English 9 First Quarter - Introduction to Research PDF

ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias 1.1 - INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH It usually explores a particular topic or question in some...

ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias 1.1 - INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH It usually explores a particular topic or question in some SEMINAR depth but doesn’t require WHAT IS A RESEARCH ? PAPERS original research or a comprehensive analysis. Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our It is shorter than books and knowledge about a topic or issue (Plano Clark & written about very specific Creswell, 2015). JOURNAL topics, and it is a written work Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and ARTICLE that focuses on research, precise process employed to gain solutions to which is often scholarly and problems or to discover and interpret new facts peer-reviewed. and relationships (Payton, 1979). Research is any formal or informal process that is RESEARCH APPROACHES undertaken to fill a gap in knowledge, build on existing knowledge, or create new knowledge. concerned with understanding It is the process of posing a research problem, human behavior from the gathering information, determining relationships respondent’s perspective and writing up a paper deals with words and QUALITATIVE meanings RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT STUDY sample size is small uses open-ended questions Research is important in any discipline because collection of data is done it identifies problems, compares solutions, and through interviews, FGDs, offers better options. The Information Age observations, etc. requires everyone to be researchers and problem solvers. concerned with discovering facts about social phenomena BASIC FORMS OF RESEARCH PAPER deals with numbers and statistics Required for a bachelor’s QUANTITATIVE sample size is huge degree and a master’s degree. STUDY uses close multiple choice Presents theories and questions THESIS principles supporting an collection of data is done argument or proposal, and it through surveys, experiments, develops from a proposition or etc argument. It is a type of research method It is used in the academe and where the researchers in industries in order to pose combine the elements of immediate solutions to qualitative and quantitative ACTION pressing problems. MIXED research approaches for the RESEARCH It presents a detailed account broad purposes of breadth of problems met and the and depth of understanding implementation of a solution. and corroboration (Johnson, 2007). It is generally required for a doctorate degree. It bridges TRAITS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER theory and practice, and it is DISSERTATION focused on the effectiveness A good researcher manifests a thirst for new of the implementation of a information. proposal in an actual setting. A good researcher has a keen sense of things around him. 1 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias A good researcher likes to reflect or think about 1.2 - GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING A GOOD the things he encounters. RESEARCH TOPIC A good researcher must be intelligent enough to express his ideas. A good researcher applies a systematic PREPARATION OF A RESEARCH PAPER approach in assessing situations. Identify and develop your topic - Can be the most challenging part. It is the initial step, and should be done correctly. Do a preliminary search for information - Do a preliminary search to know if your research has enough context and data. Locate Materials - Locate the materials on your topic. Evaluate your sources - Evaluate the quality of the data you’ve collected. Make notes - Consult the resources, and note the information that’ll be useful for your paper. FORMULATING TOPICS Self-Interview - Personal questions/ Personal interests Clustering - Organizing ideas together in categories Journal Writing - Purposeful listing of personal notes Cueing - Listing of key words and phrases that reflect one's personal background knowledge/observations Free Writing - Random thoughts on a piece of paper Brainstorming - Sharing of ideas between and among the participants Reading & Saving - Collecting and collating secondary sources as references FACTORS IN CHOOSING A TOPIC Importance & Interest Manageability Availability of resources THREE TIERS OF TOPIC VARIABILITY Interest Relevance Context 2 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias TIPS IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC 1.3 - FINDING A RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS Relevant - Pick topics that matter and are meaningful in TOPIC, RESEARCH PROBLEM, PURPOSES, AND a general sense. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Specific - Make topics as narrowed-down as possible Topic Time-Bound - broad subject matter addressed by the study - Acceptable topics that can be researched Research Problem and expounded within a time-frame - a general educational issue, concern, or Contextual controversy addressed in research that - Pick topics that can be related to locale and narrows the topic local situations Purposes Beneficial - the major intent or objective of the study - Topics that signify an actual need for further used to address the problem information Research Questions Accessible Info - narrows the purpose into specific questions - Come up with topics with readily-available that the researcher would like answered or sources/ easily-collected data addressed in the study FINDING A RESEARCH PROBLEM A research problem is a problem or issue in need of improvement, change, or a solution. It explains the significance of a study or why a study is needed. RESEARCH PURPOSE It advances the overall direction of a study describes what your research is trying to achieve and explains why you are pursuing it. It summarizes the approach and purpose of your project and helps to focus your research” (Ryan, 2022, para 1). THEORY It is like a magnifying glass used in examining an object which you cannot see clearly. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory which explains why the research problem under study exists. ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS All research starts with questions for investigation. These are the specific aims of the study being undertaken (Creswell, 2009). 3 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias Research questions direct the data to be 1.4 - IMRaD Research Paper and CARS Model collected for the study (Creswell, 2009). Questions must not be answered with a mere WHAT IS IMRaD? yes or no (Plata et al., 2015). INTRODUCTION - METHOD - RESULTS - and - ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS DISCUSSION. Each section of the IMRaD represents a crucial All research starts with questions for piece that, when put together correctly, creates investigation. a comprehensive picture of your research. These are the specific aims of the study being Gap - unexplored or unanswered part. undertaken (Creswell, 2009). Research questions direct the data to be IMRaD FORMAT collected for the study (Creswell, 2009). Questions must not be answered with a mere MAKE A CASE FOR WHAT DID YOU DO? yes or no (Plata et al., 2015). YOUR NEW RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS Begin by explaining to It includes your readers what information about There are two types: a central question and the problem you your population, sub- questions. researched and why sample, methods, CENTRAL QUESTION the research is and instrument. a broad question that asks for an exploration of necessary. Methods are usually the central phenomenon or concept in a study Convince readers written in past tense SUB-QUESTIONS that it is important and passive voice provide greater specificity about the study’s that they continue to with lots of headings direction read. and subheadings. Discuss the current This is the least-read QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS state or research in section of an IMRaD your field, expose a report. These explore the relationships among variables “gap” or problem in that the researcher seeks to know. the field then explain These are frequently used in social science why your present research, especially in survey studies. research is a timely and necessary QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS solution to that gap. Since a mixed methods study relies on neither WHAT DID YOU FIND? WHAT DOES IT MEAN? quantitative nor qualitative research alone, some combination of the two provides the best Results are where the Discussion part information for the research questions. finding and outcomes summarizes the main The “hybrid” or “integrated” question. of the research go. findings of the study. This question could either be written at the When talking about They connect these beginning or when it emerges (after the this data, we can findings to other quantitative and qualitative questions). think of the results as research. FIRST FORM having two parts: They discuss flaws in Write it in a way that conveys the methods or report and comment. the current study. procedures in a study. The reporting function They use these flaws SECOND FORM always appears in the as reasons to suggest Write it in a way that conveys the content of the results section while additional, future study. the comment research. function can go in the They state discussion section. implications of their 4 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias own findings for The author refutes or future policy or challenges earlier research research. COUNTER- by making a counterclaim. CLAIMING For example: "While Jones WHAT IS CARS? and Riley believe X method to be accurate, a close Create a Research Space (CARS) Model of examination demonstrates Research Introductions The author demonstrates that earlier research does THREE MOVES OF MAKING RESEARCH not sufficiently address all INTRODUCTIONS INDICATING A existing questions or GAP problems. MOVE 1: Establishing a Territory For example: "While existing In this move, the author sets the context for his studies have clearly or her research, providing necessary established X, they have background on the topic not addressed Y.” The author asks the The author asks questions discourse community (the about previous research, audience for the paper) to suggesting that additional STEP 1: CLAIMING accept that the research QUESTION- research needs to be done. CENTRALITY about to be reported is part RAISING For example: "While Jones of a lively, significant, or and Morgan have well-established research established X, these area. findings raise a number of To claim centrality the questions, including..." author might write: "Recently there has been a The author presents the spate of interest in…” research as a useful extension of existing The author makes CONTINUING A research. STEP 2: MAKING statements about current TRADITION For example: "Earlier studies TOPIC knowledge, practices, or seemed to suggest X. To GENERALIZATION phenomena in the field. verify this finding, more For example: “The work is urgently needed." properties of X are still not completely understood." MOVE 2: OCCUPYING A NICHE In this move, the author turns the niche The author relates what established in Move 2 into the research space STEP 3: has been found on the that he or she will fill; that is, the author REVIEWING topic and who found it. demonstrates how he or she will substantiate PREVIOUS ITEMS For example: “Several the counter-claim made, fill the gap identified, OF RESEARCH studies have suggested answer the question(s) asked, or continue the that... (Gordon, 2003; research tradition. Ratzinger, 2009)." The author indicates the MOVE 2: ESTABLISHING A NICHE STEP 1A: main purpose(s) of the In this move, the author argues that there is an OUTLINING current article. open "niche" in the existing research, a space PURPOSES For example: "In this article, that needs to be filled through additional I argue..." research. 