Enzymes 1-3 PDF

Guide Prepare your pencil, notebook, and highlighter.  CELLULAR ENERGETICS Topics 1-3: Enzyme Structure, Catalysis, and Environmental Impacts  Learning Points I can describe the Enzyme Structure, Catalysis, and Environmental Impacts What are enzymes? Enzymes are prot...

Guide Prepare your pencil, notebook, and highlighter.  CELLULAR ENERGETICS Topics 1-3: Enzyme Structure, Catalysis, and Environmental Impacts  Learning Points I can describe the Enzyme Structure, Catalysis, and Environmental Impacts What are enzymes? Enzymes are proteins which catalyze or speed up a chemical reaction. Reduce activation energy required for reactions. Analysis Why are enzymes Question: crucial for living organisms? Answer: Enzymes are vital because they accelerate biochemical reactions, enabling essential life processes to occur efficiently  Star ch Carbohyd rases Carbohydrases are enzymes which break down carbohydrates into simple Gluco sugars. Carbohydrates se provide us with energy. Starch is a form of carbohydrate. The enzyme amylase breaks starch down Carbohyd rase Example Salivary amylase is produced in our salivary glands. It breaks down starch into maltose, which is a sugar.  Proteases Proteases are enzymes which break down proteins into amino Prot acids. ein Amino Acid  Protease Example The protease enzyme pepsin is produced in the gastric glands in the stomach. Pepsin starts the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids. Other protease enzymes then  Lipases Lipases are enzymes which break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty Glycer acid ol chains  Lipase Example Lipase enzymes are produced in the pancreas. They work in the small intestine (duodenum) to turn lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.  Enzyme Structure  Enzyme Composed of amino acid chains folded into Structure specific shapes Active site: Region where substrate Substrate:binds Molecule that enzyme acts upon Lock and key model: Enzyme and substrate fit precisely Analysis How does enzyme structure relate Question: to its function? Answer: The specific 3D structure of an enzyme, particularly its active site, determines which substrates it can bind to and catalyze. Analysis How does enzyme structure relate Question: to its function? Answer: Lactase enzyme specifically breaking down Induced Fit Model  Induced Fit Refinement of lock and key model Model Active site slightly changes shape when substrate Enhances binds enzyme-substrate Increases interaction catalytic efficiency https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8TOWTp71tE Analysis What advantage does the induced Question: fit model provide over the lock and key model? Answer: The induced fit model explains how enzymes can be more flexible and efficient in catalyzing reactions by adapting to the Drug design considering induced fit for better enzyme inhibition Enzyme Catalysis Enzyme Catalysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dr0WVeJaHS8  Enzyme Lowers activation energy for chemical Catalysis reactions Does not change the reaction's equilibrium Remains unchanged after catalysis Can catalyze both forward and reverse reactions Analysis How do enzymes affect the rate of Question: chemical reactions? Answer: Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, significantly increasing the rate at which products are Example: Catalase enzyme rapidly formed. decomposing hydrogen peroxide in cells Cofactors and Coenzymes Cofactors Non-protein components necessary for enzyme Can be metal function. ions or organic molecules Coenzymes Organic cofactors (often derived from vitamins) NAD+, FAD, coenzyme A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bYnIGqe5aY Analysis: How do cofactors contribute to enzyme function Answer: Cofactors assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by providing necessary chemical components Answer: Cofactors assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by providing necessary chemical components or facilitating electron transfer. Example: Iron in hemoglobin acting as a cofactor for oxygen transport https://www.britannica.com/video/Learn-how- hemoglobin-proteins-blood-transport-oxygen- lungs-to-tissues/-246612  Enzyme Inhibition Inhibitors Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that interact with enzymes (temporary or permanent) in some way and reduce the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction or prevent enzymes to work in a normal Types: manner. CompetitiveUn-Competitive Non-Competitive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqjVB8WT1xo Analysis: How does competitive inhibition differ from non- competitive inhibition? Answer: Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere, affecting Analysis: How does the non-competitive inhibitors affect the enzyme’s shape Answer: and function? binding to a site on the enzyme separate from the active site (called which then an allosteric causes site) a conformational change in the enzyme's structure, ultimately altering the shape of the Real-Life Designing pharmaceutical drugs to inhibit Example: specific enzymes Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function Temperature Increased temperature generally increases reaction rate Optimal temperature for peak enzyme activitycan denature High temperatures enzymes Cold temperatures slow down enzyme activity pH Each enzyme has an optimal pH range (7) pH affects enzyme shape and charge distribution Extreme pH can denature enzymes Some enzymes adapted to function in extreme pH environments (pepsin 2.5 pH) Example: pH-dependent enzymes in laundry detergents for effective cleaning  Salt Salt concentration affects enzyme activity and Concentratio stability Can influence enzyme-substrate interactions Some enzymes require specific ion n Example: concentrations “carbonic anhydrase” facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), which is Salt Other Concentratio Examples: n Analysis: Why are some enzymes adapted to high salt concentrations? Answer: Enzymes in organisms living in high-salt environments have evolved to maintain their structure and function under these conditions. Answer: Answer: Halobacterium Haloarcula Halomonas Salinibacter