First Viking Invasions** Afbeelding met tekst, software, Webpagina, Website Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving - **1066 CE: Battle of Hastings**  At the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066, King Harold II of England was defeated by the invading Norman forces of William the Conqueror. By the end of the bloody, all-day battle, Harold was dead and his forces were destroyed. Harold was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, and the battle changed the course of history and established the French-speaking Normans as the new rulers of England, which in turn brought about a significant cultural, economic and military transformation, and helped to create the modern English language. - **1215 CE: Magna Carta** Magna Carta was issued in June 1215 and was the first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government was not above the law. It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his power, and placed limits of royal authority by establishing law as a power in itself. - **1337 CE: Start Hundred Years' war** The Hundred Years\' War was a conflict between the monarchs of France and England. Starting in 1337 and not finally ended until 1453, the war lasted for 116 years, albeit not with continuous fighting but also long periods of peace included. The name we use today for the war was only coined in the 19th century. The Hundred Years\' War is traditionally divided into three phases for the purposes of study and to reflect the important periods of peace between the two countries: -The Edwardian War (1337-1360) after Edward III of England -The Caroline War (1369-1389) after Charles V of France. -The Lancastrian War (1415-1453) after the royal house of England, the Lancasters. - **1348 CE: Black Death** The catastrophic plague known as the Black Death hit Europe in 1348 and swept through the continent rapidly. It would eventually kill between a third and half of the population. These huge death tolls sparked off a chain of events that would change the position of the peasant in England forever. Because so many had died, there were far fewer people to work the land: peasants were therefore able to demand better conditions and higher wages from their landlords. Many advanced to higher positions in society. - **1455 CE: War of the Roses** Series of dynastic civil wars between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne. The wars were named for the emblems of the two houses, the white rose of York and the red of Lancaster. Both claimed the throne through descent from Edward III. Lancastrians held the throne from 1399, but the country fell into a state of near anarchy during the reign of Henry VI, and during one of Henry's bouts with madness in 1453 the duke of York was declared protector of the realm. Afbeelding met tekst, software, Webpagina, Website Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving  - **1492 CE: "Discovery" of the Americas** the \"Discovery\" of the Americas refers to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, marking a significant historical event. Columbus, sailing under the sponsorship of Spain, reached the Caribbean islands and subsequently explored parts of present-day Central and South America, believing he had reached Asia. This event is commonly referred to as the \"Discovery\" of the Americas because it initiated widespread European exploration, colonization, and subsequent interactions between Europe and the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The year 1492 is often seen as a turning point in history, leading to the Columbian Exchange, the establishment of European colonies, and the eventual colonization and transformation of the Americas by European powers. - **1534 CE: Establishment Church of England** This event occurred during the reign of King Henry VIII of England. Seeking a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and wanting to assert his authority over the English church, Henry VIII broke away from the authority of the Pope in Rome. The Act of Supremacy, passed by the English Parliament, declared the King as the supreme head of the Church of England, effectively establishing it as a separate entity from the Roman Catholic Church. This marked the beginning of the English Reformation and had significant religious, political, and cultural implications for England and its relationship with the Roman Catholic Church. - **1620 CE: Puritan colonization of America** This refers to the arrival of a group of English Puritans, known as the Pilgrims, to the shores of present-day Massachusetts. Seeking religious freedom and the ability to practice their faith without persecution, the Pilgrims established the Plymouth Colony. The Pilgrims played a significant role in the early settlement of New England and their principles of religious liberty and self-governance had a lasting impact on the development of American society. Their arrival is often associated with the founding of the first successful English colony in New England and the subsequent migration of other Puritan groups to America, contributing to the diverse religious landscape of the United States. - **1760 CE: Start Industrial Revolution** The Industrial Revolution originated in Great Britain and gradually spread to other parts of the world. It was characterized by the mechanization of production, the introduction of new technologies, and the transformation from agrarian-based economies to industrialized ones. Inventions such as the steam engine, textile machinery, and the development of factories revolutionized manufacturing processes and increased productivity. This period saw rapid urbanization, the rise of the factory system, and significant changes in social and economic structures. The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching effects on various aspects of society, including the economy, labor practices, living conditions, and the overall trajectory of human history. - **1776 CE: American Declaration of Independence** The Declaration of Independence was a document written by a committee led by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the American colonies\' independence from British rule. It asserted the inherent rights of individuals, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and outlined grievances against the British government. The Declaration of Independence served as a catalyst for the American Revolutionary War, which ultimately led to the formation of the United States of America as an independent nation. It is considered a foundational document in American history, emphasizing principles of self-governance, individual rights, and the consent of the governed. - **1789 CE: French Revolution** The French Revolution was a result of widespread discontent with the monarchy, economic inequality, and political oppression. The revolution saw the rise of revolutionary ideals such as liberty, equality, and fraternity, and it aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. The revolution witnessed events such as the storming of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. It brought significant changes to French society, including the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of a new legal system, and the spread of revolutionary ideas throughout Europe. The French Revolution had a lasting impact on global history, inspiring other revolutionary movements and shaping political ideologies. - **1815 CE: Battle of Waterloo** The Battle of Waterloo was fought near the town of Waterloo in present-day Belgium and was the final battle of the Napoleonic Wars. It was fought between the French forces, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, and a coalition of European powers, primarily led by the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian General Gebhard von Blücher. