Learning Activity Sheet ES_2ND_WEEK34 PDF

**LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET** QUARTER II/ SEMESTER I **Name**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**Score**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Grade & Section** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**Subject**: **EARTH SCIENCE** **Name of Teache...

**LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET** QUARTER II/ SEMESTER I **Name**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**Score**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Grade & Section** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**Subject**: **EARTH SCIENCE** **Name of Teacher**: **Date**: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I. **Title:** **Deformation, Seafloor Spreading, Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonics** II. **Type of Activity:** Concept notes with formative activities III. **MELCs:** Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression, pulling apart, and shearing **(S11ES-IId-27)** IV. **Learning Objective/s:** understand how rocks are deformed by stress and undergo solid deformation (strained); **V. Reference/s** For Print Material/s: Olivar III, J. T. Rodolfo, R. S. & Cabria, H. Exploring Life Through Science Series-Earth Science, pp. 169-200 Religioso, T. F.& Vengco, L. G., Discovering Earth and Solar System, pp. 124-128 Thompson, G. R. & Turk, J., Introduction to Earth Science, pp. 245-248, 215-221 **Concept notes with formative activities** **Stress-** Force applied to a rock per unit area. **Uniform stress** when all forces from all directions are equal, this is also known as Pressure When surrounding apply pressure, that is called **confining stress** When the force is not equal from all directions, it is called as **differential stress** **Types of Differential Stress** **Compressional-** Force is directed towards each other. Forces are at the same axis. Elongation is perpendicular to the direction of the stress. Shortening is parallel to the direction of the stress. **(convergent)** **Tension-** Force is directed away from each other. Elongation is parallel to the direction of the stress and shortening is perpendicular to the stress direction. **(divergent)** **Shear-** Two dominant forces are directed towards each other but not at the same axis. (**transform bounderies)** **Strain** is the resulting change due to different types of stress. It could result to contraction or stretching that could change in shape, size or volume of rocks subjected to stress. **Shear strain** - the change in shape involves movement in one part of an object to its other parts. **Elastic strain-**temporarily change shape when subjected to stress but can change back to its original form. **There are successive stages of deformation when a rock is subjected to increasing stress.** **Elastic Deformation:** Reversible strain. Goes back to its original form if the strain is removed. **Ductile Deformation:** Permanent deformation once it reaches its elastic limit. **Fracture:** Deformation is permanent, breakage **Classification of Rocks according to Behavior under stress** **Brittle Materials:** Have small regions of ductile behavior before fracture but have a small/large region of elastic behavior. **Ductile Materials:** Have large region of ductile behavior but only a small region of elastic behavior. *\*Low Temperature, Low Confining Pressure, High Strain favors brittle materials while High Temperature, High Confining Pressure, Low strain favors ductile materials. High amount of water also tends to influence ductile deformation. Dry rocks often behave in brittle manner. Rocks found in the upper part of the crust behave in a brittle manner due to low pressure and temperature. At 15 km below the surface, the rocks deformed in a ductile manner due to increasing temperature and pressure. This is called the brittle-ductile transition. Earthquakes only occur only above this zone.* Since faults are planar-**Strike** is the compass direction (reckoned from the North) of the line formed on the line formed by intersection of an inclined plane and the horizontal plane. Dip is the angle between the inclined plane and the horizontal plane. Dip is perpendicular to the strike.  **Fault**- planar structures resulting from brittle deformation, but there is sliding between rocks. Dip-slip involves Normal, Reverse and Thrust. **Normal Fault-** Hanging wall moves up with respect to the footwall. (Tension acts) **Reverse Fault-** Footwall moves-up relative to the hanging wall (Compression acts) **Thrust Fall**- A type of reverse fault with less than 35° inclinations (Compression acts) **Transform fault-** Two plates past-slip each other influenced by shear stress. Usually horizontal in movement. - Left and Right lateral- when a block moves relative to the other, one is more forward. - Oblique-diagonal movement of blocks **Folds** are produced from deformation from ductile materials. Folds are contortions of rock layers forming wave-like curves. **Parts of folds** **The hinge line or fold axis-** part of the fold with greatest curvature **Limbs-** sides of folds with least curvature **Axial Plane-** Imaginary slice containing the hinge to the fold axis following the bend. The folds can be described based on the orientations of these parts. *Types:* **Monocline-**One limb is greater has greater curvature, one is a flat-lying rock **Syncline**- fold axis is towards the hinge **Anticline-** fold axis is away from the hinge **Overturned-** Axial plane is inclined, one limb is steeper than the other. Usually forms to fold axes Folds that are more complex develop depending on the degree of compressional stress applied during deformation. During ductile deformation, the original shape and arrangement of particles in a rock also changes. For example, quartz grains may transform into elongated ribbons or cigar shape. Other minerals may recrystallize and reorient themselves. This alignment of deformed and/or reoriented grains is called tectonic foliation, which often occur during metamorphism. Faults, folds, and tectonic foliation are formed in response to the different types of stress. Compressional stress forms reverse faults, folds and foliated (flattened) mineral grains. It also results to thickening of crusts. Tensional stress results in the formation of normal faults and lineation (stretched mineral grains) as well as thinning of crusts. Shear stress develops trike-strip faults. **Mountain Building** The process by which the Earth's surface moves from a lower elevation to a higher elevation is called *uplift.* Mountain belts are formed as a result of uplift and deformation of rocks in the Earth's lithosphere. Density mantle rocks in the asthenosphere. Continental collision results into a mountain belts with thick continental crust. Mountain building shortens the crust horizontally and thickens it vertically. This thickened crust is called crustal root. It gives that portion of continental lithosphere enough buoyancy to support the weight of the mountain range and allows it to float higher like iceberg floating in the sea. A continental crust is typically 35-40 km thick but beneath the mountain belts it can reach 50-70 km thickness. When very old mountain belts are eroded, the continental lithosphere including the crustal root slowly rises to compensate for the removal of the mass. This adjustment to maintain buoyancy is called isostasy. Mountains also formed when deformation is principally due to tensional stresses. This creates crustal thing and develops rift valley where the dominant structures are normal faults. Examples are Africa Rift Valley, Basin and Range Province, western part of United States. In these areas, parallel normal faults inclined in opposite directions form horst and grabem structures. Horsts are elevated landforms, comprising the mountains, bounded by normal faults that are inclined in opposite direction. Grabens are valley filled with sediments and bounded by normal faults inclined toward each other. **Continental Drift Hypothesis** \- The idea that continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle has been around since the 1600s, although little significance was given to it. - The continental drift hypothesis was first articulated by Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, in 1912. He proposed that a single supercontinent, Pangaea, separated into the current continents and moved across Earth's surface to their present locations. He published his work through a book entitled 'The Origin of Continents and Oceans' in 1915. \- Until the 1950s-60s, it was still widely held that that continents and ocean basins had fixed geographic positions. As such, scientists were reluctant to believe that continents could drift. \- In the 1960s, the post-war boom in oceanography generated a lot of new data about the ocean floor. It turned out that the ocean floor was not as flat and featureless as they had originally thought. The ocean floor was characterized by deep depressions called trenches and a network of ridges that encircled the globe. These topographic data, together with heat flow measurements, led to the emergence of the Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis which revived interest in Alfred Wegener's idea of drifting continents. **Evidence Supporting Continental Drift.