English ASL - Aryan Project Report PDF

ENGLISH CORE – ASSESSMENT OF SPEAKING AND LISTENING SKILLS PROJECT REPORT FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN:A SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURE NAME:ARYAN SANJAY THAMPI NATIONAL HILL VIEW PUBLIC SCHOOL, RAJARAJESHWARI NAGAR, BENGALURU CLASS/ SECTION: XII A AISSCE ROLL NO: SESSION: 2024-2025 ...

ENGLISH CORE – ASSESSMENT OF SPEAKING AND LISTENING SKILLS PROJECT REPORT FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN:A SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURE NAME:ARYAN SANJAY THAMPI NATIONAL HILL VIEW PUBLIC SCHOOL, RAJARAJESHWARI NAGAR, BENGALURU CLASS/ SECTION: XII A AISSCE ROLL NO: SESSION: 2024-2025  NATIONAL HILL VIEW PUBLIC SCHOOL RAJARAJESHWARI NAGAR, BENGALURU Certificate This is to certify that Mr /Ms …………….……………………….... has satisfactorily completed the project assigned to him / her in ENGLISH CORE (301) Assessment of speaking and listening skills , as prescribed by the Central Board Of Secondary Education ( CBSE) , Delhi , for ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (Std XII) - AISSCE-2024 during the academic year 2024 - 25. …………………..….…..……………..……………..…….. Signature of the Teacher in charge of the batch/Date..….…..……………..……………..…….. Name of the Teacher in charge of the batch Name of the Candidate : ………………………… ……………..….…..……………..………………..…….. AISSCE ROLL NO : ….………………………... Examination Centre : ……..…………………. Date of Practical Examination …………………….. 1  CONTENT PAGE A Brief History of Architectural Styles.......... 1 Ancient and Medieval Architecture................ 1 Romanesque Architecture............................... 4 Gothic Architecture.........................................6 Renaissance Architecture................................ 8 Baroque Architecture...................................... 9 2  INTRODUCTION A Brief History of Architectural Styles Architecture, the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, has evolved significantly throughout history, reflecting the cultural, technological, and social changes of each era. From the grandeur of ancient Egyptian pyramids to the towering skyscrapers of today, architectural styles have continuously adapted to meet the needs and aspirations of society. Ancient and Medieval Architecture Classical Architecture (Greece and Rome): Characterised by symmetry, proportion, and the use of columns and arches. Notable examples include the Parthenon and the Colosseum. Romanesque Architecture: Known for its rounded arches, thick walls, and vaulted ceilings. Examples include Durham Cathedral and Pisa Cathedral. Gothic Architecture: Emphasised pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained glass windows. Notable examples include Notre Dame Cathedral and Chartres Cathedral. Renaissance Architecture: Inspired by classical architecture, characterised by symmetry, proportion, and perspective. Examples include St. Peter's Basilica and the Duomo in Florence. Baroque Architecture: Known for its dramatic and theatrical style, with exaggerated forms and ornate decoration. Examples include St. Paul's Cathedral and Versailles Palace. 3 Classical Architecture Origins: Ancient Greece and Rome Key Characteristics: Symmetry: Buildings were typically symmetrical, with balanced elements on either side of a central axis. Proportion: The relationship between the parts of a building was carefully considered to create a harmonious and balanced appearance. Order: The use of three main orders of columns (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) provided a system of proportions and decorative elements. Columns: Columns were a prominent feature of classical architecture, supporting entablatures (horizontal beams) and roofs. Arches: Round arches were commonly used, often combined with columns and entablatures. Domes: Domes were sometimes used, particularly for large-scale buildings like temples and public baths. Notable Examples: The Parthenon in Athens, Greece The Colosseum in Rome, Italy The Pantheon in Rome, Italy Influence: Classical architecture has had a profound influence on Western architecture, inspiring styles such as Renaissance, Neoclassical, and Georgian. 4 5 Romanesque Architecture Origins: Western Europe (11th-12th centuries) Key Characteristics: Rounded Arches: Rounded arches were a defining feature of Romanesque architecture, used for doorways, windows, and vaults. Thick Walls: Romanesque buildings often had thick walls to support the weight of stone roofs. Vaulted Ceilings: Vaulted ceilings, such as barrel vaults and groyne vaults, were common in Romanesque churches. Heavy Ornamentation: Romanesque architecture often featured ornate carvings, sculptures, and mosaics. Fortified Design: Many Romanesque buildings, especially churches, were designed with defensive features, such as fortified towers. Notable Examples: Durham Cathedral in England Pisa Cathedral in Italy Cluny Abbey in France Influence: Romanesque architecture laid the foundation for the development of Gothic architecture. 