Engr. Lumacang Reviewer.docx

**Herbert Clark Hoover** US president with Mining Engineering degree **Proximate Analysis** \- a way to determine the distribution of products when the samples are heated under specified conditions. The basic four group products separated by proximate analysis are 1. moisture, 2. volatile mat...

**Herbert Clark Hoover** US president with Mining Engineering degree **Proximate Analysis** \- a way to determine the distribution of products when the samples are heated under specified conditions. The basic four group products separated by proximate analysis are 1. moisture, 2. volatile matter, 3. fixed carbon and 4. ash content \- a method used to determine the composition of coal by measuring moisture, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed carbon. This analysis helps in understanding the coal\'s combustion characteristics. **Nominal** \- In finance, it refers to the stated interest rate before adjustments for inflation or other factors. **Break-even Stripping Ratio** \- The stripping ratio at which the cost of removing overburden is equal to the value of the ore extracted. This ratio helps in determining the economic feasibility of a mining project. **Commodity Prices Affected by Pandemic** The COVID-19 pandemic caused fluctuations in commodity prices, with many initially dropping due to reduced demand and later varying based on recovery trends and supply chain disruptions. Key commodities that were notably affected: \- oil \- gold \- industrial metals **Price of Gold Today per Gram** - As of August 2024, gold prices are approximately \$60-\$70 per gram. Exactly: \$80.81 per gram \$ 2,530 per ounce **Sub-bituminous coal is more commonly used** \- because it is cheaper and has sufficient energy content for power generation compared to anthracite, which is more expensive and used for specialized applications requiring high energy and low volatiles. **Volatile Matter** \- the portion of coal that is released as gas or vapor when it is heated to a high temperature in the absence of air. It affects the coal's combustion properties and energy content. **Carbon Neutral** \- Achieving a balance where the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced is equal to the amount removed from the atmosphere, resulting in no net increase in atmospheric CO2. **Melting Temperature of Gold** Approximately 1,064°C (1,947°F) **Melting Temperature of Nickel** Approximately 1,455°C (2,651°F) **Simple Interest** Interest calculated only on the principal amount, not on the accumulated interest. Formula: I = P x r x t ***Estimation of Vein Thickness*** *- Typically done through drill core samples, geological mapping, and various surveying techniques.* *- Drill core samples provide direct measurements of vein thickness.* *- crosscuts and drifts are assessed for ore body characteristics.* **Cash Flow Statement** A financial statement showing the cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing activities, helping assess a company\'s liquidity and financial health. **Balance Sheet in Economics** A financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time, reflecting its financial position. **Does High Rank Have High Sulfur Content?** Generally, higher rank coals (like anthracite) have lower sulfur content compared to lower rank coals (like lignite), though sulfur content can vary. **Low Rank Coal Component**: Low-rank coals, such as lignite and sub-bituminous coal, generally have higher moisture content, higher volatile matter, and lower carbon content compared to higher rank coals. **Does Lignite Have Low Sulfur Content?** \- Lignite can have varying sulfur content. It generally has higher sulfur content than higher rank coals but may still vary based on local deposits. 9. **Dash Line** A demarcation line used by China to claim a large portion of the South China Sea, which is disputed by several other countries and international entities. **Earnings Before Income Tax (EBIT)** A measure of a company's profitability that calculates earnings before deducting income tax expenses, used to assess operational performance. **Law that Recognizes the Right of IP in Mining** In the Philippines, the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 (RA 8371) recognizes and protects the rights of indigenous peoples, including their rights to ancestral lands and resources. **Main Objective of PMRC in the Philippines** The Philippine Mineral Resource Council (PMRC) focuses on promoting and regulating the responsible exploration, development, and utilization of the country's mineral resources. **Main Hindrance in Foreign Investment in Mining** Common issues include: \- regulatory uncertainty \- environmental concerns \- political instability \- high costs of compliance with local laws and regulations. **Products of Combustion:** \- carbon dioxide (CO2) \- water vapor (H2O) \- nitrogen oxides (NOx) \- sulfur dioxide (SO2) \- and particulate matter *depending on the fuel and combustion conditions.