** ** The fit of the continents** \- Opponents of Wegener's idea disputed his continental fit evidence, arguing that the fit of the continents' margins was crude, and that shorelines were continuously being modified by wave erosion and depositional processes. \- The oceanographic data later on revealed that a much better approach was to fit the continents together along the continental slope, where erosion would be minimal. In 1965, Sir Edward Bullard, an English geophysicist, and two of his associates demonstrated that the best fit between the continents occurs at a depth of approximately 2000 m. \- Even with this method, a perfect fit could not be achieved. The process of stretching and thinning of the continental margins and sedimentary processes (e.g. erosion, delta formation, etc.) could explain some of the overlaps. ** Similarity in geological units and structure** \- Wegener discovered that rocks on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean were identical in terms of type and age. He also matched up mountain ranges with the same rock types, structures, and ages, that were now on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The Appalachians of the eastern United States and Canada, for example, were just like mountain ranges in eastern Greenland, Ireland, Great Britain, and Norway. Wegener concluded that they formed a single mountain range that became separated as the continents drifted. ** Fossil match** - Similar fossils of extinct plants and animals in rocks of the same age were found on different continents, which are now separated by large bodies of water. Wegener recognized that organisms were adapted to a specific type of environment and their dispersal could be limited by biogeographic boundaries (e.g. oceans, mountain ranges, etc.) Wegener argued that these organisms could not have physically crossed the oceans; rather, the continents were in fact part of a large contiguous landmass which later on broke apart and drifted. ✦ Glossopteris flora -- 'seed fern' that grew only in a subpolar region, fossils of which were widely distributed over Australia, Africa, India, and South America (later on discovered in Antarctica). Seeds were too large to be blown away by wind to different continents. ✦ Mesosaurus - a freshwater reptile whose fossils were found only in black shales about 260 million years of age (Permian) in South Africa and Brazil. This land-based reptile could not have crossed the Atlantic Ocean. ✦ Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus - land reptiles whose fossils were found across South America, Africa, India, and Antarctica. With their inability to swim and the continents' differing climates, the organisms must have lived side by side and that the lands drifted apart after they became extinct and fossilized. ** Glacial and paleoclimate evidence** \- A glacier is a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed from the accumulation and compaction of snow on high mountains or in polar areas. As it flows, it carries sediments of different shapes and sizes, which are then deposited and slowly compacted into a soft sedimentary rock called till (glacial till). It also creates grooves or scratches called striations in the underlying bedrock. \- Wegener analyzed glacial tills and striations (or scratches imprinted as glaciers moved along the surface of rocks) of ancient times and found out that glaciers of the same period (late Paleozoic age, around 300 million years ago) are located in Australia, South America, Africa, India, and Antarctica. Except for Antarctica, these countries did not have subpolar climate that allowed glaciation. Putting the continents together in accordance to Wegener's Pangaea shows that the glaciation only occurred in a small region in Gondwana (around the South Pole) which then moved outward to the aforementioned continents. \- The photo illustrates the direction of the glacial striations in rocks from South America, Africa, India, and Australia. At first glance, they would hardly make sense until we rearrange the continents to form Wegener's Gondwana. \- Reconstructing the location of ancient glaciers led Wegener to discover that the location of the current poles was not the same as the ancient ones. His studies showed that South Africa was originally at the South Pole (300 million years ago), which explains the flow direction of the ancient glaciers. Fitting the continents together places the northern half of Pangaea closer to the tropics and was proven correct by fossil and climatological evidences. Paleomagnetism and polar wandering \- This group of evidence emerged relatively much later (1950s) with the development of new technology and the boom in oceanographic studies. - Paleomagnetism - As magma cools down it starts forming minerals. Some minerals are strongly magnetic (e.g. magnetite). Below a certain threshold temperature, some of these minerals attain magnetic properties. The magnetic minerals start to align with the surrounding magnetic field. The alignment of these minerals becomes fixed once the lava or magma solidifies. Rocks therefore can potentially