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the coalition forces, effectively ending Napoleon\'s rule and his attempt to regain control of Europe. The Battle of Waterloo had far-reaching consequences, leading to the restoration of monarchy in France, the reshaping of European borders, and the establishment of a new balance of power in Europe. - **1837 CE: Start reign Queen Victoria** Queen Victoria ascended to the throne, marking the beginning of her reign as the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Queen Victoria\'s reign, known as the Victorian era, lasted until 1901 and is considered one of the most significant periods in British history. Her reign was characterized by profound social, cultural, and political changes. The Victorian era witnessed advancements in industrialization, urbanization, and the expansion of the British Empire. It was a time of great economic growth and technological progress, with innovations such as the steam engine and the development of railways transforming society and the economy. Queen Victoria\'s reign also saw significant social reforms, including the improvement of working conditions, the expansion of education, and the expansion of voting rights. The Victorian era was marked by a strict moral code and a focus on family values. - **1861 CE: Start American Civil War** The American Civil War was fought between the Northern states (known as the Union) and the Southern states (known as the Confederacy) primarily over the issue of slavery. The Southern states seceded from the Union in response to the election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the expansion of slavery. The war lasted for four years and resulted in significant loss of life and widespread devastation. The American Civil War had profound implications for the United States, including the abolition of slavery, the preservation of the Union, and the reshaping of the nation\'s political and social landscape. It led to the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the freedom of slaves in Confederate territory, and ultimately, the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery throughout the United States. The war also highlighted the importance of federal authority over state sovereignty and had long-lasting effects on the relationship between the federal government and individual states - **1914 CE: Start WWI** marking one of the deadliest and most significant conflicts in human history. World War I, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict primarily centered in Europe. It was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in June 1914. The war involved major world powers and their alliances, with the Central Powers consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire, and the Allied Powers consisting of France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later joined by the United States and other nations. World War I was characterized by trench warfare, new technological advancements such as machine guns and chemical weapons, and massive loss of life. It brought about significant changes in warfare strategies, led to the collapse of empires, and reshaped the geopolitical landscape. The war ended in 1918 with the signing of the armistice, leading to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The war\'s aftermath had far-reaching consequences, including political and territorial restructuring, the redrawing of national boundaries, and the seeds of future conflicts. - **1929 CE: Wall Street crash (a.k.a. Black Tuesday)** the Wall Street Crash occurred, marking the beginning of the Great Depression, one of the most severe economic downturns in history. The Wall Street Crash, also known as Black Tuesday, refers to the stock market crash that took place on October 29, 1929, in New York City. The crash was triggered by a combination of factors, including excessive speculation, overvalued stocks, and widespread panic selling. The stock market collapse had a domino effect on the economy, leading to a sharp decline in industrial production, unemployment, and a wave of bank failures. The consequences of the Wall Street Crash were devastating. It led to a prolonged period of economic hardship and poverty for millions of people around the world. The Great Depression had far-reaching effects on society, politics, and international relations, contributing to the rise of extremist ideologies and fueling social unrest. - **1940 CE: Start WWII** World War II began, marking one of the most devastating and widespread conflicts in history. World War II was a global war involving many nations and lasting until 1945. It was primarily driven by the aggressive expansionist policies of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler. , Germany launched its Blitzkrieg campaign and swiftly conquered several European countries, including Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. The Battle of Britain took place in the same year, where the Royal Air Force successfully defended Britain against German air attacks. World War II involved major military campaigns across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. It was marked by significant events such as the Holocaust, the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the D-Day invasion of Normandy, the Battle of Stalingrad, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The war resulted in immense loss of life, extensive destruction, and widespread suffering. It brought about significant geopolitical changes, the fall of fascist regimes, the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers, and the establishment of new international organizations such as the United Nations. - **1945 CE: First detonation nuclear device** This event is commonly referred to as the Trinity Test. It took place on July 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico, United States, as part of the Manhattan Project. The successful detonation of the nuclear device, code-named \"Trinity,\" demonstrated the feasibility of nuclear weapons and ushered in the atomic age. The Trinity Test was a precursor to the use of atomic bombs in warfare during World War II. Less than a month after the Trinity Test, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives and had a profound impact on the outcome of World War II. The development and use of nuclear weapons during this period raised significant moral, ethical, and geopolitical questions. It led to the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War era and prompted efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. - **1947 CE: Independence of India and Pakistan** The independence of India and Pakistan was a result of the partition of British India, which had been under British colonial rule for nearly two centuries. The partition was based on religious lines, with predominantly Hindu-majority areas becoming part of India, and predominantly Muslim-majority regions forming the new nation of Pakistan. The partition was accompanied by widespread violence, communal riots, and mass migrations, resulting in the displacement of millions of people and tragic loss of life. India and Pakistan gained their independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. India adopted a democratic and secular system of governance, while Pakistan adopted an Islamic republic model. The partition had a lasting impact on the political, social, and cultural dynamics of the region, as well as on the relationship between India and Pakistan. - **1962 CE: Cuban Missile Crisis** The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred, representing a critical moment during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day confrontation that began when the United States discovered Soviet missile installations in Cuba. The crisis was triggered by the Soviet Union\'s decision to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba, which was seen as a direct threat to the United States. The presence of these missiles raised fears of a potential nuclear conflict and brought the world to the brink of a catastrophic war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a watershed moment in the Cold War, as it highlighted the potential for nuclear war and the need for improved communication and diplomatic channels between the superpowers. It served as a wake-up call for both sides, leading to increased efforts to establish measures for arms control and nuclear non-proliferation. - **1979 CE: Election Thatcher as PM** Margaret Thatcher was elected as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, marking a significant event in British political history. Margaret Thatcher, often referred to as the Iron Lady, became the first female Prime Minister of the UK and served in that position until 1990. Thatcher\'s election as Prime Minister represented a shift towards conservative policies and marked the beginning of a period characterized by her leadership style and economic reforms. Her government implemented a series of free-market economic policies, known as Thatcherism, which aimed to reduce state intervention in the economy, privatize industries, deregulate markets, and promote individual entrepreneurship. Thatcher\'s tenure as Prime Minister had a profound impact on British society and politics. Her policies brought about significant changes in the UK\'s economic landscape and contributed to a period of economic growth. However, her policies also led to social and economic divisions, and her government faced criticism for its handling of labor unions, social welfare, and the widening wealth gap. - **2013 CE: Completion Freedom Tower** The construction of the Freedom Tower, officially known as One World Trade Center, was completed in New York City, United States. The Freedom Tower is a symbolic and significant structure built on the site where the World Trade Center twin towers once stood before the tragic events of September 11, 2001. The completion of the Freedom Tower was a momentous milestone in the rebuilding and revitalization of the World Trade Center site. It serves as a tribute to the lives lost in the 9/11 attacks and stands as a symbol of resilience, strength, and hope. IMPORTANT DATES IN ENGLISH SPEAKING WORLDS HISTORY IN RIGHT ORDER: - Neolithic period: Approximately 3000 bCE - Celtic migrations: 700 bCE - Roman Invasion of Britain: 43 - Anglo-Saxon Invasion of Britain: 400 - First Viking Invasions of Britain: 800 - Battle of Hastings: October 14, 1066 (William the Conqueror) - The Anarchy: 1135-1153 - House of Plantagenet: 1154- 1485 - Magna Carta: June 15, 1215 - Start of the Hundred Years\' War: 1337 - Black Death: 1348 - House of Tudor: 1405-1603 - War of the Roses: 1455-1487 - \"Discovery\" of the Americas: 1492 (Christopher Columbus) - Renaissance (time period) 14^th^ -- 17^th^ century (peak in 15^th^ -- 16^th^) - King Henry VIII: 1509-1547 - Reformation 16^th^ century - Establishment of the Church of England (Act of supremacy): 1534 - Reign Queen Elizabeth 1: 1558-1603 - Puritan colonization of America: 1620 (Mayflower voyage) - English Civil War: 1642-1651 - English Common Wealth: 1649-1660 - English Restoration: 1660 - Settlement of Canada by the Iroquois: 17^th^ century - Settlement of Canada by the French: 17^th^ century - Seven Years' War: 1756-1763 - English Conquest of Quebec: 1759 - Enlightenment time period late 17^th^ -- late 18^th^ century - Start of the Industrial Revolution: 1760 - American Revolution: 1765-1983 - American Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1776 - Establishment of the New South Wales colony in Australia: 1788 - George Washington: 1789-1797 - French Revolution: 1789-1799 - Romantic literary period 1800-1850 - Battle of Waterloo: June 18, 1815 - Start of Queen Victoria\'s reign: June 20, 1837-1901 - Abraham Lincoln: 1861-1865 - Start of the American Civil War: April 12, 1861 - Slavery Abolished USA: 1865 - Establishment of the Canadian Dominion: 1867 - The Boer War: 1899 - Start of World War I: July 28, 1914 - Wall Street crash (Black Tuesday): October 29, 1929 - The Great Depression: 1929-1939 - Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1933-1945 - Social Security Act: 1935 - World War II: September 1, 1939- 1945 - Pearl Harbor: 1941 - D-Day: June 6 1944 - First detonation of a nuclear device (The Atomic age): 1945 - Elizabeth II: 1952-2022 - Independence of India and Pakistan: August 15, 1947 - Cuban Missile Crisis: October 16-28, 1962 - Election of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister: May 4, 1979 - 9-11: 2001 - Completion of the Freedom Tower: 2013 CE PP Week 4: **What Is Cultural Identity? Nature vs Nurture** -Cultural identity refers to the sense of belonging and identification with a particular culture or group. It encompasses the shared customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and behaviors that define a group and distinguish it from others. Cultural identity is shaped by various factors, including nationality, ethnicity, religion, language, geography, historical experiences, and social norms. What does it mean to be "English" "Englishness", like any other cultural, identity, is an invention, a collection of different narratives. **Why is England a popular destination for migrants between +/- 1000BC -- 1000CE?** - Good temperature for agriculture - Sufficient rain - Little-no flooding - Plenty of game - Forests easily cleared for agriculture (grain) - The sea is the "highway" of the Middle Ages (The Middle Ages, also known as the medieval period, is a historical era that spanned approximately from the 5th century to the 15th century in Europe. It is commonly divided into three main periods: the Early Middle Ages (also known as the Dark Ages), the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages.) **Timeline Migration patterns Great Britain + where they came from:** - 3000 bCE **[Neolithicum]** = Afrika/ middle east - 700 bCE **[Celts]**= eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine, etc) - 43 CE **[Romans]**= Italie - 400 CE **[Anglosaxons]**= ( 3 groups Jutes= Northern Denmark, Angles= Southern Denmark, Saxons= Germany) - 800 CE **[Vikings]**= Norway, Sweden - 1066 CE **[Normans]**= France **Some facts about the Celts:** - The ancestor of many people from Scotland, Wales and Ireland - A bronze-age culture - Early priests were called Druids - Subjugated by the Romans - Church brought Christianity to the ordinary people **Roman Britain Heritage:** - Roads -Villas - Towns - Towns - Administrative system - Comfortable homes - Farming - Central Heating - Baths - Entered Britain when the Romans left - Fought the population and drove them to the furthest edges of the land - Days of the week were named after their gods - Established the Witan - Divided the country into shires - Augustine preached Christianity to them - Edward the confessor belonged to this group - Initially they destroyed many monasteries - King Alfred held out against them - The area they ruled was known as Danelaw - They were a nuisance to King Ethelred - King Canute belonged to this group - They found York and Dublin - Defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings 1066 - Came from Normandy - Were disliked by the Godwinsons - William I (the conqueror) crowned on Christmas day 1066 - Were descended from the Vikings (Norsemen) **What is Beowulf:** Is a poem that combines Anglosaxon and Viking cultures. It suggests a coherent, shared cultural identity for peoples with very different cultural backgrounds and political interests. - Poem (more than 3000 lines) - Composed +/- 7^th^ -- 10^th^ Century - Language: Old English (Old- Anglo-Saxon -- (laagduits) + Old Norse - Heroic narrative of concerning the deeds of a Scandinavian prince called Beowulf - Written in England - But setting events is Scandinavia - In a 'Once upon a time' that is partly historical. **Old English= Old Saxon (laagduits) + Old Norse** - In root Germanic language - 8 cases (note the much longer sentences of the modern English translation) - Similar phonetic properties to (old) Frisian - Strong Old Norse influence (e.g. in the alphabet and words that have to do with violence (knive\> knife) English Kings and Queens in order: William the Conqueror (1066-1087) William II (1087-1100) Henry I (1100-1135) Stephen (1135-1154) Henry II (1154-1189) Richard I (1189-1199) John (1199-1216) Henry III (1216-1272) Edward I (1272-1307) Edward II (1307-1327) Edward III (1327-1377) Richard II (1377-1399) Henry IV (1399-1413) Henry V (1413-1422) Henry VI (1422-1461, 1470-1471) Edward IV (1461-1470, 1471-1483) Edward V (1483) Richard III (1483-1485) Henry VII (1485-1509) Henry VIII (1509-1547) Edward VI (1547-1553) Mary I (1553-1558) Elizabeth I (1558-1603) James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) Commonwealth Interregnum (1649-1660) Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1688) William III and Mary II (1689-1694) William III (1694-1702) Anne (1702-1714) George I (1714-1727) George II (1727-1760) George III (1760-1820) George IV (1820-1830) William IV (1830-1837) Victoria (1837-1901) Edward VII (1901-1910) George V (1910-1936) Edward VIII (1936) George VI (1936-1952) Elizabeth II (1952-2022) Charles III (2022- present) PP week 5  **The Norman Conquest:** - The invasion of England 1066 by William of Normady begins to transform England from a "patchwork" of tiny kingdoms into a single possesion with one -military- leader (fuedal system) - After a few decades, all Anglo-Saxon nobility have been replaced with Norman aristocracy who owe fealty to the English/Norman king. - William continues to make claims in France setting up protracted conflicts between England and France, setting up protracted conflicts between England and France, as well as between different branches of his family. **English -- French animosities:** - The Anarchy (1135-1153) - House of Plantagenet (1154- 1485) - Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) - War of the Roses (1455-1487) - House of Tudor (1405-1603) - PP week 6 **Roman Catholic vs Protestant**  - For our increasingly securalized society, the difference between being a Catholic and a Protestant might seem insignificant, but in the 16th century, this distinction is cause for culture wars, civil wars, actual wars, persecution, violence and murder\... **Why did King Henry VIII establish a new protestant church, the Church of England:** - Money - Divorce. **Separation of State and Church:** - While most modern nations now have separated church and state, England steadfastly persists with declaring the monarch "the supreme governor" of the Church of England. As such, the monarch and Head of State is obliged to be of a particular faith. **English Civil War (1642-1651)** - Royalists (Cavaliers) vs. Parliamentarians (Roundheads) - Who is in control? King or Parliament? - Scotland refused to adopt Charles of England - The King wants to quell the rebellion but needs Parliament to help pay the bill - The king seemed preoccupied with his own power, rather than leading the people **English Common Wealth (1649-1660)** - The U.K.'s only experiment with being a Republic - Charles I executed - Oliver and Richard Cromwell - The U.K. was never really a republic. The Cromwells effectively functioned as dictators **English Restoration (1660)** - Ends the U.K.'s experiment with