Epidemiology History PDF

BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS MARIA THERESA M. MERCADO, BS BIO, BSN, RN, MAN, MAEd, MPH, MD MATERIALS HEREIN HAVE BEEN GATHERED AND CONSOLIDATED FROM VARIOUS RESOURCES AND BEING SHARED TO MY STUDENTS FOR PERSONAL USE TO FACILITATE EASE OF UND...

BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS MARIA THERESA M. MERCADO, BS BIO, BSN, RN, MAN, MAEd, MPH, MD MATERIALS HEREIN HAVE BEEN GATHERED AND CONSOLIDATED FROM VARIOUS RESOURCES AND BEING SHARED TO MY STUDENTS FOR PERSONAL USE TO FACILITATE EASE OF UNDERSTANDING. NOTHING HEREIN MUST BE USED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. THANKS. TM MT M 1  Learning Outcomes LEARNING OUTCOMES: During and by the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to: Explain the history and role of epidemiology as the basic science for public health.  Learning Outcomes LEARNING OUTCOMES: Specifically, the student shall be able to: appreciate the details of history in the evolution of epidemiology in relation to public health When do you think did "epidemiology"started (history) ? When do you think did "epidemiology"started (history) ? Epidemiology Roots since 2, 500 years From Hippocrates To John Graunt To John Snow  Public Health History 1500 BC Leviticus - believed to be the first written health code in the world - dealt with personal and community responsibilities and guide in cleanliness of the body, sexual behaviors, protection against contagious diseases, isolation of lepers  Public Health History 1500 BC Code of Hammurabi - earliest sets of laws found - include a code of conduct for physicians and health practices  Public Health History 500 BC- 500 AD Hippocrates - Father of Western Medicine - wrote treatise "On Airs, Waters and Places” - suggested the environmental and host factors influences the development of disease  Public Health History 500 BC- 500 AD Greeks - active on community sanitation Romans - improved Greek engineering - works on aqueducts - created the first hospital  Public Health History 500- 1500 AD The Middle Ages - "The Dark Ages" - Health problems considered to have spiritual causes and solutions - illness considered to be the result of sin thus stigmatizing the victim - bloodletting and alchemy were common practices - failure to consider the role of the environment in health led to epidemics and the inability to control them  Public Health History 500- 1500 AD The Black Death/Black Plague - bubonic plague reappeared in Europe in 1348 after nearly a 1000 year absence - up to 2/3 of European cities succumbed in the 1st 2 years of the pandemic - scientists and the religious community assistance - by 1350 AD, new public health initiatives to stop the spread of the deadly disease  Public Health History 1500- 1700 The Renaissance - rebirth of thinking about nature and humans - careful accounts of outbreaks showed that saints and sinners got sick - critical observations led to more accurate descriptions of symptoms and outcomes - world exploration led to exposure to different world views on health - rise of mercantilism highlighted the value of a healthy and productive population, leading to advances in occupational health - increased concern in infant mortality as threat to long term availability of a productive working society  Public Health History 1500- 1700 John Graunt - first solid use of data collection for the purpose of understanding health status - Father of demography and descriptive epidemiology - In 1662, he published " Natural and Political Observation, Upon the Bills of Mortality" In this publication, he is first to quantify patterns of birth, death and disease occurrence, noting disparities between males and females, urban and rural occurrences and seasonal variations - By studying London death data for the previous 75 years, he found certain predictability with respect to natural events and phenomenon. Using this data, he developed the first life table.  Public Health History 1500- 1700 Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek - first to observe bacteria and other microscopic organisms using a rudimentary microscope Bernardino Ramazzini - published first comprehensive occupational health treatise - birth of occupational health  Public Health History 1700-1800 - epidemics, migration, discovery - growth in industrialization that brought more and more people to cities in search of work - led to overcrowding, poor sanitation, subsequent epidemics - growing recognition of the nature of disease - 2 prevailing views of the causes of epidemics: 1) Miasmic - epidemics stemmed from certain atmospheric conditions and from miasmas rising from organic materials 2) Contagion - epidemics resulted from transmission of germs  Public Health History 1700-1800 Denis Diderot - in his article "Man" emphasized the I,Portland of infant mortality on the growth and decline of a population - in his article "The Hospital" outlined a public assistance scheme including old age insurance and medical care  Public Health History 