English Lecture Handout (S3) PDF

ENGLISH LECTURE HANDOUT for Bachelor students (S3) By Dr. N. MANA Contents Basic mathematical symbols Plural Articles Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1 2022/2023  Basic mathematical symbols The ta...

ENGLISH LECTURE HANDOUT for Bachelor students (S3) By Dr. N. MANA Contents Basic mathematical symbols Plural Articles Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1 2022/2023  Basic mathematical symbols The table below provides a list of the most common symbols and notes on their name and meaning Symbol Symbol name Meaning/ de…nition Example = equals sign equality 5=2+3 6= not equal sign inequality 5 6= 4 approximately equal approximation sin(0:01) 0:01 > strict inequality greater than 5>4 < strict inequality less than 5 much greater than much greater than ! exclamation mark factorial 4! = 1 2 3 4 = 24 (a; b) open interval (a; b) = fxja < x < bg x 2 (2; 6) [a; b] closed interval [a; b] = fxja x bg x 2 [2; 6] delta change / di¤erence t = t1 t0 discriminant = b2 4ac summation- sum of all sigma values in range of series {} set a collection of elements A = {3,7,9,14} objects that belong to A\B intersection set A and set B objects that belong to A[B union set A or set B A is a subset of B. Set A B subset A is included in set B strict subset/ A is a subset of B, but A B proper subset A is not equal to B ) implies , equivalent if and only if 8 for all 9 there exists dy dx ; y0 derivative @f (x;y) @x partial derivative R integral opposite to derivation Basic mathematical symbols 5 Example 1 j-5j=j5j=5: the absolute value of minus …ve equals the absolute value of …ve and equals …ve. Example 2 sin(0:01) 0:01 : the sine of zero point zero one approximately equals zero point zero.  Plural A. What are plural nouns? A noun is plural when it represents two or more people, places, things, or ideas. You can identify most plural nouns because they end in –s or –es, although there are plenty of exceptions. In particular, irregular plural nouns each have their own special plural forms, such as child and its plural form, children. B. How to make plural nouns? 1. To make the plural form of regular nouns, we add s at the end: book ! books, method ! methods, paper ! papers, ray ! rays. 2. If the singular noun ends in s, ss, sh, ch, x or z, we add es : bus ! buses, boss ! bosses, leash ! leashes, lunch ! lunches, tax ! taxes, blitz ! blitzes. Some singular nouns ending in z, require we double the consonant z before adding the es: quiz ! quizes. 3. If a singular noun ends in consonant + y, we change the ending to ies to make the noun plural: theory ! theories, supply ! supplies. 4. If the noun ends with f or fe, the f is often changed to ves to form the plural version: knife ! knives, thief ! thieves. Exceptions: roof ! roofs, belief ! beliefs, chef ! chefs, chief ! chiefs 5. If the singular noun ends in o, we add es : potato ! potatoes, tomato ! tomatoes. Exceptions: photo ! photos, piano ! pianos, halo ! halos. 6. Some nouns don’t change when they’re pluralized: sheep ! sheep, series ! series, species ! species, deer ! deer, aircraft ! aircraft, algebra ! algebra, speech ! speech, research ! research. 7. Irregular plural nouns: man ! men, woman ! women, child ! children, tooth ! teeth, foot ! feet, mouse ! mice. Plural 7 8. Some words with Greek and Latin origine make their plurals according to the rules of Greek and Latin with English pronunciation: alumnus ! alumni, thesis ! theses, hypothesis ! hypotheses, diagnosis ! diagnoses, oasis ! oases, analysis ! analyses, syllabus ! syllabi, alumna ! alumnae, alga ! algae, criterion ! criteria, forum ! fora/forums, phenomenon ! phenomena, formula ! formulae/formulas.  Articles: a/an, the, no article The article a/an is used with singular countable nouns - the …rst time you mention a thing/ person: I saw an old man with a dog. - when you say what something is: It’s a nice house. - when you say what somebody does (profession) : She’s a teacher. - in exclamations with What: What a shocking news! - in expressions like: three times a week. Important: ,! Use the article a when it comes before a word beginning with a consonant sound: a toy, a book, a house. ,! Use the article an when it comes before a word beginning with a vowel sound: an operation, an idea, an apple. The article the is used - when we talk about something that we have already mentioned: I saw an old man with a dog. The dog was barking. - when there is only one of something (unique): The moon, the sun,..... - when it is clear what you are referring to: He opened the door. - with places in a town: I’m going to the cinema. - with superlatives: It’s the best book I’ve ever read. No article is used - when you speak in general (with plural and uncountable nouns): Gold, iron and copper are metals. - with some nouns (e.g. home, work, school) after at/ to/ from: I get back from school at 3:00. Articles 9 - before meals, days, and months: I had lunch with my friend. - before next/ last + days, week, etc: See you next Friday. - for continents, cities or countries: He went to Africa and visited Botswana, Swaziland and Zambia. Exercise 1 Complete with the correct article: a, an, the or – (for no article) 1. Do you need....... degree in....... economics to be a better manager? ,! Do you need..a.. degree in..–.. economics to be a better manager? 2........ Mt. Everest is....... highest mountain in....... world. 3........ attempt has been made to collect....... funds to start....... public library in....... town where I live. 4........ Life can be very hard for....... poor. 5. Anyone who has....... information should contact....... local police.