Espace Socio-économique et politiques PDF

Espace Socio-économique et politiques : Mme Catherine Jiguet-Jigloux Cours pendant 12 semaines, exam à la fin Pas de cours en ligne. - Industrial revolution (IR): 1. The Victorian Society 2. The IR 3. A new UK society Issue: To what extent did the IR create a pivotal transi...

Espace Socio-économique et politiques : Mme Catherine Jiguet-Jigloux Cours pendant 12 semaines, exam à la fin Pas de cours en ligne. - Industrial revolution (IR): 1. The Victorian Society 2. The IR 3. A new UK society Issue: To what extent did the IR create a pivotal transition for the UK society and its worldwide leadership? Introduction: Why should we study the IR? There are 3 main factors which led to the IR, 1. Scientific progress, new technologies 2. The population growth, 3. The UK economy. What were the reasons for such a dynamic? Bringing an ideal context for economic growth and development but also a political stability, starting in 1837 with the arrival of Queen Victoria A shape of government which encouraged trade The population growth is there to accompany the production growth, with it a grand demand the food, housing, etc... All together created a virtue cycle, people moved from the countryside to the cities The discoveries such as the steam engine enhanced the speed of development, the government under Victoria is known as “The Empire on which the sun never sets” 1. Victorian society 1837-1901: Victoria was queen from 1857-1901, longest reign at that time, great period of peace. Thanks to Victoria who wanted to give a peaceful period to the UK. Victoria is a young woman, she has German origins, she is synonym of peace and growth. Her reign starts in 1837, the coronation took place in 1838. In 1840 she fell in love with Albert (her cousin), together they had 9 children. The eldest Bertie will become the next king. IN 1876, Victoria is rewarded, she becomes empress of India (the jewel of the crown) it represents an asset within the colonies. With Albert they try to do something new, because they are a young couple, Victoria gave him some “missions” like the great exhibition. Political stability : in 1848, the royal couple witnessed the repression of chartist movements. The Chartist were the first workers from the country, they were exploited, so they created an union; charts filled with questions who represented a danger for the politic. Plus the queen almost died in an assassination attempt, the police blamed the chartist. 1851: Great Exhibition, right across the streets of Buckingham, all the colonies are being represented. Albert organized it. The opening the GE was the achievement of the royal couple, even though Albert organized it, Victoria received all the flowers. More energy resources New technologies New engines Transport The steam train changed the face of travel in Britain (distances were shorter) What did the IR bring ? The industry is changing, the mining industry is developing with Coal. The idea is to produce more with no security, increase of dangers. Farming is reorganising its distribution, now people have to finding food. Textile is also developing, manufactures are opening, everybody is working. Transportation, with the steam engine, railways, less time traveling, shorter distances. Soon enough these pivotal changes led to new questions, Victoria lend money for the roads to improve. The steam engine is one of the best inventions that changed the UK 3. A new UK society Victoria brought political stability. The population growth was one of the main components into the IR success. The IR witnessed an amazing migration, the population from countryside massively moved to the cities. Discoveries, where used throughout the entire empire. The UK was “the workshop of the world”, as number one economic leader, the UK was opening the door to a new era. The people adored Victoria, she started sharing with her subjects. This was the start of the family Christmas. Working conditions were harsh, children were used in textile due to their little fingers, alongside the IR came the working class (creation). The 1st trade union congress in London had 44 union representatives in May 1868, this created tension, but unions decided to move to the next step, they created a political party to have seats in parliament. In 1900, The Labour Party was created. They had to wait ‘til 1904. To conclude, the Victorian era reshaped the society, maintaining the aristocracy and created bourgeoisie in the cities, and attracted the farmers to urban areas. The 19th century is synonymous with inventions and inequalities. Nevertheless, Queen Victoria remains the queen who reigned over “The Empire on which the sun never sets”. Issue: To what extent does British monarchy (still) represent stability and modernity? 