* Weakest REE - Lanthanum is often considered one of the less critical rare earth elements in terms of market demand and physical properties. **Overshot in Diamond Drilling** \- refers to a condition where the drilling equipment or bit moves beyond the intended depth or location, affecting drilling accuracy. **Oldest Gold District in the Philippines with Porphyry Copper** - The Baguio District in the northern Philippines. **Most Vital Metal from Fuel to Renewable Transition** Lithium - is crucial for energy storage in batteries **Core barrels** \- used to retrieve core samples, often equipped with mechanisms to secure and extract the core while drilling. **How to Drill Multiple Holes at the Same Time on the Same Collar**: This technique is called \"multi-lateral drilling\" or \"multi-hole drilling.\" **Multi-Lateral Drilling** \- This technique involves drilling multiple branches from a single main borehole. \- commonly used in the oil and gas industry to increase the surface area of the reservoir that can be accessed from a single well. *Purpose*: To maximize the production from a single well by reaching different parts of the reservoir or different reservoirs from one entry point. This method is often used to optimize the extraction of hydrocarbons. **Multi-Hole Drilling** \- This technique involves drilling multiple holes from the same drilling site or collar, typically to conduct exploration, sampling, or ore body delineation in mining operations. *Purpose:* To reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of drilling by accessing multiple points or zones of interest from a single location. **Multi-Branch Drilling (or Multi-Lateral Drilling)** \- In this method, a main wellbore is drilled, and then multiple lateral branches or side holes are drilled from the main borehole. ***Equipment:*** Specialized equipment such as a ***multi-lateral drilling system*** or ***whipstock*** is used to create and steer these branches. ***Process:*** 1. Drill the Main Borehole: Start by drilling the main wellbore to the desired depth. 2. Install Equipment: Deploy a whipstock or similar tool to deflect the drill bit and initiate a new lateral bore. 3. Drill Lateral Holes: Use the equipment to drill multiple laterals or branches from the main borehole. Directional drilling tools help to control the angle and trajectory of these branches. **Multi-Hole Drilling Rigs** \- Some rigs are designed to drill multiple holes simultaneously from a single setup, typically used in surface mining or construction. ***Equipment:*** ***Multi-drill rigs*** or ***multi-head drills*** can be used, where a single rig has multiple drilling heads mounted on it. ***Process:*** Set Up the Rig: Position the *multi-drill rig* or *multi-head drill* at the designated collar location. ***Drill Multiple Holes:*** \- Operate the rig to drill multiple holes at the same time. \- Each drill head can be independently controlled to target different depths or angles if needed. \- Simultaneous Drilling with Multiple Drill Strings **Is Scandium Found in the Moon** \- Scandium is found in trace amounts in lunar samples and meteorites. **What REE is Found in the Moon That Scientists Are Eyeing for Exploration** Neodymium or lanthanum? **Weakest Rare Earth Mineral** *Lanthanum and cerium* are often considered less critical in terms of economic value compared to more sought-after rare earth elements. **Largest Renewable Energy Source in the Philippines** *Geothermal energy* is the largest renewable energy source in the Philippines, providing a significant portion of the country's electricity. **Drift Driven Upward with an Angle** An upward drift driven at an angle is commonly referred to as an \"***inclined drift***\" or \"***uphole drift***.