ENGLISH Exam (1) PDF

DIGITAL US DICTIONARI Merriam-Webster Dictionary & Thesaurus: An often small mechanical or electronic device with a practical use but often thought of as a novelty. Wikipedia:...

DIGITAL US DICTIONARI Merriam-Webster Dictionary & Thesaurus: An often small mechanical or electronic device with a practical use but often thought of as a novelty. Wikipedia: "A gadget Wikipedia: "A gadgetororgizmo gizmo is aisdevice a de that has that ahas useful i specific. Gadgets purpose and function. Gadgets tendtend to betomore be unusual more or cleverly designed than normal technology." an normal Eample: te MP3 players, remote control devices of any sort, cordless mouse, Swiss army knife army kr ife Consumer electronics Look at the extracts (a-f) from the radio show in Exercise 1. Who s speaking each time: the man or the woman? What do the words and expressions in bold mean? What cool new gadget are you going to wow us with today? Books hawe gone digital. You've been reading too much hype! | really don't think any device, no matter how slick and quick and easy to use, can possibly replace a much-loved book. Not to speak of the mountains and mountains of newspapers trashed every single day. You're definitely sold an the idea. Underline the correct word or expression. a The audience was really hyped / wowed by the special effects. Did you know that millions of cell phanes are slick { trashed every year? There was a delay of over a year and a half before the TV channel finally soid on the idea / went digital. The presentation of the new prototype was very slick / wow and impressive. As soon as he saw the sales figures, he was completely sold on the idea / trashed| There was so much hype / slick when the movie first came out that it was very difficult for it to live up to expectalions. a pulsing. verb [I]: vibrating or sounding f stream noun [C]: a continuous flow rhythmically g skyracket verb : to increase at a rapid rate b dystopian adjective: describing a place that is h _tangle noun [C] a confused mass of bad or degraded something twisted together € swiping verb [T]: passing a finger or card over i _pace noun [U]: the speed at which asurface something happens cutting-edge adjective: the most up-to-date and j downfall noun [U]: a loss of power, prosperity technologically advanced or status eundeniable adjective: describing something that cannot be questioned a coin verb [T): use a word or phrase that noone has einfluenceadjective: describes an action or change that used before has a very big effect autonomous adjective: independent and able to make f venture noun [C): a new business or activity their own decisions g _basic_ adjective: very common Csimulate verb [T): produce the features of something x in a way that seems real but is not Falgorythmnoun [C): a set of rules for solving problems or doing calculations inlescapableadjective: impossible to avoid or ignore 1 _pc__ stands for personal 4 The WIFI_ stands for wireless, computer. the does not actually GPS stand for anything but simply 2 - stands for global creates a catchy name with positioning system - most frequently used in satnavs the rhyme. It echoes the use - Ay f hi-fi used for high fidelity (satellite navigation systems) © in cars, buses, and taxis. m:l:‘lc systems. MP3 5 T _isapersonal 3 Mpsltaav:gsa'grrr;i%a of identification number, used compressing the size of a most frequently with bank computer file that contains f\afi‘:s to get $5h from an sound, especially music, so > that it can be sent quickly by 6 4G __ stands for fourth email or over the internet. generation, a technology that gives you a high-speed connection to the internet, video, and multimedia on your cell phone. G Compound nouns security center: a system which is used to protect your home and alert you to Cell phone any intruders grocery shopping cell phone: a device you use to listen to music or radio shows, or to watch evening meal movies or TV shows security control voicemail: a system for storing and retrieving messages left, for example on yol payment system phone card reader evening meal: supper or dinner central heating grocery shopping: the act of going out to buy food speech recognition data network  COMPOUND NOUNS, PARAGRAPHS and SENTENCES Vocabulary: compound nouns A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more parts. Sometimes a compound noun can be written as one word, sometimes as two or more words, and sometimes the parts are hyphenated. There is no rule to determine which way they are written, and sometimes there is more than one acceptable way. | simple TS i _E Complex sentence Multi-clause One clause el ey emeaeeadd < % 1 Your phone can re-program It can control your home, re- the central heating programming the central heating and alerting you if the home security system is friggered. i Complex sentence is formed by adding one or more subordinate i ([dependent) clauses to the main (independent] clause using i conjunctions and/or relative pronouns. A clause is a simple entence. Simple sentences contain only one clause (verb group). omplex sentences contain more than one clause (verb group).  