1. The longest reigning monarch in UK. (Her Royal Highness Elizabeth II Regina) 2. Origins. 3. Duties and powers {Outline 4. September 8 , 2022 “Hail to the king”. (Charles III Rex) th British Monarchy: (Parliamentary monarchy) UK is 1 country and 4 nations. Great Britain = England, Scotland, Wales Northern Ireland Her Royal Highness Elizabeth II Regina 1. The most emblematic person in the UK for over 70 years was H.R.H EII R. Her real name was Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor (1917) Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha. They decided to pick a more English name because of the first word war and the German bashing going on. On the advice of a journalist close to the family. The name Windsor was picked after the Windsor castle. Elizabeth was born on April 21st, 1926, in London, in 1936 her father died. The king abdicated after being in a relationship with an American woman. Therefore, Elizabeth’s father became king, he chooses the name George VI and died in 1952. At that time Elizabeth was touring the Commonwealth, she delivered a speech in Johannesburg, her first as the next queen (1947, Britannia). She married her cousin on November 20th, 1947. Philip Mountbatten was born prince of Greece and Denmark; he had to yield these titles to become a British citizen and became Prince Consort. Together they had 4 kids, the favourite was Andrew. Elizabeth was crowned in St Paul’s Cathedral on November 20th, 1953. During her reign she has known 15 prime ministers, the first being Winston Churchill and the last being Liz Truss  (“the lettuce”, only governed 100 days, the tabloids compared her to a lettuce because she wouldn’t last long). In 2012, the queen celebrated her jubilee (reign) through parties, parades etc… For the first time she had party with the subjects. She embodied the perfect monarch, she fun, she embodied stability, tradition, modernity. That’s why people loved her. Right before she passed away, she participated in the organisation of her platinum jubilee and filmed videos with Paddington. Elizabeth II broke Queen Victoria’s record (63-year reign) with a 70-year reign. The only other European monarch who did better was Louis XIV. 2. 1649-1660: The UK went into a period of trouble called the 1 st Republic, the population beheaded Charles 1st, Oliver Cromwell self-proclaimed himself “lord protector” in 1653. But in died years later, after that followed the “Restoration” (1658). The son of Charles 1st, Charles 2nd returned to the throne that belonged to his father. The reason of the republic was because the king was forcing his power: 1066: William the Conqueror – “Doomsday Book” (1086), he centralised power for the first time which was not well received 1215: Magna Carta – Sharing power through a parliament 1679: Habers Corpus 1689: Bill of rights Parliament acts I and II The people found a way to be represented, protected from the power of the king. The sovereign powers have changed, over the years because the monarch have abused oh his/her powers. Parliamentary monarchy: The power is shared between parliament and monarch based on the one strong motto, “The monarch reigns but does not rule”. Executive (Keir Starmer), legislative (Parliament), judicial (Monarch) PM: Keir Starmer Parliament is the most important institution ruling over the monarch The sovereign opens parliament every, when parliament starts being session by the king’s speech. The king’s speech is in fact written by the PM, because it sets the tone for the political future. It brings legitimacy to the government. General Election: every 4-5 years. The PM can anticipate the election The speech of the throne is not the only process of introduction, once a week the monarch meets the PM, they inform the monarch what’s going on in the country. The monarch must remain neutral at all times. In order to do so, the monarch can not cast a vote. The monarch is “Head of state” #1 ambassador, Head of the army (The monarch will be the one calling the war), Fountain of Justice (Justice is rendered in the name of the monarch), Fountain of Honour (Gives titles), Head of church (Anglicanism 1534) 1982: Margaret Thatcher asked the Queen to call war on Argentina The monarch today since Victoria is shaping a symbolic ruler elected by the people Elizabeth descends from Victoria Since 1917: Windsor “Never explain, never complains” During the 2007-2008 economic crisis she asked the