\" **Inclined Drift** \- An inclined drift is a type of underground tunnel that is driven at an angle, typically not horizontal. \- The angle can vary based on the geological and operational requirements. ***Purpose:*** To provide access to different levels of an ore body or deposit. To facilitate transportation of ore, waste, or personnel between different levels of a mine. ***Characteristics:*** **Incline:** The angle can range from slightly inclined to steeply inclined, depending on the mine's geometry and logistics. **Usage:** Often used to connect horizontal drifts on different elevations or to reach specific ore zones. **Uphole Drift** \- An uphole drift is an underground tunnel that is driven upwards from a lower level to a higher level. This term is ***more specific than an inclined drift*** and indicates a particular direction of inclination---upwards. ***Purpose:*** To provide access to higher levels in a mine. To facilitate the movement of materials and personnel to and from higher ore zones. ***Characteristics:*** Incline: The drift is inclined upwards, which can vary in steepness. Usage: Typically used in vertical or inclined ore bodies where access to higher levels is needed for ore extraction or exploration. **Key Differences** ***Direction:*** The primary difference is the direction of the incline. An inclined drift can be in any direction, while an uphole drift specifically refers to an upwards inclination. ***Usage:*** Inclined drifts are more general and can be used for various access needs, while uphole drifts are specifically for moving from lower to higher levels within a mine. **Can Mine Gases Be Totally Eliminated Using Adequate Ventilation?** While ventilation significantly reduces mine gases, it may not completely eliminate all harmful gases, particularly in complex or deep mining operations. **Fourth Industrial Revolution** The Fourth Industrial Revolution is often called the ***\"Digital Era\"*** or ***\"Automation,\"*** focusing on advancements in digital technology and automation. **The Mineral\'s Resistance to Crushing and Impact** This is referred to as the mineral's ***\"toughness\"*** or ***\"impact strength,\"*** indicating its ability to withstand physical stress. **Asian Country That Does Not Produce REE** Afghanistan and Syria are examples of Asian countries that do not have significant production of rare earth elements. **Japan and Vietnam** - REE Producer **Sonic Velocity** - The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium, such as rock or soil, used in geophysical surveys. **What Geophysical Method is Used in Measuring Sonic Velocity** The seismic method is used to measure sonic velocity, involving sending seismic waves through the ground and analyzing their travel time. **What Geophysical Method is Used in Exploring Petroleum** \- ***Seismic reflection surveys*** are commonly used for petroleum exploration, helping to map subsurface geological structures. **Side Dump Truck** \- A type of dump truck that unloads its cargo by tipping the bed sideways. **Bottom Dump Truck** \- A dump truck that unloads cargo through a hinged gate at the bottom of the bed. **What Dump is Free Flowing: Sliding Dump or Bottom Dump?** ***Free flowing sliding dump*** allows material to slide out easily due to gravity, while ***bottom dump trucks*** have controlled release mechanisms. *Fan Laws 9 Times the Horsepower: This refers to how changes in fan speed or size affect power requirements. For example, increasing fan speed can require more power, often leading to a non-linear increase in horsepower.* **Does CO Support Combustion?** Carbon monoxide (CO) ***does not*** support combustion. It is a byproduct of incomplete combustion and is toxic. **What Mechanized Machine is Used in Tunnel Construction** The ***Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)*** is used for excavating tunnels through various types of soil and rock. **Purpose of Tailgates on Haulage Trucks** Tailgates on haulage trucks help control the release of cargo, prevent spillage, and ensure proper unloading. **Pumice, Perlite**: Both are volcanic rocks. **Pumice** \- is a light, porous material used in construction and abrasive products. **Perlite** \- is a volcanic glass that expands when heated and is used in horticulture and insulation. **Rare Element That Foreign Countries Want to Extract in Moon** Helium-3 **Not Exploration Dollar Countries** These are countries where exploration investments are low or restricted, often due to regulatory or economic factors. \- North Korea \- Iran \- Venezuela **Countries that do not produce rare earth oxides include** \- Saudi Arabia \- Brazil \- Chile **Distance of Explosive Storage to Mine Entrance (Mine Safety)** 100 from shafts or other magazine 50 from blasting area 25 from workplaces 10 from winze or raise **Current Mine and Safety Rules** **Pugmill** \- is a type of equipment used to mix and blend materials, particularly in construction and mining. It combines materials like clay or aggregates with water to produce a homogeneous mix. ***Application:*** Commonly used in the preparation of materials for brickmaking, road construction, or other applications requiring thorough blending. **Mines Administrative Order No. MRD-21** **DAO 2000-98** Nano, Mini, Micro Cards: These refer to different sizes of memory cards used in electronic devices. Nano cards are the smallest, followed by Micro cards, and then