ENGLISH-REVIEWER.pdf

Gathering Information — The act of getting varied kinds of information for a particular reason or purpose. The common methods in gathering information are the following: 1. reading 2. interviews 3. questioning 4. questionnaires 5. observation 6. study of existing reports Cornell Method The is u...

Gathering Information — The act of getting varied kinds of information for a particular reason or purpose. The common methods in gathering information are the following: 1. reading 2. interviews 3. questioning 4. questionnaires 5. observation 6. study of existing reports Cornell Method The is used by dividing the paper in two columns. The first column is used to enter key or cue words while the second is the notes column for recording ideas and facts. Mind mapping method The method is to see the main idea and how information related to one another. This method uses diagram to represent words, ideas, tasks or other items linked to and arranged radially around a central key word. Outlining Method Organizes information into main topic and sub topic through numbers, roman numerals and letters. Skimming —is reading swiftly or glancing quickly through printed material in search for the main idea. Scanning —is finding the special details to find specific facts or to answer a question. Textual Aids Refer to non-textual elements that help readers understand the content of the text. Elements that stand-out from the main text such as titles and subtitles, bold, italicized and underlined texts. Non-textual elements include illustrations, maps, tables, graphs and charts Titles & Subtitles Provide initial idea on what the text is all about, thus activating what the readers already know about the topic. Aids “represent the key concepts (title) and supporting ideas (subtitles) in the paper”. The layering or positioning of these aids convey the ideas’ level of importance Illustrations —are visual representations of a subject to make it more pleasing and easier to understand and to facilitate better retention of the information presented. Tables—show information (facts and figures) that are organized and arranged in columns and rows. Graphs —A chart that shows the relationship between changing things Bar Graphs It uses either vertical or horizontal bars to show the data it represents but Skills YouNeed.com (2020) emphasized that these bars do not touch each other. show data that are independent from each other but are somehow still related. Line Graph — show how numerical data have changed over time and it is best used to show trends. Pie Graphs These graphs show a ratio or percentage show “how a whole is divided into different parts” Pictographs are “similar to bar chart but use pictures to symbolize a countable unit of items” Maps—Visual representations of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface. Physical map—usually includes labels for features such as mountain ranges and bodies of water. Political map—usually includes labels for features such as cities and major towns, units such as states or provinces, bodies of water. Characters Can be human beings (protagonist vs. antagonist) supernatural beings, animals or even inanimate objects Characterization — The winter reveals the personality of a character a) Direct readers – told are explicitly b) Indirect – readers discover Setting — Place of occurrence, the time in which the event takes place, a historical period, and even the weather described in the story. Plot Story sequence where the characters systematically play their roles. It is also where the setting acts a supporting element in the development of the story. Conflict – refers to the struggle between opposing forces in a story. To inform—Directly and explicitly known from its genre or its theme. Examples: Documentaries News Announcements To entertain — Does not necessarily mean to create a pleasant feeling such as when watching those ‘feel- good’ type of movies like comedies or those ‘happily ever after’ films. Examples: Movies/TV Series Dramas Skits Vlogs To persuade — Is to try or change their convince the readers to minds into accepting your perspective or point of view. Examples: Persuasive essays Advertisements Subtext underlying message, theme, or metaphor being conveyed through the dialogues, images, background music, or even the whole film itself. are not directly stated but rather realized by the audience as they appraise the characterizations, the settings, and the story plot. Print Source — Material that has been printed and can be produced in a hard copy. The C.R.A.A.P. Test Currency – The timeliness of the information. Relevance – The importance of the information for your needs Authority – The source of the information Accuracy – The reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content. Purpose – The reason the information exists. Web source — Include anything you can find on the Internet, which contains a wealth of high-quality information if you know where to look Listening — The active process of receiving and responding to spoken (and sometimes unspoken) messages Five Stages of the Listening Process Receiving Understanding Evaluating Remembering Responding Appreciative listening — Listening for pleasure and enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech Empathic listening — Focuses on understanding and identifying a person’s situation, feelings, or motives; there is an attempt to understand what the other person is feeling Comprehensive/ Active Listening — Listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend’s house — Focuses on accurately understanding the meaning of the speaker’s words while simultaneously interpreting non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, and vocal quality Analytical Listening — Focuses on evaluating whether a message is logical and reasonable — Evaluates a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it — Asks you to make judgements based on your evaluation of the speaker’s arguments Critical thinking — is the act of analyzing facts to understand a problem or topic thoroughly. TIPS ON BEING A GOOD LISTENER: 1. Withhold judgment. It is often difficult to understand another person’s ideas especially when you have a strong opinion about something but you have to listen first before you evaluate. 2. Talk and interrupt less. Sometimes the best approach to listening is to let the speaker talk. Speak only when necessary. In this way, quality communication is achieved and your level of understanding improved. 3. Ask questions. Sincere questions are genuine requests for information to gather facts and details, clarify meanings and encourage a speaker to elaborate 4. Paraphrase. Paraphrasing involves restating speaker’s ideas in your own words to make sure you have understood them correctly. 5. Attend to non-verbal cues. Focusing on a speaker’s non-verbal cues may tell you more than his or her words. Non-verbal cues include gestures, postures, vocal tones, facial expression, and more. 6. Take notes. When the conversation involves details or ideas you need to remember, notes can be essential. 7. Analyze the speaker’s evidence. As a good listener, you need to ask yourself about evidences a speaker gives to support his or her statements. Once you’ve identified the evidence, you need to make sure it is valid. When do we say that evidences/proofs are valid or invalid? The validity of evidences means details given were research- based, true, and supported by statistics. Evidences are invalid on the other hand if they are opinionated and not supported research. 8. Examine emotional appeals. Sometimes emotional reactions are a valid basis for action. In some cases though, emotional appeals can obscure important logical considerations. Objective Statement Based on facts Is either true or false Could be understood by a robot Unbiased Impartial “Unmovable” opinion. Like an “object” Subjective Statement Based on opinions Is neither true nor false Makes a judgment about something The opposite of objective “Subject” to your own personal opinion or bias Types of Texts a) LITERARY TEXTS (Fictional Pieces) - poems, epic, and short stories b) INFORMATIONAL TEXTS (Non-Fiction Writing) - essays, newspaper articles, reference books According to Thomson, De Bartoli and Buckley (2013), successful reading involves the following: Retrieving Interpreting Integrating Reflecting Evaluating Short Story – a genre of a literary text MYTHS - a subgenre of a short story - an ancient story created to explain natural events, present a lesson on how to live, or serve as warning to follow the rules of the society. - added features such as having gods and goddesses as characters SHORT STORIES: SETTING CHARACTERS PLOT (suspense, foreshadowing, flashback, cliffhanger) CONFLICT THEME MYTHS: Characters – Heroes, monsters, gods/goddesses. Plot and Conflict – hero’s quest/adventure, beliefs, transformations of creatures Setting – highly descriptive and must be vivid to be visualized Life Lesson PERSUASIVE ESSAY refers to the kind of writing, which presents reasons and examples to effect thought and/or action requires the clear statement of an opinion and reasons or specific examples to support said opinion T.E.L.L.S. Thesis Evidence Logic Language Style Hearing Accidental Involuntary Effortless Listening Accidental Voluntary Intentional ACCURACY/VALIDITY - Indicates that the information is truthful and correct. ADEQUACY - Refers to the information being complete. RELEVANCE - Is the importance or usefulness of the delivered information.