economists what they had been doing with the money. King Charles started very nicely the reign, paying homage to his parent. People had questions regarding his ability to follow the motto. He has the costume of expressing his feelings. Critics regarding his money spending. Being watched because he married his mistress. To conclude we way wonder is the monarchy is gonna last, some tended to predict that Elizabeth will be the last sovereign. Postwar period and welfare state: The period which defined the uk society today, what to do and not what to do. Issue: To what extent did the welfare state create a better society? Outline: 1. Postwar Period 2. Clement Attlee (and the landslide 1945 Election/Victory) 3. Bevirgidge Report 4. NHS Reformation (1948) 1940: The UK government is in shambles, Chamberlain is about to die. He needs somebody really strong; he chooses someone who is controversial but is a good orator. That person is Winston Churchill. There’s a coalition government, a necessity for a war effort, the war effort demands that all political parties decide together. They will work for the sake of the nation, head of the Conservative Party Churchill, head of the Labour Party Clement Attlee. Churchill became prime minister, and Attlee became Deputy prime minister. 1944-1945: End of the war, general election takes place. 1945, the Labour Party wins, a landslide, Attlee became PM. UK was destroyed, the people also needed to be rebuilt. All European countries are bankrupt (Marshal Plan). The Postwar Period is a difficult situation for the UK at first. Attlee made drastic decisions; he nationalised all the bankrupt companies. The whole economic system needs to be rebuilt. People want change, something different. Clement Attlee already is into a welfare society; in 1945 it’s the beginning of the baby boom. From 1945-1960 thanks to the Marshal Plan the economy is booming, it’s restoring hope. Rise in prosperity, living standards and welfare state rise facilities for health + full employment in the 50s. 1945-1965: “Swinging Sixties”, change in mentality within the society. 1967: Free contraception pill for women in UK 1965: Death penalty is abolished in UK 1952: King Georges 3rd passed away 1953: Elizabeth 2nd is crowned 1948: Windrush generation Clement Attlee was born in a middle-class family in 1883, in studied at Oxford. He was involved in charity. He was horrified by the level of poverty in the richest country in the world so he joined the Labour Party in 1908. At first, he described himself as a “Socialist”. He became MP in the 20s. In 1940 he was the leader of the Labour Party, during his premiership (1945-1951) he in place the welfare state. In 1942, during the coalition government the people is suffering from the war effort. The government sent William Beveridge to write a story about the importance of the war effort. His report is called “Social Insurance and Allied Services”. In his report he identifies the five giants/priorities that the government has to deal with. The five giants are: - Idleness (the government must provide more jobs)  - Ignorance (made school mandatory until 16 and free: 1944 Butler act) - Squalor (housing program, provides more home for the people) - Want (the market is rebuilding itself/feed the people) - Disease (NHS program 1948) 1950-1951: Winston Churchill re-became PM The Welfare state is going to provide “from cradle to grave” (du berceau à la tombe) The of the NHS is the cost of it, every government tried to avoid the lost of balance. Boris Johnson wanted to privatise NHS. To conclude, UK has certainly improved living conditions since WWII and the Welfare State, living conditions improved, incomes, fighting the five giants was the priority. Postwar period reshaped the UK society, but the economic leadership moved from the UK to the US. NHS improved the living conditions, 1965 represents the end of an era after the swinging sixties, the 70s announced a darker society with unemployment rising and economic crises. Devolution and Celtic fringe: To what extent did devolution in UK improve relationship and affected: Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland? 1. 1 country, 4 nations 2. Origins 3. What is devolution? Henry VIIIth, 1534: Act of Supremacy. The sovereign became head of the Anglican Church. 1536: Act of Union, England decides to join with Wales, the realm enlarged. 