preserve or record magnetic polarity (normal vs. reverse), direction or location of magnetic poles, and the strength of the magnetic field. \- Magnetism of geologically recent rocks is generally consistent with the Earth's current magnetic field. When the location of the Earth's magnetic poles are plotted based on the paleomagnetism of rocks of different ages, their positions appear to be "wandering" through time if we assume a fixed position of the continents. In reality, the magnetic poles have a relatively fixed position, and it is actually the continents which are moving. **THE OCEAN** Various methods of measuring ocean depths A. Sounding line -- weighted rope lowered overboard until it touched the ocean bottom; this old method is time-consuming and inaccurate B. Echo sounding-- type of sonar which measures depth by emitting a burst of high frequency sound and listening for the echo from the seafloor. Sound is emitted from a source on the ship and the returning echo is detected by a receiver on the ship. Deeper water means longer time for the echo to return to the receiver. C. Satellite altimetry -- profiles the shape of the sea surface by measuring the travel time of a radar pulse from the satellite to the ocean surface and back to the satellite receiver. The shape of the sea surface approximates the shape of the sea floor. C:\\Users\\LENOVO\\Downloads\\8cb74e555572f87ce5ad4fe24e527952.jpg **Different Features of the Ocean Floor** A. Continental margin -- submerged outer edge of the continent where continental crust transitions into oceanic crust Passive or Atlantic type -- features a wide, gently sloping continental shelf (50-200m depth), a steeper continental slope (3000-4000m depth), and a flatter continental rise. Active or Pacific type -- characterized by a narrow shelf and slope that descends into a trench or trough B. Abyssal plains and abyssal hills -- abyssal plain is an extremely flat, sediment covered stretches of the ocean floor, interrupted by occasional volcanoes, mostly extinct, called seamounts. Abyssal hills are elongate hills, typically 50-300m high and common on the slopes of mid oceanic ridge (Note: figure above is not a very good representation of abyssal hill). These hills have their origins as faulted and tilted blocks of oceanic crust. C. Mid-ocean ridges -- a submarine mountain chain that winds for more than 65,000 km around the globe. It has a central rift valley and rugged topography on its flanks. Mid-ocean ridges are cut and offset at many places by transform faults. The trace of a transform fault may extend away from either side of the ridge as a fracture zone which is older and seismically inactive. D. Deep-ocean trenches- narrow, elongated depressions on the seafloor many of which are adjacent to arcs of island with active volcanoes; deepest features of the seafloor. E. Seamounts and volcanic islands -- submerged volcanoes are called seamounts while those that rise above the ocean surface are called volcanic islands. These features may be isolated or found in clusters or chains. **Seafloor Spreading** **Different observations/evidences that led to the proposal of Harold Henry Hess** A. Distribution of seafloor topographic features -- distribution of mid-ocean ridges and depth of the seafloor B. Sediment thickness -- fine layer of sediment covering much of the seafloor becomes progressively thicker away from mid-ocean ridge axis; seafloor sediment not as thick as previously thought C. Composition of oceanic crust -- consists primarily of basalt D. High heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes -- led scientists to speculate that magma is rising into the crust just below the mid-ocean ridge axis E. Distribution of submarine earthquakes -- earthquakes do not occur randomly but define distinct belts (earthquake belts follow trenches, mid-oceanic ridges, transform faults) **Seafloor spreading hypothesis.** A. Seafloor spreading hypothesis - In 1960, Harry Hess advanced the theory of seafloor spreading. Hess proposed that seafloor separates at mid-ocean ridges where new crust forms by upwelling magma. Newly formed oceanic crust moves laterally away from the ridge with the motion like that of a conveyor belt. Old oceanic crusts are dragged down at the trenches and re-incorporated back into the mantle. In simpler terms, he found out that magma oozed up from Earth's interior along mid-oceanic ridges, until it sank into the deep oceanic trenches in the process called subduction. \- The process is driven by mantle convection currents rising at the ridges and descending at the trenches. This idea is basically the same as that proposed by Arthur Holmes in 1920. B. Proof for seafloor spreading \- Magnetic stripes on the seafloor: detailed mapping of magnetism recorded in rocks of the seafloor shows that these rocks recorded