Mini cards. Memory Cards MicroSD Cards Size: 15 x 11 x 1 mm Usage: Smartphones: Expand storage for apps, photos, videos, and other data. Tablets: Provide additional storage for media and applications. Cameras: Store photos and videos, particularly in compact digital cameras and action cameras. Drones: Store recorded video footage and data. Other Devices: Used in devices like portable gaming consoles, GPS units, and some laptops. MiniSD Cards Size: 21.5 x 20 x 1.4 mm Usage: Older Smartphones: Provided storage before MicroSD became common. Cameras: Used in some older digital cameras. Note: MiniSD cards are largely obsolete now, with most devices supporting MicroSD cards. Standard SD Cards Size: 32 x 24 x 2.1 mm Usage: Digital Cameras: Commonly used for high-resolution photos and videos. Laptops and Desktops: Often used in card readers for additional storage or data transfer. Camcorders: For recording video. Professional Photography Equipment: High-capacity and high-speed SD cards are used in high-end cameras. SIM Cards Nano SIM Cards Size: 12.3 x 8.8 x 0.67 mm Usage: Modern Smartphones: Most current smartphones use Nano SIM cards. Tablets: Cellular-enabled tablets use Nano SIMs for mobile data connectivity. Smartwatches: Some smartwatches with cellular capabilities use Nano SIMs. Function: Provides cellular network connectivity for voice, text, and data. Micro SIM Cards Size: 15 x 12 x 0.76 mm Usage: Older Smartphones: Used in many smartphones released before the Nano SIM became standard. Tablets: Some older models use Micro SIMs for cellular connectivity. Modems and USB Dongles: Early models used Micro SIMs. Function: Provides cellular network connectivity, similar to Nano SIMs but larger in size. Mini SIM Cards (Standard SIM) Size: 25 x 15 x 0.76 mm Usage: Very Old Mobile Phones: Used in early mobile phones. Some Older Internet Devices: Used in early mobile broadband devices. Function: Provides cellular connectivity, but now largely replaced by Micro and Nano SIMs. **AMD (Acid Mine Drainage)** \- is the outflow of acidic water from mining activities, often caused by the oxidation of ***pyrite (FeS₂)**.* **Pyrite** \- also known as \"fool\'s gold,\" \- reacts with oxygen and water to produce sulfuric acid, leading to AMD. *Steeply Dipping Deposit, Exploration Method, Trenching: Steeply dipping deposits require careful exploration techniques to ensure accurate evaluation. Trenching is an exploration method where trenches are dug to expose and sample mineralized zones on the surface.* Oil Transported by Iraq in Mediterranean/Where Iraq Transport Coal Through Mediterranean: Iraq has historically transported oil through the Mediterranean Sea via ***pipelines***, such as the ***Iraq-Turkey Pipeline***. However, Iraq primarily exports oil rather than coal, and transport routes often involve pipelines through neighboring countries, *not directly through Israel*. **CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)** **-** refers to a company\'s commitment to operate ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce, their families, the local community, and society at large. Frequency Rate and Severity Rate Solving: ​ **Carbon Trading** \- A market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing emissions. Companies are allowed to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂), and can trade emission permits with others. **How to Prevent Acid Rain Around Coal Mines** ***Using scrubbers***: To remove sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from emissions. ***Proper waste disposal***: To minimize the leaching of acidic materials. ***Neutralization*:** Treating wastewater with alkaline substances to neutralize acidity. ***Monitoring*:** Regularly checking and controlling emissions. **Mineral 6 Times Stronger than Steel and with Highest Melting Point:** ***Tungsten*** has a melting point of approximately 3,422°C (6,192°F), which is the highest of all metals. It is not 6 times stronger than steel, but it\'s known for its extreme hardness and high melting point. ***PLDT (Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company) and Globe Telecom*** *- are major ISPs (Internet Service Providers) that also provide landline services.