1603: James King of Scotland became King of England. England joined yet another country. (Jacobus — Union Jack Flag) 1707: One parliament for the two entities (Scotland and England) 1801: Ireland becomes another part of the UK, but civil war. 1921: Referendum, England demands to Ireland if they want to stay. The majority say no, creation of Northern Ireland (Ulster) 1939: Creation of the Republic of Ireland (free island) (Eire) England (Lion, Rose); Wales (Dragon, Leek); Scotland (Unicorn); Northern Ireland (Shamrock) Wales has welsh tradition. The national feeling is so extreme, Gaelic language is present everywhere. Scotland, strong tradition of Labour Party in power but the most popular party is the SNP, it was created in 1934. It was a strong counter to Thatcher. In 2014 the SNP held a referendum for Scottish independence, it failed by a close margin. David Cameron didn’t want Scotland to be independent, so he let the English residents in Scotland vote. Alex Salmond and Nicola Sturgeon “There will be another referendum for Scottish independence”. Northern Ireland, Heptarchy: 7 kingdoms (Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex) In the 60s-70s, the Celtic Fringe began to ask for more power. London had 3 powers: executive, legislative, judicial. During the 1997 General Election, Tony Blair and John Major were competing. Tony Blair treated the topic of devolution, that’s what got him elected. In 1999, the legislative power was transferred to the 3 capital cities. Devolved matters: Police/Firemen; Archives; patrimony; School districts Reserved matters: Diplomacy; Finances; NHS; Europe/International relations; Taxes London still has all the power Since 1999, a first minister is name by the parliament and approved by the prime minister. Thatcherism: Outline: 1. Definition 2. 1979-1990: Economy, Industry, Public services 3. The IRA: question and the Falkland war 4. Thatcher’s legacy To what extent did Thatcherism reshape the UK? In what ways was there some Thatcherism legacy after 1990? 1. Margaret Thatcher won the general election in 1990; she was appointed by Queen Elizabeth (1979). She became the first female prime minister ever to be appointed. She was the leader of the Conservative Party during the “dull  seventies”, the 60s were appreciated “swinging sixties”. That period was stopped by the economic crisis, oil prices, war in the Middle East. The crisis led to unemployment everywhere in Europe. Margaret Thatcher was the daughter of a grocer, she’s used to work, she was cheap, she was very strict on budget. She created “Thatcherism”: right wing economic and social policies. She was self- oriented, didn’t open doors for other women in politics. Was compared to other male prime ministers. Remained in office for 10years, asked to leave by her peers because of the “poll tax”. Thatcherism: Political ideas and policies influenced by Thatcher, industries and services should be owned by private companies and not by the state. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013), her father was her role model. In WWII she feared contact with communists. Because her politics were so strict, she got two nicknames: “Iron Lady” (Russian newspaper) / “TINA” (There is no alternative). She studied at Oxford, first studied chemistry but did law. First elected by the Conservative Party in 1959, joined the cabinet in 1967 and became minister of education, called the “milk snatcher”. The parents got upset. Started thinking about another career. 1978-79: “the winter of discontent” among the coldest winter in 16 years. In order to fight inflation, the Labour government froze the public services incomes at the same time there was many strikes from all sectors. Those widening strikes led to a massive victory for the conservatives in 1979. 2. She promoted thrift, restrictions in public services, free enterprise. Public companies are being sold to private companies. High level of unemployment, in 1984: 3,5 million of unemployed in UK (record). Trade unions are fighting against Thatcher. Rich: wealth, South: poor. Didn’t negotiate with the strikers (first PM to do so), it broke the trade unions 3. 1982 in Argentina, Thatcher sent the military and won the war. 5000 Argentinians killed. At the same time the IRA is still at war with the UK “The troubles”. 1968- 1998: the Good Friday agreement. Thatcher avoided being bombed, the representatives were put in a cell, questioned and died in their cells. 4. She’s tied to the image of strikes, social movements, inflation. She grew closer to the American government; the image is synonym of economic stagnation. She really helped the private sector, she hated Europe. The Conservative loved her until she became unpopular. Her legacy will be remembered as the “Sick man of Europe”. In 2008, the British economy has recovered the fastest, the best