Microbiology Review G2-3 PDF

MICROBIOLOGY - Study of living organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. - Study of the biology of microscopic organisms - Involves the study of microbes including its behavior, evolution, ecology, and biochemistry - Used for developing medical drugs, manufacturing biofuels, reducing pollution,...

MICROBIOLOGY - Study of living organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. - Study of the biology of microscopic organisms - Involves the study of microbes including its behavior, evolution, ecology, and biochemistry - Used for developing medical drugs, manufacturing biofuels, reducing pollution, and food processing. MAJOR FIELDS MICROBIOLOGY ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ OF SCIENCE IN Bacteriology (bacteria) Mycology (fungi) Protozoology (protozoans) Virology (viruses) Alogology/Phycology (algae) Parasitology (parasitism / parasites) Immunology Microbial Ecology Microbial Systematics Aquatic, Soil, and Agricultural Microbiology MICROBIAL DIMENSIONS ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ Atom (Tiniest) Small molecules Lipids Proteins Virus Bacteria Organelles Eukaryotic Cells THEORIES ❖ SPONTANEOUS GENERATION ❖ An obsolete theory that postulates that complex living organisms can come from non-living matter. ❖ ABIOGENESIS ➢ Also known as biopoiesis ➢ Suggests that life came from inorganic molecules that came together due to input of energy ➢ RNA molecules that catalyze to form new RNA molecules that is found in nearly all creatures on Earth ➢ RNA molecules mutated which led to the synthesis of protein necessary to produce more RNA. ➢ Primitive (Simple) Organisms such as self-replicating RNA, proteins, etc. ❖ BIOGENESIS ➢ Refers to all living things that came from other living things ➢ Louis Pasteur’s experiment on theory of biogenesis; proving that microbes come from other microbes ➢ Prove that microbes are present in air but will not yield from air and dust. ➢ Postulates that the new living organisms can only emerge from other previously existing living organisms. 5 RECOGNIZABLE MICROBIOLOGIST ❖ Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) ➢ Father of Microbiology ➢ Contributed in bacteriology and protozoology ➢ First to discover bacteria and protozoa ➢ First recorded image of bacteria (1684) ➢ Leeuwenhoek Microscope practical ■ First microscope. ❖ Carolous Von Linnaeus (1707-1778) ➢ Father of Taxonomy ➢ Named a uniform system called Binomial Nomenclature (system of plants and animals) ➢ Species is assigned a unique two-part latin name ❖ John Snow (1813-1858) ➢ Father of Epidemiology ➢ English Physician ➢ Helped fight cholera during the london outbreak cholera was ➢ Believed waterborne (Germ Theory v1) ➢ Famous Studies ■ Broad Street Pump Outbreak ■ Grand Experiment ❖ Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) chemist and ➢ French microbiologist ➢ Germ Theory v2 (spoilage of food/drink) ➢ Microorganisms for diseases and vaccines ➢ Developed the first ever vaccine against Chicken Cholera, Anthrax, and Rabies. “Pasteurization” ➢ Developed (heating liquids to kill harmful bacteria) ❖ Rober Koch (1843-1910) ➢ Father of Modern Bacteriology ➢ German Physician ➢ First to prove Anthrax is caused by the bacterium “Bacillus anthrasis” ➢ Discovered that germs have their own life cycles ➢ Awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine (1905) MICROORGANISM CLASSIFICATION ❖ Bacteria prokaryotic ➢ Single-celled microorganisms that can be found practically every environment on Earth. ➢ Unicellular Organism ❖ Archaea prokaryotic ➢ Single-celled microorganisms that thrive in harsh setting to extreme ➢ Avidity environmental conditions ❖ Viruses ➢ Non-cellular entities (Acellular) ➢ Infectious entities that are made up of genetic material encased in a protein coat ❖ Protozoa ➢ A diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms that are usually motile and generally heterotrophic ➢ Unicellular aerobic eukaryotes ❖ Fungi ➢ Mostly multicellular eukaryotic cells nutrients through ➢ Acquire absorption and have chitin-based cell walls ❖ Slime Moulds ➢ Absorb organic compounds ❖ Algae ➢ Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryotes LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION ■ With a cell wall ➢ Animalia ■ Eukaryotic ■ Heterotrophic ■ Without cell wall WOESE-FOX SYSTEM ❖ Biological classification system ❖ Carl Woese and George E. Fox in late 1970s ❖ Three-Domain System ➢ Bacteria ➢ Archaea ➢ Eukarya MICROBIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS ❖ Domain ➢ Highest rank in biological classification ❖ Species ➢ Most fundamental unit in taxonomy ➢ Ranks at the base of the biological classification hierarchy. TRADITIONAL WHITTAKER SYSTEM ❖ Kingdoms ➢ Monera ■ Unicellular prokaryotes ➢ Protista ■ Unicellular eukaryotes ➢ Fungi ■ Eukaryotic ■ Heterotrophic ■ With cell wall ➢ Plantae ■ Eukaryotic ■ Autotrophic CULTURING 1. Inoculation - Introduce the microorganisms into a suitable environment where it can grow and reproduce - Sample is placed into a container of sterile medium 2. Incubation - Allow the microorganisms to multiply and form visible colonies - Incubator is used to adjust the proper growth of the sample 3. Isolation - Obtain individual colonies that arise from a single microorganism, ensuring culture is pure. 4. Inspection - Observe culture signs of growth. - Start of identification - Provide initial information of the microorganism 5. Identification - Final Step - Determining the specific identity of the sample. STRUCTURE OF A BACTERIAL CELL ❖ Bacteria cells are typically 0.5-5.0 μm in length. ❖ Smallest Bacteria ➢ Genus Mycoplasma, ➢ measures 0.2-0.3 μm ❖ Shapes ➢ Cocci (round or oval) ➢ Bacilli (rod-like, cylindrical) ➢ Spirilla (Spiral, coil) ➢ Vibrios (Curved, comma) ❖ Physical Characteristic ➢ Nucleoid ➢ Cell Wall ➢ Plasma Membrane ➢ Cytoplasm ➢ Ribosome ➢ Plasmid ➢ Flagella ➢ Pili ➢ Capsule VARIETY OF MICROBES ❖ Acellular ➢ Viroids ➢ Prions ➢ Virus ❖ Cellular ➢ Prokaryotes ➢ Eukaryotes METABOLIC DIVERSITY - - Refers to the different metabolic strategies that organisms have evolved to obtain energy Evolved among prokaryotes before eukaryotes. FOUR GROUPS BASED ON METABOLIC DIVERSITY 1. 2. 3. 4. Phototrophs (light) Chemotrophs (chemical reaction) Organotrophs (organic compounds) Lithotrophs (inorganic compounds) CELL - Fundamental or basic unit of any living organism - Exhibits the basic characteristics of life - Provide wide range of functions for the survival and proper functioning of organisms - Functions vary depending of cell type. COMMON FUNCTIONS OF CELL ❖ CELLULAR RESPIRATION ❖ NUTRIENT PROCESSING ❖ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ❖ CONVERSION TO ENERGY ❖ CELL DIVISION ❖ HOMEOSTASIS ❖ DNA REPLICATION AND MAINTENANCE ❖ MOVEMENT ❖ WASTE ELIMINATION ❖ IMMUNITY AND DEFENSE ❖ SENSORY PERCEPTION and, ❖ REPRODUCTION