Complex sentences * While a simple sentence contains just one - clause, complex sentences contain at least one main clause and then one, two, or several, C e omplex Sentence subordinate clauses. Simple sentence: A complex sentence has an independent clause and at It's the product of the future. least one dependent clause. Complex sentence: take |t out the oven. (Add a participle clause) Outselling all others, it's the product of the future. depese clause Insependent clacse (Add a relative clause) Outselling all others, (Thi can' st akos &5 8. s can s akone 93 sencence) entence it's the product of the future (that) we've all dreamed about. * The subordinate clause gives more information about the main clause. Subordinate clauses can be participle clause, relative clauses, and clauses starting with a linker (because, as, and, etc.). * Coordinating conjunctions (and, so, but, etc.) can be used to add additional main clauses. Outselting all others, it's the product of the future (that) we've all dreamed about, and we think it will only get better in the future. Simple sentences only and to avoid unnecessary Linkers are often used called you to talk about the contain one clause: | calfed repetition. The main clause tointroduce subordinate new project. Tom. describes the main or clauses. Participle clauses are often A complex sentence central event: | called Tom., 1 calted you because | used to combine sentences contains two or more A main clause is similar wanfed to falk about the and avoid repetition. They clauses: {1} | called Tom to a sentence: it typically project. Relative proncuns are particularly common (2) because [ was boved. contains a subject and a are also used:... the project in more formal written (1) Feeling bored, (2) calted verb. The other clauses are that starts next week. styles: Needing fo falk to Tom, (3) who was stillaf suberdinate clauses and Subject pronouns, someone, | pickedup Ehe wark. add infarmation about the auxiliaries, and main verbs felephone. Complex sentences are main event: Feeling bored, can often be dropgedin used to show the link | calied Tom, who was still subordinate clauses:/ P Mow do Exercise 1. between ideas and events at work. What Is A'Faiagrapn: A paragraph is a block of sentences within a larger piece of writing. this piece of writing could bx fictional, an essay, an article or any other piece of written text. Most commonly, a paragraph will be used to discuss a particular theme within the writing. for example, if a piece of writing is taliG: about animals, the author might use different paragraphs in order to discuss each individual animal to be talked about. What Is A Paragraph Used For? Each paragraph within the writing is used to discuss a spexific thought or idea. Mixing ideas and thoughts within a paragraph should not be done and if a new idea needs to be discussed, a new paragraph should be started. A paragraph within a book will usually begin with an indentation to signal the start of the new paragraph. When writing non-fiction works, a body paragraph is one which appears anywhere between the introduction and the conclusion of the piece of writing and isusually constructed in a particular way.  Topic Sentence *General without belng too broad: sHasacontrollingidea *Mustbea complete sentence Supporting sentences - gives information to support the topic sentence - Can be a definition, explanation or example Concluding Sentence *Restates the main idea of the paragraph *Remindsthe reader of the controllingidea *Can give a warning, prediction, or opinion that has been Tleamed’ by the writer MODALS: FUTURE Part 2: Speculating about the Future Modal verbs ‘something will happen, way to travel through time. that = you're fairly will = you are confident although there may be Adverbs with may, might, confident but not 100% that something will g"fisfie" S‘P“?F:‘;“ ; andcoutd sure: /s likely fa happer happen: Time travel will ould frappen fairfy soon i in the next twenty years. ane day be possible our prajections are correci, ¥0U €an use the adverbs be (highty) unlikely tofthat. = there p is a may/might Adverbs with wiltand worre POSSibly 5 { tvery} well= / = you're fairly confident = easily with may, might, and possibility, but you're not You can use aldwerbs s = something will not happen: 100% sure: Time travel such as certainty, almaost coutd: Our grandchlidren 11 hightly uniikely that i h; day be certainly, definifely, easily, may [ might [ could well ’""1',;‘: one day probably with will and travel to the moon. people will ever live on the moon. covid = it logically or yw::r-!si:neg:j:tfi‘;:;:munbdzzl Phrases: the following Note: use to + infinitive physically possible, bUt YOU probably have colonized phrases 1|:an also be hused after ikelyfuntikely when are not saying that it will Ihe moon belore the andof to spe_cu ate about the the subject