1700-1800 Edward Jenner - published his first paper on the potential for inoculation, which led to the development of the small pox vaccine  Public Health History 1800-1900 - advances in understanding health and medicine - acceptance of link between environment and health - social reform as a way of improving health of populations  Public Health History 1800 William Farr - built upon Graunt’s work by systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics -Father of Modern Vital Statistics and Surveillance -efforts on collecting vital statistics, assembling and evaluating those data and reporting to responsible health authorities  Public Health History 1800-1900 Edwin Chadwick - published "Report on the Inquiry into Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Population of Great Britain" outlining the major public health challenges Lemuel Shattuck - published a report with recommendations to create the first state board of health  Public Health History 1800-1900 Cholera - first came to England - epidemics killing more people than Black Plague  Public Health History 1854 John Snow - was the first to link the cholera epidemic in London to one particular water source- the Broad Street Pump. When the pump handle was removed the disease incidence drastically decreased - Father of applied epidemiology - his works illustrates the classic sequence from descriptive epidemiology to hypothesis generation to hypothesis testing (analytic epidemiology) to application  Public Health History mid and late1800s epidemiological methods began to be applied in the investigation of disease occurrence most focused on acute infectious diseases  Public Health History 1800-1900 Florence Nightingale - rise of nursing profession - believed that infection arose spontaneously in dirty and poorly ventilated places - led to improvements in hygiene and healthier living and working environments Lilllian Wald - mother of public health nursing  Public Health History 1800-1900 Robert Koch - in the process of discovering the causes of anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis, he developed methods and technical procedures still used by epidemiologists - asserted that criteria must be fulfilled to establish a causal relationship between a parasite and a disease - the Koch's postulates Louis Pasteur - best known for his work in studies on fermenting beverages - pasteurization - liquids such as milk were heated to kill bacteria and molds  Public Health History 1800-1900 American Public Health Association - oldest and largest organization of public health professionals in the world  Public Health History 1900 - 1920 - same public health challenges as previous century - life expectancy was 50 years old - Public Health Service - most common cause of death was from contagious diseases: bubonic plague, influenza, typhoid fever, polio, pellagra, rickets...  Public Health History 1900 - 1920 - meat packing issues --> inspection - child labor -->awareness on hazards, legal reforms - family planning  Public Health History 1920- 1940 - reform, depression, war - no health insurance, people dependent on charities for health care Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin  Public Health History 1930s-1940s epidemiologists extended their methods to non-infectious diseases period since WWII, an explosion in the development of research methods and the theoretical underpinnings of epidemiology  Public Health History 1930s-1940s epidemiology has been applied to the entire range of health-related outcomes, behaviors, and even knowledge and attitudes study of Doll and Hill linking lung cancer to smoking and the study of cardiovascular diseases among residents of Framingham, Massachusetts - two pioneering application of applied epidemiological methods to chronic diseases  Public Health History 1940-1960 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - 1946 in Atlanta - Communicable Disease Center World Health Organization (WHO) - 1947 by the UN  Public Health History 1940-1960 - fluoridation of water - polio vaccine by Salk and Sabin  Public Health History 1960s-1970s - epidemiological methods applied to eradicate small pox (1977) worldwide  Public Health History 1960-1980 - birth control pill - growth of environmentalism - tobacco declared as hazard (1964) - social services - legionnaires disease  Public Health History 1980s - epidemiology was extended to the studies of injuries and violence  Public Health History 1990s - related fields of molecular and genetic epidemiology (expansion of epidemiology to look at specific pathways, molecules and genes that influence risk of developing disease)  Public Health History 1980s onwards - In 1988, the Institute of Medicine published "The Future of Public Health"  Public Health History 1980s onwards - new epidemiological challenges in infectious diseases: Ebola, HIV, Legionella, SARS, MDR-TB, Avia flu  Public Health History 1990s epidemiological application in biologic warfare and bioterrorism  Public Health History 2020-2022 - Covid-19