ENGLISH Q1 REVIEWER.docx

**[BEGINNING]**: !! **[Gaea]** : First devine being -- gave birth to **[Uranus]**. **[Kronus -]** Gaea & Uranus's [Son] **[Rhea]** - Gaea & Uranus's [Daughter] **[Kronus & Rhea ]** \" [Had 6 children] " Kronus, afraid that his child might overthrow him, [ate his childs]. \[1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,...

**[BEGINNING]**: !! **[Gaea]** : First devine being -- gave birth to **[Uranus]**. **[Kronus -]** Gaea & Uranus's [Son] **[Rhea]** - Gaea & Uranus's [Daughter] **[Kronus & Rhea ]** \" [Had 6 children] " Kronus, afraid that his child might overthrow him, [ate his childs]. \[1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th\] [Rhea saved their sixth child] from being eaten by Kronus. **[Zeus]** - Kronus & Rhea's [6TH CHILD] - [*The siblings*:] **[HADES/PLUTO -]** God of the [underworld] **POSEIDON/NEPTUNE -** - God of [sea] **[ZUES/JUPITER]** - God of sky ; Ruler of all gods and goddesses **[HERA/JUNO]** - Goddess of [women ; Zeus wife ; Queen of Mt. Olympus] **[DEMETER/CERES]** - Goddess of [Harvest] **[HESTIA/VESTA -]** Goddess of [hearth and home. ( virgin goddess )] - - - - - - - **[APHRODITE -] Goddess of [Love & Beauty ]** **[ILIAD ]** - - - **[Trojan War]** ============================ - **The Beginning :** **[Thetis & Peleus' wedding.]** - - **[ACHILLES]** - Peleus' and Thetis' *[Son]*. ( The strongest greek warrior - ***Golden Apple*** (to the Fairest of all goddesses ) \~ Thrown by Eris at the banquet. ( caused chaos ) - **[PARIS-]** The **[price of Troy ]** - [Hera] - to give him [powers]. [Athena] - to help him [win all war.] [Aphrodite] - to give him the [most beautiful woman.] \* **[Paris chose Aphrodite.]** **[Helen -]** The most beautiful woman ; WIFE OF **[MENELEUS] - [King of Sparta]** **Aphrodite** - - - - - - - **[PRIAM]** - **[King of Troy]** : [Father of paris and hector] **[HECTOR]** - [Brother of Paris] : **[Strongest warrior of Troy]** - - - **[Andromache]** - [Hector's Wife] ; The mother of his first and only son. **[Scamandrius]** - [Hector's Son] : whom the people of Troy know as ***[Astyanax]***. **END OF TROJAN WAR** - **[\*TROJAN HORSE]** - The meaning of ODYSSEY is a [long wandering or voyage] usually marked by many changes of fortune. *The fall of Troy:* [Ten years have passed] since the fall of Troy, and the Greek hero **[Odysseus]** still has not returned to [his kingdom in **Ithaca**.] - - **[Ogygia]** - **[Island]** where Odysseus was trapped for **[7 years. ]** While the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus debate Odysseus\'s future, **[Athena!]**, **[Odysseus\'s strongest supporter among the gods]**, resolves to help **[Telemachus]** find his father. - *The mob of Suitors:* In the long absence of the King, a [large and rowdy mob of suitors] who have overrun Odysseus' palace and pillaged his land continue to [court his wife,] **[Penelope]**. - *The news of Athena*: After the people of Ithaca thought that Odysseus is dead, **[Athena in disguised informed Telemachus]** [that his father is still alive and need to search him.] [Telemachus then went to **Pylos** to meet **King Nestor** and was redirected to **King Menelaus (**] King of Sparta ). *The plan to murder Telemachus*: Menelaus, Odysseus\'s companion during the war, informs him that Odysseus is alive and trapped on Calypso\'s island. [Telemachus makes plans to return home], while, back in Ithaca, **[Antinous]** [and the other suitors prepare an ambush to kill him when he reaches port.] - *The Message of Hermes:* On Mount Olympus, **[Zeus sends Hermes to rescue Odysseus from Calypso on Athena\'s wishes]**. [Hermes persuades Calypso to let Odysseus build a ship and leave.] Calypso then, let go of Odysseus. The homesick hero sets sail at the sea, but when **[Poseidon]**, [god of the sea, finds him sailing home, **he sends a storm to wreck Odysseus\'s ship.**] Poseidon has [*harbored a bitter grudge against Odysseus* **since the hero blinded his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus, earlier in his travels.