of the verb definitely happen: i could the century. The adverbs future: h.e sure fo f bound is the same: We're likely happen one day. usually come between fo = you're confident "jal o be [ate. Use that when should f ouwght fo = will and the main verb byt Something will happen: Ehe subjectis different: Jt's you think it is logicalf before won't: We certainty They're bound to find a Tikefy that we'll be fale. reasonable to expect that won't have developed @ clean alfernative to o, e (highly) likely o/ P Now do Exercise 2. a |may / won't well have to do some work over the weekend. b | probably won't / might not be taking another vacation until next year. ¢ | think | could / should be able to get this exercise done fairly quickly. d It's highly unlikely to be / that I'll be going out tonight. e I'm bound to / It's unlikely to get a new job before the end of the year. f |certainly won't / won't certainly be studying English by this time next year. Choose the appropriate words to complete the sentences. a. Widespread use of driverless cars is bound to happen in the next 20 years. b. We more easily get lost if we don't start using the GPS. c. They may will almost certainly show up at some point — they never miss the chance for a free meal. d. The school is somewhat highly likely to close tomorrow due to the extreme weather conditions being forecast. They don’t want students travelling through a blizzard. e. Based on my calculations, they should be |should be v| arriving any minute now. CRIMES Choose the correct answer. a Which of these punishments would a judge probably not give in court? 1 jail sentence 2 solitary confinement 3 community service b Which one of these crimes involves fire? [1 arson | 2 embezzlement 3 speeding € Which one of these is the least serious crime? 1 manslaughter | 2 speeding 3 libel d Which of these is a lawyer? 1 attorney 2 libel 3 the accused e Which of the following does the judge not do? 1 award damages |2 cross-examine | 3 sentence f Which of the following does the jury not do? 1 return a verdict 2 weigh up the evidence 13 sue against the law suspected of having committed a crime a law unto herself she doesn't follow rules the letter of the law. we are all equal in the eyes of the law in trouble with the law. take revenge without using the legal system law-abiding ssing people hossing people around around the long arm of the law the ability of the police to catch criminals nobody is above the law. illegal take the law into your own hands obeying and respecting the law laying down the law: exact words used in a law crimes punishments people legal processes arson community service Attorney award damages burglary fine the accused Cross examine embezzlement jail sentences lawsuit libel probation sue manslaughter solitary confinement return a verdict speeding weigh up the evidence graffiti identity theft. to sentence incenting violence internet piracy jaywalking littering pollution crimes shoplifting spreading computer viruses tax evasion Violent crimes Theft or stealing White collar Misdemeanors / Extra vocab « Assault (physical « Theft (taking crimes small crimes « Arrest (putting harm or with words) things that aren’t « Embezzlement « To vandalize / handcuffs on or Battery (just yours) - person: (stealing money vandalism (destroy someone) physical) Thief that is in your care) someone’s property) « Court (the place « Manslaughter « Robbery (stealing « Tax evasion (not - person: vandal where legal (killing someone with a weapon, paying taxes) « Prostitution (selling cases happen) without intention) threat or force) - « Fraud (lying to get sex) - person: - Guilty (did « Murder/homicide person: robber money) prostitute/hooker commit the (killing someone «To burgle / « To bribe / bribery « Trespassing (entering crime) with intention) burglary (entering (giving money to a property without « Innocent (didn't « Rape (forcing a place with the someone to permission) - person: commit the someone to have intention of persuade them of trespasser crime) sex) - person: rapist stealing) - person: something) « Jury (decide « Arson (to set fire to a burglar « Blackmail whether it is building) - person: « To mug/mugging (threatening to guilty or not) arsonist (steal in a public share a secret to « Judge (controls space) - person: gain something) the court) mugger « To exhort / « Verdict « Shoplifting extortion (taking (decision of (stealing money from finding something from a someone by force someone shop) or threat) innocent or « Carjacking guilty) (stealing car) - Sentence « Hijacking (stealing (punishment) a plane) « Kidnapping (stealing a person)  a peculiar adjective: strange overwrought adjective: extremely emotional or b unfold verb [l): to happen upset c verdict noun [C): judgment predicament noun (C): difficult situation d addressverb [T): speak directly to (sb) i entreatyverb [T]: try to get something e ponderverb [I/T]: think carefully ] credible adjective: believable Notoavail phrase: without getting the