reversals in direction and strength of the Earth's magnetic field. Alternating high and low magnetic anomalies run parallel to mid ocean ridges. Pattern of magnetic anomalies also matches the pattern of magnetic reversal already known from studies of continental lava flows. Basalt contain a small amount of magnetic minerals such as magnetite and hematite. These minerals retain time of their formation. magnetic signatures that reflect the magnetic field scenario during their formation. Geologist have used the magnetometer to measure the magnetic field of rocks. If the magnetic fields of the rock are the same with the magnetic field, it would register strong or positive anomaly in the magnetometer. In contrast, if the magnetic field of the rocks is different from the current magnetic field, the magnetic field would be a weak and a negative anomaly would be recorded. If there were no movement of the poles or the continents, the magnetic of all the rocks in the whole planet would be consistent with the current magnetic field condition. This is not the case, however. Based on a magnetometer survey in the seafloor, some rocks have magnetic signals that are not aligned with the modern magnetic field. Further evidence showed that the magnetic poles are fixed and it is actually the continents that are moving with respect to the magnetic poles and are also moving with respect to each other. \- Deep sea drilling results: Age of seafloor forms a symmetric pattern across the mid-oceanic ridges, age increases with distance from the oceanic ridge; no seafloor older than 200 million years could be found, indicating that seafloor is constantly being created and destroyed. **Theory of Plate Tectonics** **Main principles Plate Tectonics** A. The Earth's outermost rigid layer (lithosphere)is broken into discrete plates each moving more or less as a unit. B. Driven by mantle convection, the lithospheric plates ride over the soft, ductile asthenosphere. C. Different types of relative motion and different types of lithosphere at plate boundaries create a distinctive sets of geologic features. D. It unifies concepts of continental drift, seafloor spreading and magnetic field reversal, and other geological and geophysical discoveries. **Review on the concept of lithospheric plate** A. The lithosphere consists of the crust and the uppermost mantle. \- Average thickness of continental lithosphere :150km \- Average thickness of old oceanic lithosphere: 100km B. Composition of both continental and oceanic crusts affect their respective densities. C. The lithosphere floats on a soft, plastic layer called asthenosphere. D. Most plates contain both oceanic and continental crust; a few contain only oceanic crust. E. A plate is not the same as a continent. ***Types of Plate Boundaries*** --------------------------------- --------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- *Plate Boundary* *Plate Movement* *Description* *Example* *Divergent* *Oceanic-Oceanic* *Plates moving away from each other* *Forms elevated ridge with rift valley at the center; submarine volcanism and shallow earthquakes* *Mid-atlantic ridge, East Pacific Rise* *Continental-Continental* *Broad elevated region with major rift valley; abundant volcanism and shallow earthquakes* *East African Rift valley, Red Sea* *Convergent* *Oceanic-continental* *Plates moving towards each other* *Dense oceanic plates slips beneath less dense continental plate, trench forms on the subsiding plate and extensive volcanism on the overriding continental plate. Earthquake foci becoming deeper in direction of production of subduction.* *Western South America* *Oceanic-oceanic* *Older, cooler, denser, plate slips beneath less dense plate; trench forms on subducting plate side and island arc on overriding plate. Band of earthquake becoming deeper in direction of subduction.* *Aleutians, Marianas* *Continental-Continental* *Neither mass is subducted; plate edges are compressed, folded, and uplifted resulting in the formation of mountain range.* *Himalayas, Alps* *Transform* *Plates sliding past each other* *Lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. Most offset oceanic ridge system while some cut through continental crust. Characterized by shallow earthquakes.