Republicanism - Charles II becomes Monarch - England, Scotland and Ireland reunited under one banner. PP week 7 Afbeelding met tekst, schermopname, software, Webpagina Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving **The Enlightenment:** - Starts in the late- 17^th^ century (Newton, Bacon, Lock, Descartes) - Attempts to reform society using reason - Challenges traditions, faith, supernaturalism and superstition - Promotes knowledge through scientific method (i.e. using empirical data and measurable evidence) - Suggests a materialistic and mechanistic universe in which everything in nature can be observed and rationalized. Enlightenment effects: - Propelled industrial revolution - Reformed society by: using reason, challenging faith and superstitions - Belief fuelled American & French revolutions **The Industrial Revolution** - Practical applications of the lessons of the Enlightenment (for better of worse) - Move from agriculture to an industrial society - Country side less and less important - Urbanization, cheap labour for factories - Very poor working conditions - Child labour - Explosive population growth - Rise in -average- income - Birth of the bourgeoisie **Romanticism:** - Intellectually it marked a violent reaction to the Enlightenment - Politically it was inspired by the revolutions in America and France - Emotionally it expressed an "extreme" assertion of the self and the value of personal experience. The stylistic keynote of Romanticism is "intensity" its watchword is "imagination", and its topic is "nature" **The French Revolution (1789-1799):** - Introduced a different form of "technology": a political philosophy that suggested equality and liberty for all. - Initially led to a failed experiment with Republicanism and quickly dissolved into a dictatorship (remember the English Civil War?) - Napoleonic Wars dictate international relationships, including England's, for decades to come. - Remember Pride and Prejudice? The novel is set during the Napoleonic Wars. Why does the text not seem concerned for its wealthy, land-owning characters?  PP week 8 Some "hard" technologies that helped to maintain the British Empire: Navy: - Started by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I to help deter the Catholic-Spanish Armada - Further expanded under Victoria - Very effective at protecting overseas interests - Notice that almost all parts of the empire have access to the sea Telegraph: - Effective use of the lessons learned during the Industrial Revolution - Reduced communication time from weeks to days - Centralized, control, bureaucracy and military structure - Allowed for the expansion of the stock markets, esp. futures trading Some "Soft" technologies that helped to maintain the British Empire: Map-making and time-keeping: - Who gets to decide which part of the glove is in the "center" - What projection is used? 3D globes don't fit on 2D paper, so certain countries must appear smaller and other larger than they actually are Social Darwinism: - Misappropriation of Darwin's theory of evolution to help "explain" that the British are superior to other ethnicities and are therefore justified --or even obliged- to control other peoples. - Phrenology: a pseudo-science that measures people's physical features -- usually their skulls- to "explain" the relative superiority or inferiority of their social class, national identity or ethnicity. Poetry Toward the close of the century some of this confidence begins to dissipate, besides the country coming to a close and the end of Queen Victoria's reign, what changes occur in the 19^th^ century that question certain Victorian certitudes" - Darwin: man's situation not special in the eyes of god but a random accident of indifferent nature - Freud: man no longer the conscious agent of their own destiny but driven by strange, shameful, subconscious desires - Marx: social classes no longer "natural" and merited but institutions of abuse and social injustice - Modernist: broke with traditions and openly experimented with new gender roles and sexual mores that questioned "traditional" family life. **Important days/events in English History in Order:** - 43 CE: Roman Invasion - 430 CE: Anglo-Saxon Invasion - 865 CE: First Viking Invasions - William the conqueror/ Battle of Hastings (1066) - Signing of the Magna Carta (1215) - 100 Years' War (1337-1453) - Black Death (1348) - Wars of Roses (1455-1485) - King Henry VIII (1509-1547) - Establishment Church of England (1534) - Act of supremacy (1534) - Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) - English Civil War (1642-1651) - Queen Victoria (1837-1901) - Elizabeth II (1952-2022) Middle Ages (time period) 5^th^ -- 15^th^ century (Early MA (5^th^ -- 10^th^, Middle MA 11^th^ -13^th^ , Late MA (14^th^ -- 15^th^) Renaissance (time period) 14^th^ -- 17^th^ century (peak in 15^th^ -- 16^th^ ) Reformation (16^th^ century) Restoration (1660) Enlightenment (time period) late 17^th^ century to late 18^th^ Age of revolution: -Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) -French Revolution (1789-1799) -American Revolution (1765-1983) The Atomic Age (1945 (nuclear weapons) Romantic literary period (1800-1850) PP week 9 Why do we know so little about Native American cultures before European settlement? - Native American cultures left few written sources, so much of their culture is prehistoric: before writing. What we do know of their cultures before European invasion often depends on archeological sites, such as "Serpent Mound" in Ohio. Different Native American cultures: - **Adena culture**: The Adena culture existed in the Ohio River Valley and parts of the Eastern United States from around [1000 BCE to 200 BCE]. They are known for their elaborate burial mounds and complex social organization. The Adena people engaged in hunting, gathering, and some agriculture. - **Hopewell tradition**: The Hopewell tradition emerged after the decline of the Adena culture and lasted from approximately [200 BCE to 500 CE]. The Hopewell people were skilled traders and had vast networks of exchange, resulting in the movement of goods, ideas, and even materials like copper and shells across regions. They are recognized for their monumental earthworks, such as mounds and geometric enclosures. - **Mississippian culture**: The Mississippian culture thrived between [800 CE and 1500 CE] in the southeastern and midwestern regions of North America. They built large, sophisticated mound centers with religious and ceremonial purposes, such as Cahokia in present-day Illinois. The Mississippian people practiced agriculture, had social hierarchies, and engaged in trade and extensive cultural interactions. - **Ancestral Pueblo culture**: The Ancestral Pueblo culture, also known as the Anasazi, existed from approximately [200 CE to 1300] CE in the southwestern United States, including present-day Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. They are famous for their elaborate cliff dwellings and pueblos made of stone and adobe bricks. The Ancestral Pueblo people were skilled farmers, cultivating crops such as corn, beans, and squash, and were adept at pottery-making and weaving. - **Pensacola culture:** The Pensacola culture developed in the Florida Panhandle and adjacent regions from around [1100 CE to 1700 CE]. They were influenced by the Mississippian culture and are known for their pottery and shell-tempered ceramics. The Pensacola people lived in small villages and practiced agriculture, fishing, and hunting. Most of the written records we have of Native American cultures are from European sources. As such, most historical records we have about Native Americans deal with conflict and atrocities. - **Trail of Tears**: The Trail of Tears refers to the forced removal and relocation of several Native American tribes, including the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the [1830s.] The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the removal, and the journey became known as the Trail of Tears due to the immense hardships, suffering, and loss of life endured by the Native Americans during the forced relocation. It is a tragic chapter in American history that resulted in the displacement and death of thousands of Native Americans. - **Dade Battle**: The Dade Battle took place on December 28, [1835,] during the Second Seminole War in present-day Florida. It was a conflict between the United States Army and the Seminole Native American tribe. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Seminoles and marked the beginning of a long and costly war for the United States. - **Sand Creek Massacre**: The Sand Creek Massacre occurred on November 29, [1864,] during the Colorado War. A force of Colorado Territory militia attacked a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans in southeastern Colorado. The militia indiscriminately killed around 150 to 200 men, women, and children, sparking outrage and condemnation. - **Battle of Little Bighorn**: The Battle of Little Bighorn, also known as Custer\'s Last Stand, took place on June 25-26, [1876,] in present-day Montana. It was a significant clash between the United States Army\'s 7th Cavalry Regiment, led by Lieutenant Colonel George Custer, and a coalition of Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes. The Native American forces, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, defeated Custer\'s regiment, resulting in a major victory for the Native American resistance during the Great Sioux War of 1876. - **Wounded Knee Massacre**: The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on December 29, , on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. It was a tragic event during the Ghost Dance movement when the United States Army confronted a group of Lakota Sioux. The confrontation turned violent, and soldiers opened fire, killing around 150-300 Lakota men, women, and children. The Wounded Knee Massacre marked the end of armed conflicts between the United States government and Native American tribes on the Great Plains. **Native American Legacies:** Native American cultures are frequently appropriated by contemporary and commercial concerns. More often than not, that appropriation is\...unfortunate and inappropriate. For instance, after years of complaints, **1492:** Christopher Columbus "discovers" America. **The US as a modern nation state has its origins in three population movements:** - Commerical entepreneurs (e.g. Virginia Colony) - Religious refugees (e.g. the Puritan settlements) - Forced "immigrants" (African Slave Trade **The Virginia Colony:** - Was one of the earliest English colonies established in North America. - Virginia was named after Queen Elizabeth I of England, who was often referred to as the \"Virgin Queen\" due to her unmarried status. - The main settlement in the Virginia Colony was called Jamestown in honor of King James I of England, who granted the charter to establish the colony. The settlement was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London, a joint-stock company. - European settlers undertook the perilous journey to establish colonies in North America for various reasons. These reasons included economic opportunities, such as seeking wealth through trade, finding new resources, and cultivating land for agriculture. Religious motivations also played a role, as some sought freedom to practice their own faith outside the constraints of the Church of England. Additionally, some individuals sought adventure or were attracted to the idea of starting anew in a new land with potential for a better life. - The Puritan Settlement of New England refers to the establishment of Puritan communities in the northeastern region of present-day United States during the 17th century. - The Puritans were a group of English Protestants who sought to reform and purify the Church of England from within. They believed in a strict interpretation of the Bible, emphasizing individual piety, predestination, and the importance of living a moral and disciplined life. Puritans valued hard work, education, and the pursuit of a virtuous society based on their interpretation of Christian principles. - The Pilgrims, who were a specific group of Puritans, were separatists who believed in completely separating from the Church of England. They were deeply committed to their Christian faith and feared that any deviation from their religious beliefs could lead to spiritual corruption. They saw themselves as a chosen people, a \"city upon a hill,\" and were driven to create a pure and righteous society in which their religious beliefs were not compromised. - Religious concerns and influences from Puritanism can still be seen in contemporary American culture and politics. The notion of America as a \"city upon a hill\" with a divine mission has persisted and influenced the American identity. Moral and religious values, such as individual responsibility, hard work, and the importance of family, continue to play a significant role in shaping American society. Religious conservatism, influenced by Puritanism and other religious traditions, has also had an impact on contemporary American politics, particularly on issues related to morality, social values, and individual freedoms. However, it\'s important to note that American society is diverse and encompasses a wide range of beliefs and values beyond those influenced by Puritanism. - The financial success of mining and farming colonies was dependent largely on their access to "free labor", i.e. slaves. - A Dutch ship carried the first slaves into Jamestown in 1619 - Over 12 million people were forcefully extracted from Africa and sold in the Americas PP week 11 **Why did the US begin a war with England?** The United States began a war with England, known as the American Revolutionary War or the War of Independence, to secure its independence from British rule. There were several key factors that led to this conflict: - Unfair Colonial Policies: The British government imposed a series of acts and policies, such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts, that placed heavy taxes on the American colonies and restricted their economic activities. The colonists saw these policies as unfair and a violation of their rights as British subjects. - Lack of Representation: The slogan \"No taxation without representation\" reflected the colonists\' frustration with the fact that they had no voice or representation in the British Parliament, which was making decisions affecting their lives and livelihoods. The colonists believed that they should have a say in the laws and policies that affected them. - Growing Sense of Identity: Over time, the American colonists developed a sense of identity as distinct from their British counterparts. They saw themselves as Americans with their own culture, values, and aspirations. This growing sense of identity, coupled with the desire for self-governance, fueled the desire for independence. - Inspired by Enlightenment Ideas: The ideas of the Enlightenment, with their emphasis on individual rights, freedom, and government by consent, had a significant influence on the American colonists. They drew inspiration from thinkers like John Locke and believed that they had the right to overthrow a government that violated their natural rights. - Battles at Lexington and Concord: The armed conflict between British troops and colonial militiamen in Lexington and Concord in 1775 marked a turning point. It demonstrated that armed resistance was necessary and that the colonists were willing to fight for their rights and independence. These factors, among others, ultimately led to the American colonies declaring their independence from Britain in 1776 and engaging in a prolonged war that lasted until 1783. The war resulted in the recognition of the United States as an independent nation with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. **France got involved in the American Revolutionary War for several reasons:** - Strategic Interests: France saw an opportunity to weaken its long-standing rival, Britain, by supporting the American colonies in their fight for independence. By doing so, France aimed to regain territories it had lost to Britain in previous conflicts, such as the Seven Years\' War (1756-1763). - Support for Republicanism: France was also motivated by ideological reasons. The American Revolution represented a struggle against monarchy and the fight for republican ideals, which aligned with the aspirations of French Enlightenment thinkers. Supporting the American cause allowed France to promote these principles and challenge the traditional monarchical order. - Desire for Revenge: France had a deep-seated desire for revenge against Britain due to their defeat in the Seven Years\' War. They saw an opportunity to strike back and weaken Britain\'s global power by supporting the American colonies in their bid for independence. - Potential Economic and Trade Benefits: France anticipated that a successful American revolution would open up new trade opportunities and strengthen its economic ties with the newly formed United States. They hoped to secure commercial privileges and access to American markets, enhancing their own economic interests. In 1778, France formally allied with the American colonies by signing the Treaty of Alliance, pledging military and financial support. The French navy played a crucial role in the American victory, particularly in the decisive Battle of Yorktown in 1781. French assistance, along with other international support, proved instrumental in ensuring the success of the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States as an independent nation. The United States is a federal republic, meaning it has a central government that shares power with individual states. The U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1788, serves as the supreme law of the land and outlines the structure of the federal government. It establishes a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President serves as the head of state and government, while