English Language Notes PDF

Verbals: Gerunds Verbal - Is a word that looks like a verb but functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Gerunds - Are verbals that function as a nouns. Participles - Are verbals that function as adjectives, or help in forming a sentence in the passive voice. Infinitives - Are verbals that function...

Verbals: Gerunds Verbal - Is a word that looks like a verb but functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Gerunds - Are verbals that function as a nouns. Participles - Are verbals that function as adjectives, or help in forming a sentence in the passive voice. Infinitives - Are verbals that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Poetic Forms Rhymed - Follows a rhyme scheme usually within or at the end of each line. Elegy - Reflects on death or loss. Ode - Praises a person, an object, on idea, or an event. Free Verse - Lacks consistent rhyme scheme or meter. Narrative - Tells a story. Lyric - Tells about feelings and emotions; trends to have a “Musical” quality. Fallacies Fallacy - Is a statement that seems sound in reasoning but is actually flawed, making an argument invalid. Nirvana Fallacy - This assumes that only a perfect and idealized solution is the only solution. Hasty Generalization - This assumes a conclusion from unsupported facts or little evidence. False Cause - This happens when one assumes that one thing is caused by another preceding it though they are not related, or that one concludes a cause from insufficient evidence. Appeal to emotion or Argumentum ad misericordiam - This uses emotions instead of sound reasoning as argument. Appeal to authority or Argumentum ad verecundiam - This uses famous or respected people to give credence to a claim when in fact they are irrelevant or poor experts on the topic or subject. Bandwagon or Argumentum ad populum - This occurs when one assumes that something must be true because many people believe it is. Verbals: Participles Participles - Are verbals that function as adjectives, They can be a word or phrase. Present participles end in -ing and past participles end in -d, -ed, -t, -en,- or -n. Writing a report Report - Is a structured presentation of an investigation, experiment, or process. Title - Tells what the report is about Execution summary - Gives a summary of what is in the report Introduction - Sets the purpose, background, and scope of the report Body - Contains all information (data, statics, facts) that help the readers understand the content; presents the discussion of findings Conclusion - Shows a summary of the main points of the report; explains the significance of findings and results; explains if the aims are achieved Recommendation - Gives suggestions on the course of action based on the conclusion Coherence - Refers to the logical unity of ideas across paragraphs, making sense of the entire text Cohesion - Refers to the connection of sentences or how they join together to achieve a smooth flow Multimedia resources Multimedia - Forms of communication that use audio and video in sharing information Providing Feedback Feedback - Is a response we give to a particular process or activity such as listening Verbal; Infinitives Infinitives - Are verbals that are formed by the word to plus the base form of the verb, and function as noun, adjectives, or adverb Soliloquy and Monologue Soliloquy - Is a speech in which a character expresses his or her innermost thoughts and feelings by speaking to himself or herself, and is heard only by the audience Monologue - The latter is a long speech given by a character directly addressing another character Synopsis Synopsis - Is a brief summary of literature such as a novel, film, television show, or play One-Act play One-act play - Are short theatrical plays having only one act, hence the name