ESE Reviewer G1-2 PDF

ENVIRONMENT ❖ Pertains to both the non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) surroundings. ❖ “Environment” signifies the habitat where organisms exist ❖ Both the environment and organisms are intricate and active elements within nature. ❖ Encompasses all the factors surrounding us in a particular tim...

ENVIRONMENT ❖ Pertains to both the non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) surroundings. ❖ “Environment” signifies the habitat where organisms exist ❖ Both the environment and organisms are intricate and active elements within nature. ❖ Encompasses all the factors surrounding us in a particular time and place. ❖ Consists of interconnected systems of physical, biological, and cultural elements, which are interconnected on both individual and collective levels. ❖ The surrounding conditions that affect organisms ❖ Environmental Engineers frequently cooperate with environmental scientists to integrate data into plans that encourage the adoption of ➢ cleaner energy ➢ more effective construction practices conscious ➢ environmentally business operations. ❖ Ensures that the quality of our living environment is maintained or improved during the rapid development process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ❖ A broad area that integrates approaches and techniques from biology, information science, chemistry, and physics to investigate the environment and its interaction with external influences such as urban expansion and population increase. ❖ An interdisciplinary field that includes both scientific and social aspects of human impact on the world. collecting and scrutinizing ❖ By environmental data, specialists can gauge the health of soil, the suitability and availability of water, and other elements that impact both inhabitants and the ecosystem. ECOLOGY ❖ The study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment ❖ It seeks to understand the vital connection between plants and animals and the world around them. ❖ Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment ❖ Focuses on ➢ Understanding the dynamics ➢ Relationships ➢ Processes …that influences the distribution and abundance of living organisms within the ecosystem. ❖ Provides the fundamental groundwork essential for formulating sustainable strategies and solutions in the management and preservation of natural resources and ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ❖ Constitutes an engineering discipline where experts merge principles from environmental science with engineering techniques to create and execute enhanced infrastructure, technology, and industrial processes that mitigate the chances of environmental pollution and contamination. ECOLOGISTS ❖ Analyze interactions between organisms and habitats spanning various scales, encompassing investigations as diverse as observing bacteria proliferation within an aquarium to unraveling intricate relationships among myriad plant, animal, and other ecosystems thriving within a desert region ❖ Ecologists ➢ EXTEND their inquiry across a wide spectrum of environments ➢ DIVE into the microbial life existing in the soil beneath us, examine flora and fauna within rainforests or oceans. the intricate ➢ EXPLORE dynamics of various ecosystems. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION ❖ This refers to the hierarchical arrangement inherent within ecosystems. ❖ Strat are systematically ordered to mirror the flux of energy, nutrients, and the interplay between organisms and their surroundings. 1. Individual Organisms - Forms the foundation with unique attributes, behaviors, and adaptations for survival and reproduction 2. Population - A group of same-species individuals in a defined area, interacting amid birth, death, and migration influences. 3. Community - Diverse populations of different species coexist, engaging in interactions, life competition, predation, and mutualism, shaping species diversity. 4. Ecosystem - A more inclusive entity comprising living and non-living elements. - Energy flows through food chinese, while nutrients cycle amid biotic and abiotic components. 5. Biome - Extensive ecological zones marked by shared climate, vegetation, and organisms – encompassing ecosystems, life deserts, tundras, and forests. 6. Biosphere - Pinnacle level, encapsulating all Earth’s ecosystems. - Encompasses interactions between organisms and various components of Earth’s surface, including atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. LAYERS OF THE EARTH Crust - The outermost layer where life exists. Mantle - Beneath the crust, influencing tectonic processes. Outer Core - Generates the magnetic field. Inner Core - Solid center with high temperatures and pressure. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE “The Silly Monkeys Twirled Endlessly” Troposphere - Stratosphere - MesosphereThermosphere - Exosphere Troposphere - “Tropos” - Change - Situated closest to the Earth’s surface - Serves as the realm of weather phenomena - Holds the majority of the atmosphere’s water vapor and experiences a temperature decline with increasing altitude. Stratosphere - Positioned above the troposphere - Harbors the ozone layer - Responsible for absorbing and scattering a significant portion of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. - Temperature ascent in this layer is attributed to the presence of ozone. Mesosphere - Beyond the stratosphere lies the mesosphere - Temperatures diminish with altitude - Often witnesses the combustion of meteors due to the friction induced by their high-velocity entry. Thermosphere - Encounters exceedingly high temperatures due to the absorption of solar radiation. - The thinness of the air negates the sensation of heat. - Notably, the international space station (ISS) orbits within this stratum Exosphere - Constituting the outermost tier of the atmosphere - Gradually merges into the expanse of space - Comprising extremely sparse gas particles. Extends extensively into space. BIOSPHERE ❖ The biosphere is made up the parts of earth where life exists ❖ BIO means LIFE ❖ SPHERE means GLOBE ❖ “The skin of life” ❖ “Zone of Life” ❖ Refers to all life on earth ❖ Life is found within various ecosystem as part of the ecosphere ECOSPHERE ❖ Defined as the global ecosystem of planet Earth ❖ Formed by all those organisms present in the biosphere and the relationships that are established between them and the environment. ❖ Within ecosphere, all living things are constantly interacting with each other, both directly and indirectly, where each group of organisms fulfills a function COMPONENTS OF BIOSPHERE ❖ Atmosphere (Air) - A mixture of gasses surrounding the Earth - Protective