desired determined verb [T): to calculate something effect Side of the stery phrase: description of what happened It's up to the pblice to control crime. There's no point in _taking the law into your own hands. The police are always going to his parents’ house. He's constantly in trouble with the law Her father really used to ___fay down the law. He would order her to be home by 11:00 p.m. He acts like he's above the law and can get away with anything, but one day he'll find himself in big trouble. When her company fired her with no warning or advance notice, Clare decided to sue them for damages. It was the worst case of arson that the fire department had ever seen. The accused bowed her head and cried as the sentence against her was read in the courtroom. The judge sentenced the two teenage boys to eight months of ___community service stressing that he hoped that helping others would help them see the error of their ways. The counsel for the defense stood up to __ cross-examine ___ the witness, but said he had no questions to ask. alaw__unto himself oo lay __down __thelaw taking the law ___into your own hands a0 nooneis __above _thelaw introuble __with _ thelaw ™Mo the long arm of the law by law _against__ the law O  Match the beginnings of the sentences (a-g) with their endings (1-7). ! that no one will lend him any money. a He was so disappointed with the outcome of the 2 and his wife, who has to spend the court case evenings alone, does, too. She wasn’t expecting to get the job 3 that they could hardly believe him. ¢ Hehates the fact that he has to work the é and she wasn't willing to say why. night shift 5 and she certainly didn’t expect to be d There was such confusion over the new voting offered such a generous salary. system 6 that he decided to give up practicing law. e He has such a bad reputation for not paying his 7 that many people voted for the wrong debts candidate. f She wasn't happy to help | g They were so surprised when he told them that a b < d ‘ e \ 1 9 he'd passed his exam Y ‘ 6 | s ‘ 2 \ 7 4 3 Match the formal words (a-h) to their more neutral forms (1-8). a prior to 1 start b prominent 2 very bad c seek 3 in addition d severe 4 before e further 5 well-known f depict 6 later g commence 7 askfor h indue course 8 show Write the words in the correct order to form common | Used for saying that people who are shy idiomatic expressions associated with surprise and or who do not say much often have very disbelief. 4 feeli et [q & By aod el B strong feelings or interesting ideas. And pigs might fly 2 Used for saying that you thought someone b book can't you cover judge by a its was a very gentle person and wouldn’t do Ye n’t ji its cover anything to injure or upset anybody. E c waters deep still run 3 Used for saying you shouldn't form an Still waters run deep. d hurt fly a wouldn't opinion about someone or something Wouldn’t hurt a fly only from their appearance. E 4 Used for saying that something is completely impossible. ;]  MODALS: PAST Modal + infinitive: Use would to talk about (1) past habitual actions: We would drive to town every Sunday. Using modals to (2) to explain that someone refused to do something: talk about the past They just wouldn’t accept no as an answer. Use could as the past form of can to talk about abilities, modal + infinitive possibilities, and permission: | couldn’t believe my eyes. / He couldn't/wouldn't We could do whatever we liked. drive. Modal + have + past participle: Use should / ought to have to suggest that a past action was not good or modal + have + past advisable: You shouldn’t have signed it. = | don't think it participle was a good idea to sign it. I should / ought to have Use may/might/could have to speculate about possible checked. past actions: They might have made a mistake. = | don't know, I'm just suggesting a possible explanation. i "';'::;/fh'::;“' mey Use would have to give an opinion about past events: = They wouldn’t have sald something that rude, surely. = | They wouldn't have done don't believe they could say something like that. that, Use couldn’t have to say that you think a past event was impossible; He couldn’t have forgotten. = He never That can't/must have forgets appointments. happened Use must have to say that it is sure to have happened: He must have got caught in traffic. = It's the only explanation. /A Note that you don't use can have or mustn't have: He may/might/could/must have forgotten. v/ (NOT He- ean-have-forgotten.) She can't have liked it. (NOT She- mustrt-have-fiked-it.) Complete the conversation with an appropriate modal verb. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer. Glen: Hi, Alan. You know that money | lent Larry? Well, he promised he (1) would pay me back within three weeks, but he @ must have forgotten. Alan: Well, didn’t | warn you not to trust him? You (3) shoutd have made him write you a check; then you @ coutd have avoided all these problems. Glen: Well, you never know, he (5) might have genuinely forgotten. Alan: Well, | think it's more likely that it conveniently mind. Anyway, didn't he say he (6) come over to see us this weekend? Well, where is he? Glen: Yes, you're right. 