Congress, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, holds the legislative power. The Supreme Court, along with other federal courts, exercises the judicial power. The United States operates under a system of checks and balances, where each branch has powers that can limit or check the actions of the other branches. This system aims to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic, which means it has a centralized system of government. The French Constitution, currently in its fifth iteration, sets the framework for the organization of the state. The President of France serves as the head of state and is elected by the people. The President appoints a Prime Minister, who leads the government and is responsible for implementing policies. France has a bicameral legislature, consisting of the National Assembly (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). The National Assembly holds the primary legislative power, and the Senate acts as a legislative advisory body. In recent years, France has transitioned to a semi-presidential system, where both the President and the Prime Minister share executive powers. The President is responsible for foreign policy and defense, while the Prime Minister oversees domestic policy. PP week 12 **American Civil War (1861-1865):** - The American Civil War had its origins in the deep-rooted divisions between the Northern states, which were largely industrialized and favored the abolition of slavery, and the Southern states, which relied on slave labor and desired to maintain their way of life. These tensions over issues such as slavery, states\' rights, and economic differences eventually led to the outbreak of the Civil War. - Throughout the conflict, major US presidents played crucial roles. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, played a significant role in shaping the course of the war. He led the Union (Northern states) during the war, aiming to preserve the Union and ultimately abolish slavery. His Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, declared the freedom of enslaved people in Confederate-held territories and furthered the war\'s objectives. - The outcome of the American Civil War was the victory of the Union forces, resulting in the preservation of the United States as a single, indivisible nation. The Confederate states were brought back into the Union, and **[slavery was abolished]** throughout the United States with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in **[1865.]** - The repercussions of the Civil War were significant and far-reaching. The war led to the loss of countless lives and widespread destruction. It brought about significant social, political, and economic changes in the United States. The abolition of slavery was a monumental achievement that reshaped the nation\'s moral and social fabric. The war also solidified the power and authority of the federal government, marking a shift from a loose confederation of states to a more centralized nation. **Besides economics, what justifications were offered by the Southern** **states to continue slavery?** Abolishing slavery would lead to chaos and anarchy. This argument often took cues from the "mob rule" during the French Revolution. Historical precedent (e.g., Greeks and Romans had slaves). Biblical exegesis. Abraham, especially, was forwarded as an exemplary owner of slaves ("Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour\'s house, \[\...\] nor his manservant, nor his maidservant"). Also look towards the sons of Noah and how they populated the Earth for a biblical "explanation" as to why it's ok to subjugate people from Africa. The idea that black people were not really people but "half devil and half child". A broad swath of pseudoscientific hogwash (phrenology, social Darwinism, etc.) was enlisted to support such ideas. **While the war itself ended and slavery was abolished, there are ongoing issues and evidence that suggest the legacy and unresolved aspects of the Civil War.** - Racial Inequality: Although slavery was abolished, the deep-rooted racial inequality and systemic racism that existed before and during the Civil War have persisted in various forms. African Americans faced segregation, discrimination, and limited opportunities for many years after the war. The struggle for civil rights and equality continued long after the war ended, with significant challenges and ongoing debates surrounding racial justice still prevalent in contemporary American society. - Symbolism and Memorials: The presence of Confederate monuments, flags, and symbols remains a contentious issue. These symbols are seen by some as reminders of the Confederacy\'s defense of slavery and racism, while others argue for their preservation as a part of history. The debates surrounding the removal or preservation of Confederate memorials reflect unresolved tensions and differing interpretations of the war\'s causes and legacy. - Political Divisions: The political divisions that characterized the Civil War era have echoes in contemporary American politics. While the war settled the question of secession and the unity of the United States, political polarization and ideological differences persist. Political debates often touch upon issues such as states\' rights, federal power, and the balance between individual freedoms and the role of government, which were central themes during the Civil War. - Economic Disparities: Economic disparities between regions were a significant factor leading to the Civil War. While the war resolved some economic issues, such as the end of slavery, economic disparities between regions still exist. Economic inequalities and regional differences continue to shape political and social dynamics in the United States. - Historical Interpretations: Different interpretations of the causes and meaning of the Civil War persist among scholars, educators, and the public. The ongoing debates about the war\'s causes, significance, and the actions of key figures demonstrate that the understanding and resolution of the war\'s complexities are far from unanimous. List of U.S. presidents in order George Washington (1789-1797) John Adams (1797-1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) James Madison (1809-1817) James Monroe (1817-1825) John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841-1845) James K. Polk (1845-1849) Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) James Buchanan (1857-1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) William McKinley (1897-1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) William Howard Taft (1909-1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) Richard Nixon (1969-1974) Gerald Ford (1974-1977) Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) George H. W. Bush (1989-1993) Bill Clinton (1993-2001) George W. Bush (2001-2009) Barack Obama (2009-2017) Donald Trump (2017-2021) Joe Biden (2021-present) PP week 13 **England's summer:** - The 19th century in England is often referred to as the \"summer\" due to its long period of relative peace, economic growth, and nationalistic pride. England experienced economic prosperity driven by industrialization, advancements in technology, and overseas trade. This period also witnessed the rise of a self-confident culture with a strong sense of national identity. - The empire expanded through colonization, acquisition of territories, and strategic alliances. It relied on economic exploitation, including the extraction of resources and the establishment of trading networks, to sustain its power and influence. - However, the end of the Victorian era marked the beginning of the decline of England\'s imperial project and nationalistic confidence. Internal challenges, such as economic downturns and social unrest, as well as external factors like global conflicts and the rise of anti-imperial movements, contributed to the erosion of England\'s imperial dominance. The loss of colonies and shifts in global power dynamics signaled the waning of England\'s influence. - World War II had a transformative impact, not only on England but also on the United States. The war propelled the United States into the position of a (neo)colonial power through various factors. Military spending and the development of a powerful military-industrial complex strengthened the United States\' global influence. \"Big stick\" politics, characterized by assertive diplomacy and military interventions, further solidified its role as a global power. Additionally, the exportation of American culture, such as music, films, and consumer products, contributed to the spread of American influence worldwide. PP week 14 **Australia & New Zealand** - First Inhabitants of Australia: Aboriginals - Which European is commonly credited with "discovering" Australia? Captin Cook - How did Australia's Original inhabitants survive As hunter-gatherers - What kind of colonist did England initially send in great numbers to Australia Convicts - Which European is often credited with "discovering" New Zealand Abel Tasman **Some Historical events in