6 7 Gothic Architecture Origins: Western Europe (12th-16th centuries) Key Characteristics: Pointed Arches: Pointed arches allowed for taller, more slender structures and larger interior spaces. Flying Buttresses: Flying buttresses were external supports that helped to counter the thrust of pointed arches, allowing for higher ceilings. Stained Glass Windows: Gothic cathedrals often featured large, stained glass windows that filled the interior with light and colour. Ornate Interiors: Gothic interiors were often highly decorated with sculptures, paintings, and intricate stonework. Vertical Emphasis: Gothic architecture emphasised height and verticality, creating soaring structures that reached towards the heavens. Notable Examples: Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France Chartres Cathedral in France Cologne Cathedral in Germany Influence: Gothic architecture had a significant impact on the development of architecture in other parts of Europe and beyond. 8 9 Renaissance Architecture Origins: Italy (14th-17th centuries) Key Characteristics: Classical Revival: Renaissance architecture was inspired by the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. Symmetry and Proportion: Buildings were designed with a focus on symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Perspective: Renaissance architects developed new techniques for creating perspective in their drawings and paintings. Humanism: Renaissance architecture reflected the humanist ideals of the time, emphasising the importance of human reason and achievement. Decorative Elements: Renaissance buildings often featured decorative elements such as columns, arches, and mouldings. Notable Examples: St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City The Duomo in Florence, Italy The Villa Rotonda in Vicenza, Italy Influence:Renaissance architecture had a profound influence on the development of Western architecture, inspiring styles such as Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassical. 10 Baroque Architecture Origins: Italy (17th-18th centuries) Key Characteristics: Drama and Exaggeration: Baroque architecture is characterised by its dramatic and theatrical style, with exaggerated forms and ornate decoration. Movement and Energy: Baroque buildings often feature curved lines, dramatic lighting effects, and a sense of movement. Ornate Detail: Baroque architecture is heavily decorated with sculptures, paintings, and intricate carvings. Religious and Secular Buildings: Baroque architecture was used for both religious and secular buildings, such as churches, palaces, and theatres. Notable Examples: St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City Versailles Palace in France St. Paul's Cathedral in London Influence: Baroque architecture had a significant impact on the development of architecture in Europe and the Americas Influence: Baroque architecture had a significant impact on the development of architecture in Europe and the Americas 11 12  CONCLUSION In reviewing the evolution of architectural styles from modern to contemporary, several key points emerge that underscore the ongoing transformation of this art form. Modern architecture, which arose in the early 20th century, emphasised simplicity, functionality, and the innovative use of materials. It set the stage for contemporary architecture by prioritising practical design over ornamentation, a philosophy that remains relevant today. The works of architects like Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe exemplified this movement, showcasing the impact of industrial materials on spatial experiences. Contemporary architecture, emerging in the late 20th century, reflects a broader spectrum of influences, integrating diverse styles, technologies, and sustainable practices. The emphasis on eco-friendly designs and the incorporation of advanced technologies reveal a significant shift in architectural priorities, responding to the complexities of modern life and environmental challenges. Notable examples such as the Bosco Verticale and the Guggenheim Museum illustrate how contemporary architecture not only enhances aesthetic appeal but also promotes well-being and environmental stewardship. 13