1 (7) should have insisted that he give me a check.  THIRD CONDITIONAL A hypathetical conditional statement describing a situation or event in the past that did not oceur as expected, Structure If + Post Perfect + Would/could + Have + Past Porticiple @ IF + Past Perfect, Perfect Conditional (Would/wouldn't + have + Past Participle) @ Imaginary situations in the past @ « If | had got a gold medal, | would have been happy. « If | had met Susan last week, | would have given @ her the book. « If the weather had been good, we would have gone b< A/ Eating a small snack, yet/ though / although, can Despite trying / In spite actually help you sleep. of my efforts / Although | tried, | couldn't get to Sic\' Men tend to dream more about men, however / sleep. 1™ but / even though women, according to research, dream equally about men and women. I tried hard. Even so / Yet / However / Saying that, Sld\' We very often dream about ourselves, despite / 1 couldn't get to sleep. /™ although / however this doesn't start happening until we are about five years old. | tried hard. | couldn’t get to sleep, though. / All the same, | couldn’t get to sleep. Try as | might, | couldn't get to sleep. Strange as it may seem, | couldn't get to sleep. / REGRETS AND PAST CONDITIONALS You can use sentences with / wish, if, and if only to talk about regrets: I wish / If only I'd said goodbye. / If I'd If only I'd tried harder at school. gone to the party, I'd have been able to say goodbye. | wish I'd studied something different. Use the past perfect or could have + past participle with | wish I'd learned to play an instrument. wish and if only: | wish I'd gone to a different school. (1) I wish I'd gone to the party. (2) | wish I could have If only I'd listened to my parents. gone to the party. If only | hadn't listened to my parents. (1) I'd gone tells us you didn’t go. (2) / could have gone | wish I'd been nicer to my parents. tells us that for some reason you were unable to go. I'd love to have had an older sister or brother. If and conditional sentences: use if + past perfect I'd like to have known my great-grandparents. (simple or progressive) to talk about a past situation: If | regret watching so much trash on TV. I hadn't been working late... / If the car hadn’t broken | wish I'd gone out more. down... Use a modal (would, could, might, should, ought | wish I'd gone out less. to) + have + past participle to describe the desired past | regret spending so much time online. action: I would/could have gone to the party. Use a If only | hadn’t wasted so much money on clothes. modal + infinitive to talk about a desired (but impossible) If only I'd known then what | know now. present result: | wouldn’t / might not feel so bad. Substituting for if: (1) drop if and invert the subject and the auxiliary verb: Had I gone to the party... (2) Use but for with a noun (noun + gerund): But for the car breaking down... / But for that last-minute job... Regret: whether you use regret + verb + ing or regret + having + past participle, the meaning is the same: I regret not going to the party. / I regret not having gone to the party. You can use similar structures with I'd have liked: I'd have liked to go / I'd have liked to have gone. The two structures mean the same. Other phrases: it’s a pity, it's a shame, that's too bad. With these phrases you use the simple past: It's a pity/ shame | didn’t / couldn’t / wasn't able to go to the party.  a | wish|'d gone / went / could have gone in the low season. b |regret taking / having taken / not taking / not having taken altitude pills. c If youcame /'d come / would have come with me, it d been / 'd have been / might have been more fun. d _If1'd been/ Had | been/ If | was feeling well, | 'd / could / should hav: got up to see the sunrise. B e But for / Except for /If it hadn't been for the rain, | 'd have had / 'd / 'd have some pictures now. Regrets and past I regret __not having had _ (not have) more time conditionals - B g with my kids when they were growing up. I wish I'd/ If only | could ~ (Tina Turner, singer) have gone for longer. I wish | ___had invented __(invent) blue jeans. I'd have liked to go for They have expression, modesty, sex appeal, simplicity - all I hope for in my clothes. longer.. (Yves Saint Laurent, designer) I regret (not) going inthe ¢, had known (know) | was going to live low season. this long, | _would have taken _ (take) better care If I had stayed for longer, of myself. (Eubie Blake, musician) I'd/could/might have seen | wish they had had (have) electric the sunrise. quitars in cotton fields back in the good old days. If it hadn't been for the A whole lot of things _would have been _ (be) rain, I'd have seen the straightened out. (Jimi Hendrix, musician) sunrise. _ NIGHT all night long: throughout the night a nightcap: an alcoholic