* *Mid-ocean ridge, san andreas fault*  **The Wilson Cycle** A. Plate tectonics is cyclic. In 1966, J. Tuzo Wilson proposed a cycle that includes continental break-up, drifting, collision and re-assembly of the continent. B. Main phases of the Wilson Cycle Rifting within the supercontinent leads to the opening of new ocean basin and formation of oceanic crust. Passive margin cools and sinks, and sediment accumulates along the edge. Convergence begins, initiating subduction and eventual ocean closure. Continent-continent collision forms the next supercontinent. Driving forces for plate motion A. Convection in the mantle (the sinking of denser material and rising of hot, less dense material) appears to drive plate motion. B. Gravity-driven mechanisms such as slab-pull and ridge-push are thought to be important in driving plate motion. Slab-pull develops when cold, dense subducting slab of lithosphere pulls along the rest of the plate behind it. Ridge-push develops as gravity pushes the lithosphere off the mid-ocean ridges and toward the subduction trenches. **Chronology of Modern Ocean Basin Development** Because of plate tectonics, and oceanic basin may be actively changing size or may be relatively tectonically-inactive, depending on the movement of the associated tectonic plate. The elements of an active and growing ocean basin include and active and elevated mind-ocean ridge, sloping towards the abyssal hills and plains which sometimes terminate in an oceanic trench and subduction zone. The Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean are examples of an active, growing ocean basin. The Mediterranean Sea, on the other hand, is a shrinking sea as a result of the relative plate movement. In the region. The Pacific Ocean is an active, shrinking ocean, even though it has spreading ridge and oceanic trenches. An example of an inactive ocean basin is the Gulf of Mexico and the Aleutian Basin, which has been relatively inactive since its formation millions of years ago. The configuration and distribution of ocean basins have been changing together with the movement of plates in geologic time. **You can do this!** **Task 1. Plate TESTonic.** Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1\. Which is not an evidence in support of the continental drift theory? A. Similar rocks B. Similar fossils C. Eroding Mountains D. Matching Coastlines 2\. Variations in the orientation of metallic minerals in basalts is a consequence of ­\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. volatile gasses B. volcanic eruption C. magnetic reversals D. fractional crystallization 3\. Majority of islands in the Philippines is a produce of volcanism due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. collision B. hot spot C. rifting D. subduction 4\. This plate occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. A. Transform B. Convergent C. Divergent D. None of the Above 5\. True or False The Philippine Sea Plate is a major plate. **Task 2. Plate-two.** Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1.Converging oceanic crust & oceanic crust: Island Arc; Converging oceanic crust & continental crust: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. Mountain Ranges B. Oceanic Crust C. Volcanic Arc D. Trench 2\. What is formed from the subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate? A. Mountain Ranges B. Island Arc C. Volcanic Arc D. Trench 3\. This is formed when there are colliding plates (both continental) neither one subducts because they are so buoyant. A. Volcanic Arc B. Trench C. Island Arc D. Mountain Ranges 4\. A transform-plate boundary is where two plates slide past each other. The crust is broken but no material is created nor destroyed. Which among the following can be an example of this boundary? A. San Andreas Fault B. Himalayan Mountains C. Mariana's Trench D. British Virgin Islands 5\. This occurs because asthenosphere is plastic, therefore it can flow because of the difference in the density of materials in the interior of the Earth brought by changing temperature. A. Slab pull B. Mantle Convection C. Ridge Push D. Themohaline Circulation **Task 3. Un-"FOLDing" facts.** Select the answer of the correct answer.  **A B C D** 1\. In the illustration, which is considered as a monocline?\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. Which is considered as the syncline? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3\. A type of fold where the limbs of the fold is inclined away from the hinge forming an arch-like shape. A. Anticline B. Monocline C. Overturned D. Syncline 4\. Elevated landforms. Comprising the mountains, bounded by normal faults that are inclined in opposite directions. A. Fault B. Graben C. Horst D. Rift 5\. A type of strain where the strain is STILL reversible A. Elastic B. Ductile C. Plastic D. Brittle **You can do more!** **Task 4. Global Understanding.** Select the answer of the correct answer. 1\. Who is the proponent of the continental drift theory? A. Isaac Newton B. James Mohs C. Alfred Wegener D. Francis Bacon 2\. According to the proponent of continental drift theory, how was Pangea described? A. A single land mass compared to as a super continent B. Ocean with scattered archipelago C. Volcano Arcs around the equator and trenches alternately placed in the poles D. Conspiracy that no land was present at all and was just submerged in a shallow level of the ocean. 