**] *Saved by Athena, again:* [Athena intervenes to save Odysseus from Poseidon\'s wrath], and the beleaguered king lands at ***[Scheria]***, [home of phaecians]. [**Nausicaa** *the* *Phaecian Princess*] shows him to the royal palace, and Odysseus receives a warm welcome from the king and queen. When he identifies himself as Odysseus, *[his hosts, who have heard of his exploits at Troy, are stunned. They promise to give him safe passage to Ithaca,]* but first *[they beg to hear the story of his adventures.]* **!! TAKE NOTE !!** Odyssey, started **[In Medias Res]** *( in the middle of things )* The last adventure of Odysseus was being trapped at the Ogygia Island & Poseidon's Wrath. ***7 years at the island &*** **3 years full of adventures:** [Land of Lotus Eaters] [Battle with Polyphemus the Cyclops] *[His love affair with the witch-goddess **Circe**]* *[His temptations by the deadly sirens ( had an affair with a siren )]* [ His journey into Hades] [His fight with the sea monster Scylla] [The challenge of Helios\' cattles] ( he got back to his kingdom : Ithaca ) *The plan to massacre the suitors*: **[He soon encounters Telemachus]**, who has returned from Pylos and Sparta despite the suitors\' ambush ( Telemachus survived! ) [and reveals to him his true identity.] *[Odysseus and Telemachus devise a plan to **massacre the suitors** and regain control of Ithaca.]* *Disguised as a beggar* : When Odysseus arrives at the palace the next day, still disguised as a beggar, he endures abuse and insults from the suitors. The only person who recognizes him is **[his old nurse, Eurycleia]**, but she swears not to disclose his secret.**[Penelope takes an interest in this strange beggar, suspecting that he might be her long-lost husband.]** !! The 3 people who recognized Odysseus was : Penelope, Eurycleia, & Telemachus. *[The Archery Challenge:]* ***Penelope organizes an archery contest*** the following day and [promises to marry any man who can string Odysseus\'s great bow and fire an arrow through a row of twelve axes] **[feat that only Odysseus has ever been able to accomplish.]** [**!!** *Odysseus is the only one in his kingdom who's good at archery- he was the best ( reason why Penelope chose this contest )*] [*Odysseus then, won the contest* **Odysseus reveals himself to the entire palace and reunites with his loving Penelope.** *( Shot all the suitors who tried to kill his son with the arrow )* ]He [travels to the outskirts of Ithaca to see his aging father, Laertes.] [They come under attack from the vengeful family members of the dead suitors, but ***Laertes***, reinvigorated by his son\'s return, **successfully kills Antinous\'s fathe**r and puts a stop to the attack. ] *[Zeus dispatches Athena to restore peace. With his power secure and his family reunited, Odysseus\'s long ordeal comes to an end.]* OEDIPUS REX **sophocles -** Considered *[one of the three greatest playwrights of classical Greek]* theater, Sophocles was a *[friend of Pericles and Herodotus]*, and a respected citizen who [held political and military offices in fifth-century B.C.E. Athens]. He [won fame by defeating the playwright Aeschylus for a prize in tragic drama at Athens in 468 B.C.E.] \- [Only seven of his complete plays have survived to reach the modern era,] but he [wrote more than 100 and won first prize in 24 contests.] Best known are his three **[Theban plays, Antigone, Oedipus Rex, and Oedipus at Colonus]**. Sophocles\'s [other complete surviving works are Electra, Philoctetes, and Trachinian Women.] He is credited with [changing Greek drama by adding a third actor, reducing the role of the chorus, and paying greater attention to character development.] **Oedipus Rex** Full Title: Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King When Written&published : circa 429 B.C.E. Where Written: Athens,Greece Literary Period: Classical Genre: Tragic drama Setting: The royal house of Thebes **Oedipus Rex Characters/Settings** [Oedipus] - king of **THEBES** who once saved them from the tyranny of the terrible Sphinx 15 years ago. [Jocasta] - Queen of Thebes and [*former wife of Laius*] and now the wife of Oedipus. Creon - [Brother of Jocasta, Step-brother of Oedipus.] [Laius] - [Former king of Thebes], Was killed by his son. [Tiresias] - [The blind prophet], who sees the past, present, and future [Polybus] - King of **Corinth,** adopted Oedipus [Merope] - Queen of **Corinth**, adopted Oedipus **[The Sphinx was a being with the head of a woman, the body of a lioness, the wings of an eagle and the tail of a serpent.]