bubble in which we live ❖ Lithosphere (Earth) - Rigid outer part of the Earth - Consist of crust and upper mantle ❖ Hydrosphere - Includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air BIOTIC FACTORS - Originate from the biosphere - The living components of an ecosystem that influence the dynamics and interactions within that ecosystem. - Depends on abiotic factors for survival and reproduction - Components such as fruits, plants, and animals. ABIOTIC FACTORS - Originates from the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. - The non-living components of an ecosystem that influence its structure, function, and dynamics. - Encompass a wide range of physical and chemical attributes of the environment. - Components such as rain, fire, and sunlight RELATIONSHIP OF ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC AND ❖ Ecosystem Interactions - Biotic and Abiotic factors interact to create a dynamic environment in which living organisms interact with their surroundings. ❖ Species Distribution - The distribution of species within an ecosystem is influenced by abiotic factors. ❖ Climate and Climate Change - Abiotic factors like temperature and precipitation patterns are integral components of climate. - Changes in these abiotic factors due to climate change can have far-reaching effects on the distribution and behavior of biotic factors. PHOTOSYNTHESIS ❖ The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. ❖ Process where the photoautotrophs (plants, algae, and other certain bacteria convert daylight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and chemical energy that is in the form of sugar. ❖ Chloroplasts ➢ Plant cell organelles that contain thylakoids ➢ Site of Photosynthesis ❖ Thylakoids ➢ Pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane; contains chlorophyll ❖ Chlorophyll ➢ The light absorbing pigment that gives plants their green color. ❖ Stroma ➢ The fluid filling up the inner space of the chloroplasts STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Phase 1: Light Dependent ❖ Requires a steady stream of sunlight ❖ Takes place within Thylakoids absorbs light ❖ Chloroplasts energy to produce: (Adenosine ➢ ATP Triphosphate) ➢ NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) 2. Phase 2: Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) ❖ Takes place in the Stroma ❖ Does not require light source ❖ Uses ATP and NADPH to produce Glucose and Oxygen. HABITAT - Refers to where organisms can consume food, find shelter or mate and reproduce. - Environment that an organism requires to survive. - Refers to everything an organism requires to locate and gather food, choose a mate, and have a successful breeding cycle. TYPES OF HABITAT ❖ Desert ❖ Grassland ❖ Savanna ❖ Marine ❖ Forest ➢ Boreal Forest (Freezing) ➢ Temperate Forest (just right) ➢ Tropical Forest (Hot) NICHE ❖ “To make a nest” ❖ Defines an organism’s function within a community ❖ Role of an organism in an ecosystem ❖ The specific area where a species inhabits ❖ The interrelationship of the species with all the abiotic and biotic factors affecting it. NICHE FORMATION - Competition - Could limit the population of a species in a habitat - Predation - Can limit the population depending on the number of predators. - Parasitism - The occurrence of parasites that could lead to disease. ORGANISM INTERACTION ❖ Predation ➢ Fundamental interaction where one organism, the predator, captures, kills, and consumes another organism, the prey. ❖ Competition ➢ Occurs when two or more organisms compete for limited resources such as food, water, shelter, or mates. ❖ Mutualism ➢ Beneficial interaction where both involved organisms gain advantages. ➢ Common among species relying on each other for vital resources. ❖ Commensalism one organism ➢ Involves benefiting while the other is neither helped nor harmed ❖ Parasitism ➢ One organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another organism (the host). ➢ Parasites can live externally (ectoparasites) or internally (endoparasites) within the host’s body. ❖ Amensalism ➢ A type of interaction where one organism is negatively affected while the other remains unaffected. ❖ Neutralism ➢ Suggests that some species might interact but have negligible effects on each other. ❖ Coevolution ➢ Refers to the reciprocal evolutionary changes between species due to their close interactions. LIMITING FACTOR ❖ Resources that restrict the growth, distribution, abundance, or overall success of a population or organism within an ecosystem. ❖ Can be physical, chemical, or biological in nature that varies depending on the species and ecosystem CATEGORIES OF LIMITING FACTORS ❖ Density-Dependent Factors ➢ These are also referred to as regulating factors. These are the phenomena that affect the size of a population as a response to its volume. ➢ Caused by biological Factors ❖ Density-Independent Factors ➢ These are the phenomena that affect the size of a population of organisms regardless of their population within an area. ➢ Caused by physical and chemical induced occurence. LIMITS OF TOLERANCE - Boundaries above and below for environmental factors where species cannot grow and survive. - Individual organisms have different ways of adapting to changes in the environment. - Organisms that have a larger range of tolerance tend to be distributed widely while those that have lower range of tolerance have a more restricted distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE - A process in which certain different elements or factors stop or inhibit the growth of species uncontrollably. - Nature employs certain different factors to regulate the growth of species to minimize the excessive growth of population or overpopulation. - This encompasses a wide range of biotic and abiotic factors that play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. - Environmental resistance is resistance presented by environmental conditions to limit a species from growing out of control or to stop them from reproducing at a maximum rate. It includes both abiotic factors and biotic factors to limit the organism from expressing its full capacity to reproduce. CARRYING CAPACITY - Fundamental concept in environmental science that defines the maximum population size an environment can support without causing degradation or resource depletion. - When a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment, resource depletion and environmental degradation can occur, leading to negative impacts on both the population and the ecosystem BIOTIC POTENTIAL - Ability of a population of living species to increase under ideal environmental conditions - sufficient food supply, no predators, and a lack of disease.