English 10B Notes PDF

Lesson 1- Central Ideas and Themes in Ancient Egyptian Text Welcome to the first unit in the course! In this lesson, you will learn 10 new vocabulary words identify central ideas and themes in literary texts work with your classmates to establish rules for the Discussion Boards...

Lesson 1- Central Ideas and Themes in Ancient Egyptian Text Welcome to the first unit in the course! In this lesson, you will learn 10 new vocabulary words identify central ideas and themes in literary texts work with your classmates to establish rules for the Discussion Boards Lesson Highlight: You will read two texts about ancient Egypt: “Hymn to the Nile,” a verse written to honor an event in nature, and “Osiris and Isis,” an ancient myth about an Egyptian king and his evil brother. Workbook 1.1 Unit 1 Vocabulary Diversified: made up of a variety of different things or parts Fervent: intense or deeply felt Kindred: of a like nature; allied or related Lament: to express sadness or regret; mourn Manifest: to make evident or demonstrate; show or display Monotone: speech or song produced on a single unvaried tone or pitch Myriad: huge number; multitude Primordial: earliest or first developed; basic Resplendent: brightly shining; attractive Subside: to settle or become less intense; diminish Workbook 1.2- Reading skill- Understanding Central Ideas and Themes What is a central Idea? A central idea is the most important idea that the author wants to communicate. Unlike a theme a central idea is not universal; it states something important about a particular work. Most literary texts have more than one central idea. Use these elements to determine the central idea: Check titles, chapter titles, and section headings Determine the topic of the text—the subject it is mostly about (expressed as a single word or short phrase). Identify what the text says about the topic. Identify what most of the details are about. Once you determine a central idea, you express it as a complete statement. What is a theme? A theme is a universal, underlying message, lesson, or truth in literature. What does a theme consist of? A theme consists of understanding the hidden message in a text or literature. Themes can be applied to almost anything and are universal, meaning that one theme may apply to many texts, or even to different parts of a reader’s life. A single literary text can have several themes. Themes are rarely stated in a text but can be determined by thinking about the text or connecting it to their own lives. For example, you can ask yourself these questions to determine the theme in a story What did the characters learn or accomplish? What important parts of life does the text deal with?  What historical events or realities does the text comment on? How does the text connect to today’s society? How does the text connect to me and my life? What striking details or images does the text use? What is a topic? A topic is referring to the general subject of a literature piece or a book where it usually consists of a single word or short phrase. It can be determined by answering the question “What is this text about”? Lesson 2- Themes in Nigerian Folktale In this lesson, you will apply context clues to determine the meaning of words analyze the presentation and development of themes in literary text develop an effective plot in a short piece of narrative writing Lesson Highlight: You will develop and write a folktale or modernized version of a classic folktale. You will make a plan for the story and develop the theme, conflict, and characters before you write. Workbook 2.1- Language Skill- Determining Meaning from Word Function and Context Clues How can you apply context clues to determine the meaning of a word? To determine the meaning of an unknown word with multiple meanings, context clues can help you determine the right meaning of that word. For example, the word "bank" could mean a financial institution or the edge of a river. The context would clarify which meaning is intended. Context = the surrounding content of the sentence. Context clues can appear in a sentence, surrounding sentences, or surrounding paragraphs. How can we use a word function to determine the meaning of a word? To determine the meaning of an unknown word we can use word functions to help us further to our advantage to find the meaning. For example, understanding how the word functions in the sentence such as Nouns name people, places, or things. Nouns can serve as subjects and objects. Verbs are action words. They provide the action or state of being—the doing, moving, being, and so on. Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. Adjectives make other words or phrases more specific. They answer questions like What kind? How many? Which one? Adverbs modify verbs, verb phrases, or adjectives. Adverbs tell how, where, when, and in what manner the action happened. You can begin to decipher a word’s meaning by determining how it is used in the text you are examining. Is it a subject, a descriptive word, or an action word? Once you have determined the part of speech of an unknown word, you can more easily use the context surrounding the word to infer its meaning. How to deal with unknown words? To interpret an unknown word you encounter while reading, remember these steps: 1. Determine how the word functions in the sentence. Is it a noun, verb, adverb, or adjective? 2. Look for context clues within the sentence, within surrounding sentences, and even within surrounding paragraphs. 3. Be aware that there are several types of context clues, some more obvious than others. 4. Sometimes you must widen your search for clues to a broader portion of the content. Workbook 2.2- Reading Skill- Analyzing Theme How do themes work? Themes work in a simple but complicated way. Themes may be complicated because usually literary texts don't state the theme outright and are usually hidden. But themes can be a way of learning and connecting with the story. Readers also feel more rewarded when they discover meaning for themselves. How can we identify a theme? A theme typically develops over the course of the story and isn't fully apparent until you have read the entire text. However, each element of a text can contribute to the theme. Themes often address society’s values, problems, and fears, among other things. Sometimes an author expresses feelings, beliefs, or opinions through the theme as a way of criticizing society or seeking change. These are some popular themes you will come across in literature: Personal courage overcomes obstacles. Crime does not pay. Money is the root of all evil. Hard work pays off. Experience takes away innocence. Readers must usually infer themes by determining the central ideas and using the literary elements in the text. These literary elements include plot, characterization, setting, tone, and literary devices. Also, when you describe the theme of a text, make sure you express it as a complete thought. Use a sentence or statement like “Family is the center of life.” Themes can be expressed in numerous ways, for different purposes, and in various forms of literature. How can we recognize a theme? To recognize a theme you need to read the work carefully and look closely at everything. Analyze implied meanings and relationships among the central ideas and the story’s literary elements and devices. These are some elements to focus on to determine themes: Look at the titles. Examine the title of the text and the chapter titles, looking at them for clues to the meaning of the underlying message. Look for the central ideas. Identify the important ideas and details to determine how they develop and to analyze connections among those central ideas. Identify the setting. Note where and when the story takes place, because the setting can affect the theme. Describe the plot elements. Observe the way the story develops through the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. The central conflict is often a key element in revealing the central theme.  Understand the characters. Analyze all the aspects of characters—their personalities, motivations, conflicts, thoughts, feelings, experiences, changes, words, and actions. Determine the tone. Recognize how the choice of words and perspective reveals the author’s attitude, and note how this creates the overall mood or atmosphere in a text. How can we determine and analyze a theme? To determine and analyze a theme you must first read the entire story first to really start thinking about a theme. Each element in a story can contribute to a theme. Analyzing different parts of a text can point you toward the theme and pinpoint how the author communicates it. The plot —the sequence of events in a story—contributes to the theme by providing a conflict and a resolution that can help identify a theme.