** She guarded the entrance to the city of Thebes and would pose a riddle to travellers who aimed to enter. If they could not answer it, she would devour them. The riddle is \"What goes on fours in the morning, on twos in the afternoon and on threes at night?\" the city of Thebes is [suffering terribly]. *Citizens are dying from plague, crops fail, women are dying in childbirth and their babies are stillborn.* A group of priests comes to the royal palace to ask for help from Oedipus, their king who once saved them from the tyranny of the terrible Sphinx 15 years ago. Oedipus has already sent his brother-in-law, Creon, to the [**Oracle** of the god Apollo to find out what can be done.] [for the plague to be lifted from the city, the murderer of Laius must be discovered and punished]. The oracle claims that *the murderer is still living in Thebes*, [Oedipus curses the unknown murderer and swears he will find and punish him.] *Oedipus sends for Tiresias, the blind prophet,* *Tiresias comes, but refuses to tell Oedipus what he has seen in his prophetic visions*. Oedipus accuses Tiresias of playing a part in Laius\'s death. Tiresias grows angry and says that *[Oedipus is the cause of the plague-he is the murderer of Laius.]* As the argument escalates, [Oedipus accuses Tiresias of plotting with Creon to overthrow him], while Tiresias hints at other terrible things that Oedipus has done. Jocasta tells him the prophecy she once received-[that Laius, her first husband, would be killed by their own son]. [And yet, Laius was killed by strangers, and *her own infant son was left to die in the mountains*.] But her description of [where Laius was killed -a **triple crossroad** ]worries Oedipus : He tells Jocasta that oracles have played a big part in his life as well-he received **a prophecy** [that he would kill his father and sleep with his mother, which is why he left Corinth], the city he was raised in, and never returned. When Laius\' son is born, he consults an oracle as to his fortune. To his horror, [*the oracle reveals that Laius* \"is doomed to perish by the hand of his own son.\"] *[Laius binds the infant\'s feet together with a pin and orders Jocasta to kill him.]* Unable to do so to her own son, [Jocasta orders a servant to slay the infant instead.] The servant exposes the infant on a mountaintop, where he is found and rescued by a shepherd. (In other versions, the servant gives the infant to the shepherd.) The [shepherd names the child Oedipus], \"swollen foot\", as his feet had been tightly bound by Laius. [The shepherd brings the infant to Corinth], and presents him to the childless [king Polybus and Merope, who raises Oedipus as his own son.] Jocasta begs Oedipus to abandon his search for his origins, but Oedipus insists he must know the story of his birth. Jocasta cries out in agony and leaves the stage. *The shepherd arrives but doesn\'t want to tell what he knows*. [Only under threat of death does he reveal that he disobeyed the order to kill the infant son of Laius and Jocasta, and instead gave that baby to the messenger. **That baby was Oedipus, who**] **in fact killed his father Laius and married his mother.** FLASHBACK: THE CURSE OF LAIUS The misfortunes of Thebes are believed to be the result of a curse laid upon Laius for the time he had violated the sacred laws of hospitality (Greek: **[xenia]**). In his youth, [Laius was taken in as a guest by **Pelops, king of Elis**], where he would become [tutor to the king\'s youngest son], **Chrysippus**, in chariot racing. [Apollo, the protector of youth and boys cursed him for **raping Pelops\' son**.] [Chrysippus committed suicide.] THE TRAGIC ENDING OF OEDIPUS [Oedipus realizes that he has fulfilled his awful prophecy. Queen Jocasta kills herself], a[nd Oedipus, in a fit of grief, gouges out his own eyes.] [Blind and grief-stricken, Oedipus bemoans his fate.] [Creon, after consulting an oracle, grants Oedipus\'s request and banishes him from Thebes.]