ESCIE-11-9398-2024092010093792228701.pdf

STEMS, MINER SY AL UB S, S S & H’ RO RT CK EA S  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. explain that the Earth is consists of four...

STEMS, MINER SY AL UB S, S S & H’ RO RT CK EA S  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. explain that the Earth is consists of four subsystems in which there is a constant flow of matter and energy across boundaries 2. The atmosphere WHAT IS A SYSTEM? WHAT IS A SYSTEM? A system is a set of interconnected components that are interacting to form a unified whole. Earth is composed of subsystems.  EARTH’S SYSTEM 4 subsystems Biosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Geospshere  BIOSPHERE all living organisms and the abiotic factors from which they derive energy and nutrients extents a few kilometers into the atmosphere to the deep sea vents of the ocean  BIOSPHERE all living organisms and the abiotic factors from which they derive energy and nutrients extents a few kilometers into the atmosphere to the deep sea vents of the ocean  ATMOSPHERE thin, gaseous layerthat covers the Earth 78% nitrogen (N), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.9% argon, and some amount of other gases. ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION process by which the hear of the Earth is redistibuted  HYDROSPHERE 70% of water on Earth’s surface 3% fresh water 2/3 in the form of ice 1/3 streams, lakes, and groundwater thermal regulation and redistribution of heat on the planet  OCEAN CIRCULATION large scale movement of water in the ocean basin heat is absorbed and redistributed on the surface of the Earth  GEOSPHERE Earth’s solid surface, interior, rocks, minerals, landforms, processes that mold the surface of the Earth  MANTLE upper matle - less dense, brittle lower mantle - much thicker, denser, and plastic  LITOSPHERE solid, outer part of Earth upper portion of the mantle and the crust  ASTENOSPHERE upper mantle highly viscous, mechanically weak,ductile region  CORE iron and small amount of nickel  CORE inner core and outer core liquid iron in the core primary source of Earth;s magnetic field WHAT IS A MINERAL?  MINERALS 1. The substance must exist as solid under normal conditions on Earth. 2. The substance must be naturally occurring, not man-made. 3. The substance must be inorganic, not living, or made from living things. 4. The substance must have a fixed chemical formula, made of specific elements. 5. The atoms that make up the substance must be arranged in an orderly structure. It must have a specific atomic arrangement. MINERAL OR NOT MINERAL OR NOT  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A MINERAL  1.LUSTER quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral metallic opaque, resplendent shine like polished metal non-metallic vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull, earthy, greasy, etc. LUSTER: METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC LUSTER: NON METALLIC  2. HARDNESS measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion. Mohs’ Scale of Hardness qualitative ordinal scale characterizing scratch resistance of different minerals by the ability of harder material to scratch softer material A Scratch kit a copper coin, a nail, a glass, and a steel knife. You can also use your fingernail to scratch some minerals. 2. HARDNESS MOHS SCALE MOHS SCALE  3. COLOR AND STREAK Color may be unreliable for identification as impurities within the minerals may give the minerals a different color. Streak on the other hand is the color of a mineral in powdered form. The color of a mineral could be different from the streak. Streak is a better diagnostic property as compared to color. Streak is inate to almost every mineral  3. COLOR AND STREAK 2 different minerals with the same color streak of gold will be gold streak of pyrite will be grayish black SAME MINERAL, DIFFERENT COLORS impurities can result to same minerals but different colors 4. CRYSTAL FORM/HABIT geometric appearance of the crystal growth of the crystal (length, width, height) Ex: prismatic, tabular, bladed, platy, reniform, and equant.] amorphous - mineral with no crystal 4. CRYSTAL FORM/HABIT 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE cleavage break along parallel repetitive planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces when minerals break evenly in more than one direction. 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE fracture broken surfaces that are irregular and non-planar. Ex: Quartz has an inherent weakness in the crystal structure that is not planar. Examples of fractures are conchoidal, fibrous, hackly, and uneven, among others. 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE 5. BREAKAGE, CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE  6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY ratio of the density of a given mineral that is usually compared to the specific gravity of water which is 1. A bucket of silver (SG 10) weighs 10 times more than a bucket of water (SG 1). a measure to express the density (mass per unit volume) of a mineral – same volume, different density.  6. SPECIFIC GRAVITY The specific gravity of a mineral is numerically the same as density. Light minerals se below SG 2 Average minerals between SG 2 and 4.5. Heavy minerals SG greater than 4.5 Most minerals with a metallic luster are heavy. The specific gravity of a mineral may slightly vary because of impurities  7. OTHER PROPERTIES There are certain unique properties of minerals that help in their identification: Magnetism - magnetite, Odor – sulfur Taste – halite Reaction to acid – calcite fizzes with acid as with dolomite but in powdered form. IDENTIFYING MINERALS THROUGH CHEMICAL PROPERTIES