drink that you have I iohi i htlife i Batora o o tolBed long nightcap nightclub nightlife overnight town a night on the town: spending an evening out at I'm absolutely exhausted. | worked alf night 1219 yesterday. clubs, theaters, bars, restaurants, etc. b “Would you like a hightcaphefore you go home?" “I'd better nightclub: a place where people go in the not, I'm driving.” evening to dance, drink alcohol, or watch c© We had a night on the _iown_ last night. We went to a nightclub entertainers and didn't get back until the small hours. overnight sleeper: a train with beds that d I'm going to get the overnighisjeeper, so I'll arrive first thing in travels through the night the morning. nightlife: evening entertainment in places e 1think you'll like New Orleans. The Nightlifeis amazing! such as nightclubs and bars  ECOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS come up against a problem: to experience / encounter a problem come up with a solution: to think of a solution face up to reality: to accept / deal with reality get away with murder: to do something bad and not get punished or criticized for it get out of your chores: to avoid doing something you are supposed to do come down with a cold: to catch a particular illness go on and on about your boring job: to talk so much that people become bored or annoyed look forward to summer vacation: to feel happy and excited about a future event make up for lost time: compensate for lost time put up with the noise: to tolerate, stand, or bear noise run out of gas: to use all the gas so you don't have any left stand up for your rights: to defend your rights Choose the correct particle from the box for each pair of sentences. down in off on out 1 If I'run 22Ut of money, | usually ask a friend to lend me some. 2 Alot of species of plants and animals are dying i my country because of pollution. 1 Itend to keep 21 __ working even if | feel tired. 2 Id like to stay _°™_ here next year to study more English. 1 It will feel so good to take _Off_these shoes. 2 lanis always showing _ff _ his new car. 11 generally notedoWn English words when | come across them. 2 If 1 don't write things downon a list, | tend to forget to do them. 1 llike to sleep _in__ on Sunday mornings. 2 I have to fill _t0_all these forms. up (x2) down on out Can you cut UP_ the cake so that there’s a piece for ever}'one? I'm afraid all the tickets for tonight’s concert have sold _9Ut | Can you put my name down for the trip to the museum on Sunday? At the end of the boat trip, we tied _Ub__ the boat and got out. If you want to know what happens in the rest of the story, you’ll have to read _91__ to the end of the book.  consumption greenhouse gas emissions lack citizen atmosphere resources developing world household appliances Research and Development fossil fuels | love how comfortable this new shirt is. | guess having it made of organic (organic ’ cotton really does make a difference. If you want to reduce your power bill, you should consider investing in energy efficient appliances. This restaurant has amazing reviews, and | love that they primarily use locally-grown produce. Ideally, companies would use only recycled plastic for their packaging, but sadly this is not the case The idea of everyone owning vehlcles may not be as far-fetched as you would believe. Many governments are investing heavily in resources in order to reduce their countries’ dependence on fossil fuels. Although it is tempting for companies to always want to grow, it is important o focus on sustainable development that will benefit everyone in the long run. Cross-out the word or phrase in column B which does not collocate with the word or phrase in column A. A B a locally grown produce / fruit and vegetables / apples /wweet b energy-efficient washing machine /ssames / dishwasher / refrigerator ¢ solar-powered «=mweeiea / central heating / car / house d recycled paper / glass / Camakhaatneg / plastic e organic «ghass / cotton / meat / produce f sustainable farming / development / forests /«gm=oums g renewable energy / resources /%aad / power plethora: abundance B Restaurant to Use Only ___ Locally-Grown deployed: used; put into action Produce to Support Region's Farmers drilling: making a hole using an instrument yield: produce Bl Massive Investment in Wind Power as 509% of World’s Energy to be from ruins: ancient building in disrepair renewable Resources by 2050 untrampled: pristine dense vegetation: impenetrable vegetation Not Enough Sun in North-West for safeguarded: protected Solar-Powered cCars Say Experts degraded: changed to a worse condition n Sales of organic Produce Fall During Economic Crisis n New Energy-efficient Washing Machine to Cost One Cent per Wash sustainable Tourism is Only Way to Avoid Loss of Minority Groups n Glossy Magazine Industry Urged to Use __recycled Paper  PASSIVE VOICE Grammar: passive structures Grammar: reduced passive clause You use the passive when the person, people, or A reduced passive clause, also