right order:** - Reign of Elizabeth I: The reign of Elizabeth I refers to the period from 1558 to 1603 when Elizabeth I was the Queen of England. Her reign is known as the Elizabethan era, a time of cultural and economic flourishing, exploration, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. - Establishment of the New South Wales colony in Australia: The establishment of the New South Wales colony occurred in 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip led a British expedition to establish a penal colony in Australia. It marked the beginning of British colonization in Australia and laid the foundation for future European settlement. - American Declaration of Independence: The American Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776. It proclaimed the thirteen American colonies\' separation from Great Britain and their formation as a new independent nation, the United States of America. - The Boer War: The Boer War was fought between 1899 and 1902 in South Africa between British forces and the Boers, descendants of Dutch settlers. It was primarily a conflict over British imperial control and the Boers\' desire for independence. The war resulted in British victory and the establishment of British dominance in the region What idea of immigration does a mosaic suggest to you, compared to a melting pot? Multiculturalism Progressive immigration laws Rentention of "original" identities alongside adoption of Canadian culture Visible minorities Progressive language policies - Who is Canada's Head of State The king of England - A true statement about languages in Canada Canada is officially bilingual - Which province contributes most obviously to Canada's political, economic and cultural landscape Quebec Some Historical Events in chronological order: - Settlement of Canada by the Iroquois: The settlement of Canada by the Iroquois refers to the indigenous Iroquois people establishing their presence in the territory now known as Canada long before European colonization. The Iroquois Confederacy, a powerful alliance of Native American tribes, had established communities and territories in the region. - Settlement of Canada by the French: The settlement of Canada by the French took place in the 17th century when French explorers and settlers, such as Samuel de Champlain, established colonies in North America, including Quebec and Acadia. They established fur trading posts and formed alliances with indigenous peoples, particularly the Huron and Algonquin tribes. - English Conquest of Quebec: The English conquest of Quebec occurred in 1759 during the Seven Years\' War between Great Britain and France. British forces, led by General James Wolfe, defeated the French army under General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, resulting in the surrender of Quebec City. The victory marked a turning point in the conflict and eventually led to British control over New France. - Establishment of the Canadian Dominion: The establishment of the Canadian Dominion refers to the confederation of the British colonies of Canada (Ontario and Quebec), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia in 1867. This event resulted in the formation of the Dominion of Canada, an independent self-governing federation within the British Empire. It laid the foundation for the modern country of Canada and marked a significant step towards its eventual full independence. Canada is a very young nation-state Canada does appear to present as heterogeneous: it is home to a wild variety of original and immigrant languages, cultures and ethnicities. In spite of its progressive politics and visible minorities, First Nation culture remains often marginalized Except for a few urban areas, population density in Canada is very low Canada is big\...very big\... +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Chapter book** | **Significant | **2- 3 line | | | historical | description including | | **Britain** | event/person** | indication of time.** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Neolithic (new stone | The Neolithic people | | | age) people | were the first | | | | invaders (arrived | | | | \~3000 BC), who | | | | crossed the narrow | | | | sea from Europe, | | | | probably from the | | | | Spanish peninsula or | | | | North Africa. They | | | | kept animals, grew | | | | crops and made | | | | pottery. They were | | | | small, dark and long | | | | headed people and are | | | | most likely the | | | | forefathers of the | | | | dark haired | | | | inhabitants of Wales | | | | and Cornwall today. | | | | They settled in the | | | | Western parts of | | | | Britain and Ireland. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Henges | After 3000 BC people | | | | started building | | | | "henges" circles of | | | | earth banks and | | | | ditches in which they | | | | built wooden | | | | buildings and stone | | | | circles. They were | | | | centers of religious, | | | | economic and | | | | political power. Most | | | | famous one is | | | | Stonehenge. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Beaker (bronze age) | After 2400 BC new | | | people | groups of people | | | | arrived in southeast | | | | Britain from Europe - | | | | the Beaker people. | | | | They were round | | | | headed, strongly | | | | built and taller than | | | | the Neolithic people. | | | | It's unknown if they | | | | invaded or were | | | | invited because of | | | | their military or | | | | metalworking skills. | | | | They became leaders | | | | of British society. | | | | Their arrival is | | | | marked by first | | | | individual graves | | | | fitted with pottery | | | | beakers hence their | | | | name. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Celts (iron age) | The Celts arrived | | | | around 700 BC. They | | | | were tall, had red or | | | | fair hair and blue | | | | eyes and most likely | | | | came from central | | | | Europe or further | | | | east from southern | | | | Russia. They knew how | | | | to work with iron and | | | | make better weapons | | | | than the ones made | | | | out of bronze. They | | | | continued to arrive | | | | in waves for he next | | | | 700 years and | | | | dominated the lowland | | | | areas of Britain. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Druids | The Celts were | | | | organised in | | | | different tribes, | | | | which were ruled over | | | | by a warrior class of | | | | which priests named | | | | Druids were important | | | | members - their type | | | | of worship included | | | | human sacrifice | | | | (700BC). | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Roman occupation | Britain was occupied | | | | by Romans from AD 43 | | | | to AD 409. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Hadrian's wall | The Romans conquered | | | | the whole south of | | | | Britain, but could | | | | not reach Scotland. | | | | At last they built a | | | | strong wall along the | | | | northern border named | | | | after the Emperor | | | | Hadrian, who planned | | | | it. At the time | | | | Hadrian's wall was | | | | simply intended to | | | | keep out raiders from | | | | the north but it also | | | | marked the border | | | | between the two later | | | | countries England and | | | | Scotland. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | Characteristics of | - Towns which were | | | Roman Britain | the basis of | | | | administration | | | | and civilization. | | | | The Romans left | | | | about 20 large | | | | towns and almost | | | | 100 smaller ones. | | | | Many of these | | | | towns were at | | | | first army camps | | | | and Latin word | | | | for camp, caster | | | | has remained part | | | | of many town | | | | names to this | | | | day: Leicester, | | | | Winchester, | | | | Lancaster etc. | | | | | | | | - The towns had | | | | streets, shops | | | | and markets and | | | | were connected by | | | | roads, which | | | | later became the | | | | main roads of | | | | modern Britain. | | | | | | | | - Another big | | | | change during the | | | | Roman occupation | | | | was the growth of | | | | large farms, | | | | called villas, | | | | which belonged to | | | | richer Britons | | | | and were close to | | | | towns. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Saxon invaders | After AD430 Invaders | | | | came from 3 powerful | | | | Germanic tribes: | | | | | | | | \- Saxons | | | | | | | | \- Angles | | | | | | | | \- Jutes | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Anglo-Saxon culture | The strength of the | | | influence today | Anglo-Saxon culture | | | | is obvious even | | | | today: days of the | | | | week were named after | | | | Germanic gods. Saxon | | | | villages were family | | | | villages, some place | | | | names: | | | | | | | | ‐ing -\> meaning, | | | | folk or family. | | | | (Hastings, family of | | | | Hasta) | | | | | | | | ‐ham -\> meaning, | | | | farm (Nottingham) | | | | | | | | -ton -\> meaning | | | | settlement | | | | (Southampton) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | King Offa | King Offa of Mercia | | | | (757-96) built Offa's | | | | dyke, which was the | | | | length of the Welsh | | | | border, to keep out | | | | the Celts. He was the | | | | first King of | | | | England, although he | | | | didn't control all of | | | | England. The power of | | | | Mercia did not | | | | survive after Offa's | | | | death. At that time, | | | | a king's power | | | | depended on the | | | | personal loyalty of | | | | his followers. In | | | | this period there was | | | | a change in things, | | | | where the Saxon kings | | | | began to replace | | | | loyalty to family | | | | with loyalty to lord | | | | and king. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Witan | The Saxons created | | | | the Witan. The Witan | | | | probably grew out of | | | | informal groups of | | | | senior warriors and | | | | churchmen to whom | | | | kings like Offa had | | | | turned for advice or | | | | support on difficult | | | | matters. By the 10th | | | | century the Witan was | | | | a formal body issuing | | | | laws and charters. | | | | Even today the king | | | | or queen has a privy | | | | council, a group of | | | | advisors on the | | | | affairs of state. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Shires/shire reeve | The Saxons divided | | | (sheriff) | the land into new | | | | administrative areas, | | | | based on shires | | | | (Saxon word), or | | | | counties (Norman | | | | word), both are still | | | | used. These shires, | | | | established at the | | | | end of the 10th | | | | century remained | | | | almost exactly the | | | | same for a thousand | | | | years. Over each | | | | shire there was a | | | | shire reeve, the | | | | Kings local | | | | administrator, later | | | | shortened to sheriff. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Manorial system | Each village had a | | | | manor or large house | | | | (manorial system), | | | | which was a building | | | | where local villagers | | | | came to pay taxes, | | | | where justice was | | | | administered and | | | | where men came to | | | | join the Anglo-Saxon | | | | army. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Alderman | The lords of the | | | (warlords/earls) | manor, alderman were | | | | first local officials | | | | but with time became | | | | warlords, or earls. | | | | Both words remain | | | | today: alderman are | | | | elected officials in | | | | local government and | | | | earls are high | | | | ranking nobles. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Augustine, first | In 597 Pope Gregory | | | Archbishop of | the Great sent a | | | Canterbury | monk, Augustine, to | | | | re‐establish | | | | Christianity in | | | | England. He went to | | | | Canterbury, the | | | | capital of the king | | | | of Kent because the | | | | kings wife came from | | | | Europe and was | | | | already Christian. | | | | Augustine became the | | | | first Archbishop of | | | | Canterbury in 601. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | ‹2 | Synod of Whitby in | In 663 at the Synod | | | 663 | (meeting) of Whitby | | | | the King of | | | | Northumbria decided | | | | to support the Roman | | | | Church. Roman church | | | | extended influence | | | | over Celtic church. | | | | By 660 nearly all of | | | | Britain is | | | | christianised - only | | | | Sussex and the Isle | | | | of Wight had not | | | | accepted the new | | | | faith. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Viking invasion | The Vikings, which | | | | means either | | | | "pirates" or people | | | | of the sea inlets, | | | | came from Norway and | | | | Denmark and invaded | | | | Britain towards the | | | | end of the 8th | | | | century. At first | | | | they only raided but | | | | by 865 they came to | | | | conquer and settle. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Viking rule or | By 875 only King | | | Danelaw | Alfred of Wessex held | | | | out against the | | | | Vikings and he won a | | | | battle against them | | | | and made a treaty: | | | | Viking rule or | | | | Danelaw, which was | | | | recognized in east | | | | and north of England, | | | | Alfred was recognized | | | | as King in the rest | | | | of the country. He | | | | built boroughs (one | | | | of the common endings | | | | to place names | | | | today!) to keep the | | | | Vikings out. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Danegeld | The Saxon king | | | | Ethelred introduced a | | | | tax system called | | | | Danegeld (Danish | | | | money) - money payed | | | | to Vikings to keep | | | | them away, this money | | | | came from his people. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Battle of Hastings | 1066 Battle fought | | | | between King Harold | | | | and William, Duke of | | | | Normandy, also | | | | referred to as | | | | William the | | | | Conqueror. William | | | | won and was crowned | | | | William I, started | | | | Norman dominance | | | | which influenced the | | | | English language, | | | | administrative and | | | | judicial systems. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | King William | William marched to | | | | London, which quickly | | | | gave in when he began | | | | to burn villages | | | | outside the city. He | | | | was crowned king of | | | | England in Edward's | | | | new church of | | | | Westminster Abbey on | | | | Christmas Day, 1066. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Cymry | These Celts, called | | | | Welsch by the | | | | Anglo‐Saxons, called | | | | themselves | | | | "cymry","fellow | | | | countrymen". | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Gruffyd ap (son of) | In 1039 Gruffyd ap | | | Llewelyn | (son of) Llewelyn was | | | | the first Welsh king | | | | strong enough to rule | | | | whole Wales, and he | | | | was also the last. | | | | Gruffyd was killed by | | | | a cymry while | | | | defending Wales | | | | against the Saxons. | | | | Welsh kings after him | | | | were only able to | | | | rule Wales after they | | | | had promised loyalty | | | | to Edward the | | | | Confessor. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | British slave Patrick | In AD 430 a British | | | | slave Patrick (who | | | | became the patron | | | | saint of Ireland) | | | | brought Christianity | | | | to Ireland. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Viking arrival in | The Golden age ended | | | Ireland | in 9th century, with | | | | the arrival of the | | | | Vikings. The raided | | | | all the monasteries, | | | | forced the Irish to | | | | untie, Viking trade | | | | led to the first | | | | towns and ports in | | | | Ireland, Dublin was | | | | founded by the | | | | Vikings. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Brian Boru | The high kingship of | | | | Ireland lasted only | | | | 12 years, 1002-1014, | | | | while Ireland was | | | | ruled by Brian Boru, | | | | known as the greatest | | | | ruler of Ireland, | | | | tried to create one | | | | single Ireland, he | | | | died in battle | | | | against the Vikings | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Societies in Scotland | Scotland had two | | | | different societies: | | | | | | | | The Highlanders | | | | (north of Highland | | | | line): Picts and | | | | Scots | | | | | | | | The Lowlanders (south | | | | and east of the | | | | line): Britons and | | | | Angles. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Reasons for achieving | Unity between Picts, | | | unity between Picts, | Scots and Britons was | | | Scots and Britons | achieved for several | | | | reasons: | | | | | | | | ‐ They all shared a | | | | common Celtic | | | | culture, language and | | | | background. | | | | | | | | ‐ Their economy | | | | mainly depended on | | | | keeping animals | | | | | | | | ‐ Land was held by | | | | tribes, not | | | | individuals. | | | | | | | | ‐ The spread of | | | | Celtic Christianity. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 4 | Norman conquest | In 1066 William the | | | | Conqueror became king | | | | of England. Fighting | | | | between the Normans | | | | and Anglo-Saxons | | | | lasted for 20 years, | | | | during this period | | | | the small Norman army | | | | burnt, destroyed and | | | | killed in places they | | | | couldn't control, | | | | built forts to guard | | | | others. By 1086 most | | | | of England was held | | | | by the Normans, only | | | | 2 of the greater | | | | landlords and only 2 | | | | bishops were Saxon. | | | | Over 4000 Saxon | | | | landlords were | | | | replaced by 200 | | | | Norman ones. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 4 | King William/feudal | William organised his | | | system | English kingdom | | | | according to the | | | | feudal system. The | | | | word feudalism comes | | | | from the French word | | | | "feu" which the | | | | Normans used to refer | | | | to land held in | | | | return for duty or | | | | service to a lord. | | | | The central idea in | | | | feudalism was that | | | | land was owned by the | |