3\. What evidence "Paleoclimate" in the Pangea? A. Pangea was all frozen thus all fossils show a hairy or thick covering. B. All the parts of the Pangea were under tropical climate with lush vegetation C. Laurasia (the big ocean) causes strong typhoons along ends of the Pangea causing fossils to settle in the bottom of the ocean D. Coal is seen on all parts of the continent, suggesting there was change in the positioning of the continent 4\. Along the distribution of fossils, what 2 evidences can support the claim of having a single continent? A. Fossils of non-swimming animals were found of adjacent continents. B. Fossils of oak trees are found in America and near parts of Canada C. Alaska contain fossilized endemic species of walrus D. Rhino's are found mainly in Africa and it follows the same patter even at Paleozoic Era 5\. What best describes the rationale of seafloor spreading? A. Magma oozed up from Earth's interior along ocean ridges and this eventually solidified. B. Rocks soaked in water expands in size creating pressure on ridges. C. Clastics cemented cracks along ocean rock formations generating more spread D. The pressure deep the ocean is proportional with temperature, creating shifts in expansion and contraction **Task 5. Ocean and more.** Select the letter of the information required. 1\. They also based the seafloor spreading the relation of Earth's poles and with: A. Formation of archipelagos C. Distribution of fossils within continents B. Magnetic minerals magnetite and hematite D. Ocean currents 2\. The study of seafloor spreading wasn't really intended. They made use of echo-sounding originally for what purpose? A. Surveillance of rival submarines C. Retrieve shipwrecks B. Manual count of marine species D. Measure Water Quality 3\. According to the scientists who developed a method in determining the numeric age of rocks, where could youngest rocks be found? A. At the bottom of the mid-oceanic ridge C. All parts of the ridge have the youngest rocks B. The farthest from the oceanic ridge D. Near the mid-oceanic ridge 4\. When they drilled a part of the ocean, what did they discovered that supported the theory on sea floor spreading? A. Sediments overlying the older seafloor is thicker and older compared to those newly formed floor. B. Minerals along the mid-oceanic ridge never underwent melting but only was deformed. C. Mid-oceanic ridge had trench-like structure and oozing magma was found thousands of kilometers from the opening D. Sediments overlying the older seafloor is thinner and younger compared to those newly formed floor. 5\. This explains the combination of Wegener and Hassley stating that the Lithosphere is not a continuous layer, but consists of several irregularly-shaped pieces meeting along distinct boundaries generally indicated by seismic and volcanic activities. A. Seafloor Spreading B. Plate Convergence C. Plate Tectonics D. Plate Boundaries **Task 6. Blocks.** Basing from the shown illustration. Identify which part shows the types of fault (normal, reverse), its parts and the horst and graben. **Challenge Yourself!** **Task 7. Cuts very deep.** Answer the questions briefly. What are the pointed parts in the map. Please follow the arrows direct from the needed part. Label them corresponding their Letters. A B. C. 1\. How do you describe a fault affected by sheer stress and blocks move diagonal along fault plane? A. Oblique B. Normal C. Slanting D. Lateral 2\. What type of fault is illustrated above? **Task 8. Consequences over truth!** Answer the questions briefly. 1\. What would be the consequences if Earth did not divide into different layers? 2\. What would be the consequences if all of plate tectonics suddenly stopped? 3\. How does the evolution of the ocean basins affect hydrologic cycle? 4\. Gauging the evidences presented by Alfred Wegener, would you have accepted his theory? Why? 5\. Magnetic poles of Earth have changed location relative to the movement of continents. What changes would you wish would you expect with these changes. **Task 9. Tectonic Mapping an Idealized Plate Boundary Map and Cross Section** 1\. Refer to the hypothetical plate map below showing continents A and B separated by an ocean. Answer the following questions: a\. How many plate portions are shown? b\. Draw arrows on the map to show the relative direction the plates are moving. c\. Draw a triangle (Δ) where volcanic activity is likely to occur. d\. Draw a circle (ο) where earthquake is likely to occur.\" e\. Indicate with an arrow the younging direction of the lithosphere. f\. Mark the location and type of each plate boundary shown in the map. g\. If the ocean is opening at a rate of 3cm/yr, how wide will the ocean be in 100 million yrs? Give your answer in kilometers. **Level Up!** **Task 10: Jigsaw Realness** Part I **Continental Jigsaw Puzzle** 1\. Print copies of the puzzle. 