* **First Conference Where Young Activists Present Their Opinion:** The ***Glasgow Climate Conference (COP26) in 2021*** saw significant youth participation and activism, but there were earlier instances like the ***1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro*** where youth voices were prominent. **Insider Trading** \- Buying or selling stocks based on non-public, material information about a company. \- It is illegal and unethical because it gives an unfair advantage to those with privileged information. **Explosive and Non-Poisonous Gas** ***Methane*** is an explosive gas but not inherently poisonous. It poses a risk of explosion in confined spaces like coal mines. **Closing a Window Shortcut** (ALT+F4) **First Law that Allows Majority Foreign Companies in Mining for Exploring and Developing Petroleum** PD 87 (Presidential Decree No. 87) is the law that allows foreign investment in petroleum exploration and development in the Philippines. *Community Relations, Taxes, Tailings in Old Mining Law:* *Community relations, taxes, and management of tailings are critical aspects considered under mining laws to ensure that mining operations are viable and responsible.* **Recovery Cool** Recovery of cool refers to techniques used to reclaim and manage energy or resources in cooling processes or systems. **How Much Stronger is Magnitude 5 than Magnitude 3 in Richter Scale:** Each whole number increase on the Richter scale represents a tenfold increase in amplitude and approximately 31.6 times more energy release. Therefore, a magnitude 5 earthquake is about ***100 times stronger*** in amplitude than a magnitude 3. **Tactical plan** \- is a short-term, specific plan designed to achieve a particular goal. **Technical feasibility study** \- assesses whether a project is technically achievable and viable. **Grant** \- is financial assistance provided by the government or other entities for specific purposes, often with no obligation to repay. In August 2021, BHP announced plans to exit the oil and gas industry by merging its hydrocarbon business with Woodside Energy Australian mining giant BHP says it underpaid current and former workers across the country for 13 years. Around 28,500 employees received less holiday than they were entitled to, a review conducted by the firm found. Meanwhile, 400 workers did not get additional allowances \"due to an error with the employment entity **Executive Order No. 130** \- lifted the ban on new mining agreements in the Philippines, allowing new mining projects to proceed under certain conditions. *Tung DVD nga 12 Inches Pila ka MB Storage: A standard DVD typically has a storage capacity of about 4.7 GB, regardless of its physical size. The 12-inch reference might be related to a specific type of DVD or format, but storage is not typically measured in MB.* *A single-layer DVD typically has 4.7 GB. Double-layer DVDs usually have a storage capacity of 9.4 GB, while specific DVD formats can hold up to 15.9 GB. The earliest DVD films were in standard definition and compressed using MPEG-2 at a bit rate of around 6 Mbits/s* *Tung sa Philex, Non of the Above. Choices: Lead, Zinc, Nickel: Philex Mining Corporation primarily focuses on gold and copper mining. It is not known for lead, zinc, or nickel.* **Extra Income in Coal Mine** *Choices: Carbon Trap, Flaring of Methane:* ***Carbon trapping or methane recovery** - can provide additional income by capturing methane for energy use.* ***Flaring methane* -** *is a method to safely dispose of it.* Break-Even Stripping Ratio Calculation: This requires detailed cost and ore value data. The formula is: Break-Even Stripping Ratio = Cost of Waste Removal Value of Ore Break-Even Stripping Ratio= Value of Ore Cost of Waste Removal ​ *If Supervisor with Incident, What to Do: Immediate steps include ensuring the safety of all personnel, assessing the situation, and coordinating with the rescue team or emergency services. Notifying the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) may be necessary based on the severity.* *Equity Bond: An equity bond is not a standard term. It might refer to hybrid securities or financial instruments involving equity and debt components.* **Anorthite** **-** *A type of plagioclase feldspar mineral, commonly found in igneous rocks and used in geological and petrological studies.* **Is Buying Speculative Price Unethical** \- Speculative buying itself is not necessarily unethical, but it can be if it involves misinformation, manipulation, or exploitation of vulnerable markets. **Is Oxygen Explosive** Oxygen itself is not explosive, but it supports combustion and can accelerate the burning of flammable materials. **Where is New York** ***New York*** is located in the ***northeastern United States, on the East Coast.*** **What is Sensitivity Analysis** **-** A technique used to predict the outcome of a decision based on varying input values, assessing how changes in assumptions impact results. **Base Metals** \- Metals that are not precious and are more abundant in the Earth\'s crust, such as: *copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and aluminum.