known as a reduced relative clause, is a clause where the thing that does an action (the agent) isn't known, isn't important, or is less important than the relative clause and the verb be can be left out. action itself. Admittedly, the passive sounds more Compare They are a set of footprints which were pressed into volcanic ash. with They are a set of formal, but it sounds more appropriate. The most footprints pressed into volcanic ash. The second common passive structure is: subject + is (being) sentence is more concise. / was (being) / are (being) / were (being) / has been / (may) have been / is/are going to be + past participle. LIDAR images are produced. LIDAR is being utilized finuedibly). e (bulied] (neasurej (found) @ @ (buckyard). dynamite was used to do. (gnrden) @ (pmtgnted) (lrom) (m) (animnls] @ (fance)_ the job! [New) ((echnology) (allows) (surgerics) (penormed). (robots]. Cheops had been dynamited. hikels) [becn] (wom:d) [about) [Ieuving] (marked] (tmils). which have been deployed suspec\s] [being] (held) (fur(her) (queslioning), muon tomography had school), (founded) @ (1787], (remains] (mere) (!oduy). been used to allow the site to be explored. In the 1939 movic classic The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy it will be safequarded (1) __isgiven (givc) a pair of magical ruby slippers. In the original story, the shocs were silver, but they any work would have to be approved (2) __ Werechanged (change) to ruby red to take advantage of the new Techaicolor film process. The Reduced passive clauses shoes have become one of the most iconic images from the movic. With over 60,000 structures found to date I (3) Is believed (believe) that seven pairs of Dorothy’s red slippers (4) ___Werecreated (oroqc) structures like a seven- for the movie. Today, the whercabouts of only four story pyramid buried pairs (5) Is known (know). beneath dense vegetatio‘/! n fax One pair is in the Smithsonian Institution, two others (6) __ Areowned (own) by private collectars, and a fourth pair (7) Was stolen (steal) in 2005 from the Judy Garland Muscum and (8) Is yetto be (yet/be) recavered. The last pair to come up for sale (9) _ Was sold (scll) at auction by Christic’s for $666,000. A pair of shocs which (10) _Was Inspired (inspirc) by Dorothy’s ruby slippers (11) Was recently put (recently/put) on sale at Harrods department store in London with a price tag of aver $3 million. The red satin stilettos (12) ‘Were woven (weave) from platinum thread and (13) Were set (set) with 642 rubics. After pictures (14) _Had been taken (take) for the press, the shoes (15) __Wereplaced (place)ina bulletproof casc and (16) ___Are guarded (guard) at all times.  FOOT VOCAB i get/have itchy feet: want to travel or make a change in your life \ _ put your foot down: firmly insist on doing or not doing something | :pul your feet up: sit down and relax ;\ [ shoot yourself in the foot: say or do something stupid which ruins your chances of something | f get/have a foot in the door: get a chance to start working somewhere \ f start/get off on the wrong foot: to establish a bad relationship with somebody when you first meet them \ _not put a foot wrong: not make any mistakes __have feet of clay: have faults or imperfections that get you into trouble ‘,\ [ have two left feet: be a terrible dancer | ( get/have cold feet: suddenly feel uncertain about going through with a plan \' put your foot in your mouth: accidentally say something that annoys or embarrasses somebody‘j a l|;ul- 1 put my feet up. b Ivegotitchy 2 footin the door. ¢ I'vegotone 3 my foot down. d 1waited on him 4 footin my mouth. e It would be nice to S hand and foot. f Istarted off 6 feet. g 1got cold 7 my own two feet. h Tputmy 8 feet. i Inced tostand on 9 onthe wrong foot. e @ o 0 g b 0 3 6 2‘5 1lolslal 1 Irealize that by telling Alice about her surprise party, I've really put my in my mouth. a) hand ©) head 2 When we go on vacation, we always ask our neighbor to keep an on things while we're gone. b) ear c)arm 3 Now that | only work a three-day week, | have so much more time on my. a) feet b) shoulders 4 At school, our English teacher used to make Gs learn long passages of poetry by I can still remember some of them. a) head b) mind 5 Once Anna’s set her on doing something, there's no stopping her. a) teeth ) head 6 Theymetin2005andfell__over _____in love, They've been inseparable ever since. a) head / heels b) nose / toes c) face / feet 7 It was a relief to tell her about my doubts. It was good to get them off my & a) stomach b) shoulders 8 |should have told him that we didn't like his proposal, but | just didn't have the for it. b) hair ©) head 9 Members of this political party have to the line, or they are expelled. a) finger 3 o) eye 10 I'll deal with it as soon as | can, but I'm -deep in work right now. b) shoulder ©) knee narrower - adjective: the opposite of wider thickness - noun: dimension that measures the distance through an object odds - noun: probability