2\. Divide the class into groups of two to five. Each group is provided with the activity materials. 4\. Cut along the borders of the continents using a pair of scissors. 5\. On another sheet of paper, place the continent cut-outs and try to reconstruct Pangaea using the given clues (fossils and mountain ranges). 6\. Finalize the positions of the continents by gluing them on a sheet of paper. Draw a circle around to represent the Earth. 7\. Cut out the legend and paste it in the lower portion of the paper. 8\. Randomly select few teams to discuss their findings in front of the class. *Part II* Discuss the answers to the following questions. 1\. What criteria or basis did you consider in piecing together the 'jigsaw puzzle'? 2\. Look at the resulting map. What can you conclude with regard to the location of the different fossils? What about the mountain range? 3\. Give your thoughts on why the cut-outs do not perfectly fit with each other. **Task 11. Drifting Continents.** With your calculator, calculate the distance, given the speed and time: Use the following formulas to find out how far these continents will travel in 100 years:  1\. Compute, in meters, how far these continents will travel in (a) 100 years, (b) 500,000 years and \(c) 1 million years. Tabulate the answers. Continent Speed Distance Traveled (in meters) --------------- ----------- ------------------------------- -------------- ----------------- 100 years 50,000 years 1 million years Antarctic 2 cm/yr Africa 2.2 cm/yr South America 1.5 cm/yr North America 1.2 cm/yr 2\. Which continent moves the fastest? Where will it be in 50,000 years? 3\. Which continent moves the slowest? Where will it be in 1 million years? 4\. Is there a chance that the continents will collide with each other? Explain your answer. If yes, give an example. **Task 12. Experimenting Magma:** Look into the experiment and give your observations on the experiment. Having the knowledge on Earthquake and Fault systems, and with little readings to the Big One. Explain in 5 to 10 sentences how earthquake, deformation, plate movement and seafloor spreading are connected to the occurrence of earthquakes. **VII. Notes to Teachers:** **Scoring Rubrics for Essay Answers** **Criteria** -------------- -- -- -- -- -- **LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET** QUARTER II/ SEMESTER I **Name**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**Score**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Grade & Section** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**Subject**: **EARTH SCIENCE** **Name of Teacher**: **GAYLORD BRENT R. RABANG** **Date**: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ V. **Title:** **Deformation, Seafloor Spreading, Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonics** VI. **Type of Activity:** Concept notes with f0ormative activities VII. **MELCs:** Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression, pulling apart, and shearing **(S11ES-IId-27)** VIII. **Learning Objective/s:** understand how rocks are deformed by stress and undergo solid deformation (strained); **SUMMATIVE TEST** **Objective:** Explain the relationship of Pacific Ring of Fire to plate tectonic, earthquakes, and formation of trenches and mountain ranges. Procedure: 1\. Describe what you know about plane tectonics, including what the theory states and how plate movements affect geological events on Earth's surface. Are you aware of any areas on Earth that are particularly affected by plate movements today? 2\. use the internet to research the geographic region known as the Ring of Fire. 3\. Visit or Look at the animation of Earth's plate history. See how plates and continents moved into current positions over hundreds of millions of years. 4. Draw maps predicting what the ring of fire region might look like one hundred million years from now. Your maps should show continents, plate divisions, and some of the geological features, such as mountains and ocean trenches associated with plate tectonics. Write one to two paragraphs explaining what you have drawn in the map. In case you might have difficulties in accessing the internet, you can rely to this illustrations to help you decide on your prediction well. Guide Questions: 1\. Where is the Ring of Fire located (current)? 2\. Why is it called the Ring of Fire? 3\. What does the Ring od Fire have to do with plate tectonics? 4\. What events on the Earth surface tend to occur in this region more frequently than in other regions of the Earth? 5\. What do trenches and mountain ranges have to do with the Ring of Fire and plate tectonics? **Illustration of the Map on the Prediction for Pacific Ring of Fire:** **VII. Notes to Teachers:** **Scoring Rubrics for Essay Answers** **Criteria** -------------- -- -- -- -- -- **Rubric for Illustrations**