* **Detailed Feasibility Study** An extensive analysis that assesses the technical, economic, and operational viability of a project, including cost estimates, market analysis, and risk assessment. **What is Grant in Economics** \- a financial award given to support specific projects or initiatives, often without the need for repayment. **Terabyte, Gigabyte, Megabyte, Kilobyte (Decreasing Order)** Terabyte (TB) Gigabyte (GB) Megabyte (MB) Kilobyte (KB) **Technical Feasibility Study** \- An analysis to determine if a project or system is technically achievable and what resources are needed for successful implementation. **Tactical Planning** **-** Short-term planning that focuses on specific actions and strategies to achieve immediate objectives or address current issues. **Bankable Feasibility Study** \- A comprehensive study that provides detailed data and analyses needed to attract investment, ensuring the project\'s financial viability. **Baseline Study** \- An initial assessment to establish the starting conditions of a project area, used for comparing future changes and impacts. **Inflation Rate** \- The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding purchasing power. **What Causes Future Dollars to Become Present Dollars** ***Discount Rate***: The process of discounting future cash flows to their present value is known as discounting. This involves applying a discount rate to account for the time value of money, reflecting the idea that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future. **Where Can You Find/Locate \"Printers\" in a Laptop**? Printers: The term \"printers\" generally refers to external devices, but if you're referring to the location of a \"printer driver\" or \"printer settings\" on a laptop, you would typically find these in the ***Control Panel (Windows)*** or S***ystem Preferences (Mac)***, under Devices and Printers or Printers & Scanners. **How to Prevent Acid Rain Around Coal Mines** Preventive Measures: ***Reduce Sulfur Emissions:*** Implement scrubbers on coal-burning equipment to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. ***Proper Waste Management:*** Manage and treat mine waste to prevent acid drainage. ***Reforestation and Vegetation:*** Plant vegetation to stabilize soil and reduce acid mine drainage. **Other Term for Bug in Jargon Terms** ***Glitch or Issue***: Common jargon terms for a bug or problem in software or systems. ***Convertible Assets*** \- Assets that can be easily converted into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss of value, such as marketable securities. ***Current Assets*** \- Assets expected to be converted into cash or used up within one year, such as accounts receivable, inventory, and cash. **What Fossil Fuel is the U.S. Currently Developing to Not Rely on Imported Fuel** ***Natural Gas:*** The U.S. is developing and increasing its production of natural gas to reduce reliance on imported fuels. **What is SLIM HOLE DRILLING? Main Purpose** \- A drilling technique that uses smaller diameter drill holes to reduce costs and improve precision. Commonly used in exploration and geotechnical investigations. **Seismic Survey:** Uses sound waves to map subsurface structures, typically for oil and gas exploration. **Bathymetric Survey:** Measures underwater topography, typically for mapping seabeds. **Aerial Survey:** Uses aircraft or drones to capture images and data of land surfaces. **Cross River Survey:** Likely refers to a survey conducted across a river for geological or environmental study. *Law that Allows Majority Foreign Companies in Mining for Exploring and Developing Petroleum* *Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942): This law allows for the participation of foreign companies in mining ventures.* **HTML** \- Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effects on web pages. **Salting** \- The practice of adding valuable minerals to a sample to mislead investors or evaluators about the quality of a mining property. **What is Alt+X Shortcut for** In many applications, this shortcut opens the ***\"Save As\"*** dialog. Or In some contexts, ***converts a Unicode value into a corresponding symbol***. Inserting characters by using ***hexidecimal Unicode values***. **Mining Industry Coordinating Council (MICC)** **-** a body in the Philippines responsible for overseeing and coordinating the implementation of mining policies. *Processes Occur in Geologic Time Scale and Hazards Associated* *Processes: Include plate tectonics, sedimentation, erosion, and metamorphism. Hazards can include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.* **What Makes Acid Mine Drainage Expensive Which Rich in Malachite?