blisters - noun: bubbles on the skin caused by friction lithe - adjective: elegant and slim ravishing - adjective: gorgeous swollen - adjective: expanded in size unscathed - adjective: undamaged indispensable - adjective: absolutely necessary sleek - adjective: sleek fur or hair is smooth and shiny COMPARATIVES Modifying comparative structures Use these modifiers with comparative structures to show... e alarge difference: far, a lot, considerably, infinitely, much, way: He's way more intelligent than me. ® amoderate difference: somewhat *, noticeably*: a noticeably bigger house than ours *both of these modifiers are fairly formal in style e asmall difference: a tiny bit, a little, slightly: It's just slightly smaller than the last one. e no difference: no: It’s no faster than going by bus. Use these modifiers with structures with as... as... to show: e a large difference: nowhere near, definitely not, not nearly: He's nowhere near as tall as his father. e asmall difference: almost, nearly: She’s almost as good as her sister. e no difference: just: He's just as bad as ever. You can also use modifiers to intensify superlative structures: She is by far / easily the best teacher. 1 Read the sentences about shoes. Which of the expressions in bold refer to a) a large difference? b) a moderate difference? c) a small difference? d) no difference? a The owner of these shoes is probably a little more flirtatious and feminine, and less domineering. b These shoes probably belong to someone who is somewhat older than the other women. ¢ These shoes say, “I don't care about expensive designer fashions, there are so many other things that are far more interesting.” d His shoes can say just as much about him as his carefully chosen car. e These shoes are by far the most extravagant ones I've ever bought. f The other shoes | tried on were nowhere near as comfortable as these. 2 Which words or phrases from the box could replace those in bold in Exercise 1? alot atinybit considerably definitely not easily infinitely much noticeably slightly way  1. Are you kidding? The U.S. is nowhere near as big as than Canada - they just have more people. 2. You haven’t aged a bit! You look hondsome as the day we met. 3. I'd go with these headphones. Not only are they cheaper, but they are reliab!e. too. 4. What an amazing show — that's |by far the most +{" entertaining concert I've seen this year. 5. They just feel that the other candidate is a little more experienced, that's all. 6. Cats are generally considered somewhat less depender&on their owners than dogs. a The USA’s ccological footprint is by far the biggest of those shown. b Spain’s ecological footprint is Very slightly bigger than Italy’s. c Finland's footprint is jUSt as big as Australia’s. d Brazil's footprint is Somewhat g5 than the global average. e Bangladesh's footprint is __considerably smaller than the other countries’. f The other countries’ ecological footprints are Nowhere near 55 big as the USA's. NEW WORDS Ma'am reads the same backwards or forwards. a 0o oo Brunch comes from combining breakfast and lunch. Smog is formed by combining smoke and _fog__. If you write choice in capital letters, it reads the same upside down in the mirror. e facetiouscontains all five vowels in alphabetical order. f feedbackcontains the first six letters of the alphabet. g shampoohas been borrowed from Hindi andpenguinhas been borrowed from Welsh. h Bothpeculiarang weird mean “strange.” Weird originates from Old English andpeculiarfrom Latin. If we really want to encourage students to improve their academic writing, we need to offer incentive not just threats. Outside of the world of academiadoes it even really matter if students write in long, elegant sentences? | can present evidence which completely _negate all your arguments about how this is a ‘new’ problem. The claim that emoji are real words is Patently false. ge that You say that emoji are a poor substitute for words. asit may theyre not going anywhere anytime soon. disparage about the impact of technology on writing never tells the whole story. The new use of because as a preposition has even started toseep intopolitical debates.  a ___ adverb:in a way that is so noun [C/U): emoticons noun [C): people, activities, obvious that no one could disagree used in electronic messages and and institutions connected with on websites higher education b phrase: a statement about all things of a particular f verb [T]): to annoy someone ] noun [C/U): something that kind, without considering all the makes you want to do something necessary detailed information 9 verb [T): to make or to work harder Something have no effect © ____phrasal verb [I]: to become Kk verb [T]: to say unpleasant involved in something h verb [I): to enter or spread things about someone or through something gradually something that show you have no d phrase: used for saying respect for them that even if something is true, it does not affect your opinion a. Patently b. Sweeping generalization