** Acid mine drainage (AMD) can be costly due to the need for extensive treatment to neutralize acidity and remove toxic metals. ***Malachite***, a copper carbonate mineral, indicates copper-rich deposits, ***complicating AMD management***. **Marcopper Disaster** \- A mining disaster in 1996 in the Philippines where tailings from the Marcopper Mining Corporation\'s mine leaked into rivers, causing significant environmental damage. *Practices Relevant to Mine Rehabilitation* *Include reforestation,* *soil stabilization,* *water treatment,* *and monitoring to restore ecosystems and mitigate environmental impact.* Concepts and Techniques of Metallurgy Concepts: Include extraction of metals, alloying, heat treatment, and materials science. Techniques involve smelting, refining, casting, and forging. **What is Casting in Metallurgy** \- A process where molten metal is poured into a mold to solidify into a desired shape. **Poisson\'s Ratio** \- A measure of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain in a material under stress, indicating its deformation characteristics. **lbs to Ounces Conversion** 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz). **Rock Resistance to Crushing and Impact** \- ***Compressive Strength*** and ***Toughness*** measure a rock\'s resistance to crushing and impact. *Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks* *Physical Properties:* *Include density,* *porosity,* *and permeability.* *Mechanical Properties:* *Include strength,* *hardness, and* *elasticity.* **Relative Movements of Tectonic Plates** Types: *Divergent (moving apart)* *convergent (colliding)* *and transform (sliding past each other)* ***Primary vs. Secondary Geological Structure*** *Primary Structures: Features formed during rock formation, like layering and folding.* *Secondary Structures: Features formed after rock formation, such as faults and joints.* **Mining Company Biggest Nickel Producer in 2021 in the Philippines** Company: ***Nickel Asia Corporation*** **Uses of Geological Materials and Resources** *Construction (sand, gravel, limestone)* *Energy (coal, oil, gas)* *Industry (metals, minerals)* *and agriculture (fertilizers).* ***Types of Ore Genesis*** *Types: Magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary, and metamorphic.* **Water Resources Distribution/Water Resources Percent Abundance** **97.5%** saltwater **2.5%** freshwater. *Freshwater is found in glaciers, ice caps, groundwater, and surface water.* **Ultimate Analysis** \- An analysis of the elemental composition of coal or other fuels, focusing on carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen content. **Fossil Fuels** Coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gas. **Ore Forming Minerals** Quartz, feldspar, calcite, and various metal ores like hematite and chalcopyrite. **Physical Properties of Minerals** Properties: Include color, hardness, luster, streak, and specific gravity. **What is Diaphaneity** \- The degree to which a mineral allows light to pass through it, ranging from transparent to opaque. **Properties of Minerals** Properties: Include physical properties (e.g., hardness, cleavage), chemical properties (e.g., reactivity), and optical properties (e.g., color, luster). Continental Plates List: Includes the African, Antarctic, Arabian, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American, Pacific, Indian, and other smaller plates like the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates. **Fossil Record/Geological Record** \- The record of the history of life on Earth preserved in sedimentary rock layers. **Parallel, Rectangular & Radial Drainage Pattern** ***Parallel***: Streams run parallel to each other. ***Rectangular***: Streams follow a pattern of right-angled bends. ***Radial***: Streams radiate out from a central high point. Trellis & Dendritic Drainage Pattern Trellis: Streams form parallel patterns with tributaries at right angles. Dendritic: Tree-like, with branching tributaries. Chute Geology River Definition: Likely refers to geological formations or features related to river chutes or channelling. Natural Levee Definition: An elevated landform along the banks of a river formed by sediment deposited during flood events. Landforms in Geology Examples: Mountains, valleys, plateaus, and plains. Grain Sizes of Granular Pebble Sizes: Typically range from 2 mm to 64 mm in diameter. Rock Sizes, Rock Classification Sizes: Include boulders, cobbles, pebbles, and granules. Classification: Based on texture, mineral content, and formation processes. Physical Layers of the Earth Layers: Crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Layers of the Atmosphere Layers: Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Who Proposed the Big Bang Theory? Proposer: Georges Lemaître initially proposed the concept, and it was further developed by Edwin Hubble and others. Accepted Theory About the Universe Theory: The Big Bang Theory, which describes the universe\'s origin from a singularity and its subsequent expansion. Why Gas is Abundant in Outer Space, How Earth is Formed? Gases like hydrogen and helium are abundant in space. Earth formed from the accretion of dust and gas around the young Sun, a process that included the aggregation of material and differentiation into core, mantle, and crust. How Many Weeks in One Year? Calculation: 52 weeks in a year, with an extra day or two depending on leap years. Escalation vs. Inflation Escalation: Increase in costs over time, often due to specific factors like labor or material costs. Inflation: General increase in prices and decrease in purchasing power of money. What is Scorification? A process in metallurgy where ores are heated in a furnace to separate valuable metals from impurities. *What Threshold Limit is Considered Poisonous Percentage?* *Threshold Limit: Varies by substance; typically measured in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³).* Coal Advisory Board A board or committee that provides advice and recommendations on coal industry practices and policies. Is Methane Non-Poisonous? Answer: Methane is not directly poisonous, but it is asphyxiant in high concentrations because it displaces oxygen. Is Hydrogen Sulfide Poisonous? Answer: Yes, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is highly poisonous and can cause serious health effects or death at high concentrations. How to Mitigate Acid Rain and Its Cause? Mitigation: Reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) through cleaner technologies and regulations. What is the Use of Reforestation? Purpose: Reforestation helps restore ecosystems, improve air quality, and prevent soil erosion. It can also mitigate the effects of acid rain by stabilizing soil and enhancing water retention. SCR Meaning in Mining SDMP SCR: Sustainable Community Relations, part of the Social Development and Management Program (SDMP) in mining. Why is the Outcrop of Porphyry Copper Not a Representation of the Whole Body? An outcrop only shows a small portion of the deposit\'s surface, which might not fully represent the depth or lateral extent of the ore body. Is There Nickel in Philex? Answer: Philex Mining Corporation is primarily known for gold and copper mining, not nickel. Do We Use Tunneling as an Exploration Method? Yes, tunneling is used in exploration to access and evaluate underground deposits. What is PD 463? Presidential Decree No. 463, or the Mineral Resources Development Decree of 1974, regulates mineral resource exploration and development in the Philippines. Where is the UK? Location: The United Kingdom (UK) is located in Northwestern Europe, comprising the island of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. What is Hedging in Mining? Hedging in mining involves using financial instruments to lock in prices for metals or other commodities to protect against price volatility. *Carbon Capture, Gas Desulfurization* *Carbon Capture: Technologies to capture and store CO₂ emissions from industrial processes.* *Gas Desulfurization: Processes to remove sulfur compounds from gases, typically to reduce pollution.* Why is Anthracite a Good Ingredient in Manufacturing Carbide? Anthracite has a high carbon content and low impurities, making it ideal for producing high-quality carbide. Upline of Statement Income Refers to the upper section of the income statement, including revenues and operating expenses. Bottom Line of Statement Income Definition: The net income or profit after all expenses, taxes, and costs have been deducted from total revenue. Can Reforestation Prevent Acid Rain? Reforestation can help mitigate the effects of acid rain by stabilizing soil and reducing runoff, though it does not prevent acid rain directly. Explosive Gas in Coal Mine But Not Poisonous Answer: Methane (CH₄) is explosive but not directly poisonous at low concentrations. Melting Point of Uranium, Beryllium, Chromium, Molybdenum Uranium: \~1,132°C Beryllium: \~1,287°C Chromium: \~1,907°C Molybdenum: \~2,623°C Highest Melting Point in Metal Metal: Tungsten has the highest melting point at \~3,422°C. Other Term for US GPS Galileo/What is Europe GPS? Answer: Galileo is the European global navigation satellite system, while the U.S. system is GPS. Other term for GPS: \- high-frequency direction finder \- huff-duff \- radio direction finder Paris Peace Conference Event: The conference held in 1919 to negotiate the peace treaties that ended World War I. Rio de Janeiro Conference The Earth Summit held in 1992, focusing on sustainable development and environmental issues.