5 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias The author describes the 1.5 - CUPs & CONTRONYMS research in the current STEP 1B: article. CUPs ANNOUNCING For example: "This paper PRESENT describes three separate CITE SITE RESEARCH studies conducted between March 2008 and To reference or quote A location or place January 2009." a source. STEP 2: The author presents the DATA DATUM ANNOUNCING main conclusions of his or PRINCIPAL her research. Plural form, referring Singular form, FINDINGS For example: "The results of to multiple pieces of referring to a piece of the study suggest..." information. information. STEP 3: The author previews the STATIONARY STATIONERY INDICATING THE organization of the article. STRUCTURE OF For example: "This paper is Not moving Refers to writing THE RESEARCH structured as follows..." materials ARTICLE COMPLIMENT COMPLEMENT A polite expression of Something that praise. completes or enhances ELICIT ILLICIT Ro evoke or draw out Forbidden by law or rules CONTRONYMS A word with a homonym (another word with the same spelling but different meaning) that is also an antonym (a word with the opposite meaning). The context in which the word is used helps determine which meaning is intended. CONTRONYMS STRIKE To hit or attack To miss or remove EXECUTE ] To carry out or To put to death as a perform legal punishment 6 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias SALVAGE 1.6 - USING DIFFERENT INFORMATION SOURCES To save or rescue To apprehend and execute without trial NEWS REPORTS CUSTOM News reports are articles or broadcasts that A practice followed Tailored or made to provide updates on recent events or by a particular group order developments. They are usually produced by journalists and SCREEN aim to inform the public with factual, timely information. To filter or examine To conceal or hide News sources are excellent for finding out people’s reactions, opinions, and prevailing OVERSEE/OVERSIGHT attitudes around the time of an event. To supervise or To fail to notice KEY CHARACTERISTIC monitor objective and factual reporting typically includes headlines, summaries, and detailed content often found in newspapers, websites, TV channels, and radio INFORMATIVE SPEECH Informative speeches teach an audience through objective factual information and can emerge the following categories: objects, people, concepts, events, processes, and issues. METHODS OF INFORMING defining concepts clearly and concisely using DEFINITION synonyms and antonyms, use or function, example, or etymology creating detailed verbal DESCRIPTION pictures for the audience sharing verbal directions about how to do something DEMONSTRATION while also physically demonstrating the steps sharing how something works, how something EXPLANATION came to be, or why something happened 7 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias PANEL DISCUSSION 1.7 - TEXTUAL AIDS A panel discussion involves a group of people TEXTUAL AIDS gathered to discuss a topic in front of an audience. instruments that serve as a better visual Panels usually include a moderator who guides method to promote faster learning and better the discussion, and some elicit audience comprehension questions, with the goal of being informative tools or materials that provide support and and entertaining. facilitate understanding of texts includes graphical outlines or images that gives ESSENTIALLY A PANEL DISCUSSION INCLUDES general idea and information about a certain topic A moderator or presenter and a panel of experts from within the specified field. FISHBONE DIAGRAM Panelists discuss and dissect questions with one another. It is a visualization tool used for categorizing the Experts share their opinions, experience, and potential causes of a problem. expertise from various perspectives in response to questions from the moderator. FLOW DIAGRAM It is a sequence chart that shows order or series of event. VENN DIAGRAM It is used to identify, classify, categorize and recognize similarities and differences of two or more subject ideas, thoughts or concepts by using two overlapping circles. 8 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias CONCEPT MAP 1.8 - FAULTY SENTENCES STRUCTURES This diagram is a type of graphic organizer that FAULTY SENTENCES STRUCTURES helps users organize and represent knowledge of a subject. It is composed of visual displays Refers to sentences that are grammatically that include content information that shows the incorrect, confusing, or otherwise problematic in relationship of ideas and provides learners with terms of clarity and coherence. structure for abstract concepts. Such sentences can undermine the effectiveness of communication and often result from errors in grammar or punctuation. RUN-ON SENTENCES Sentences that improperly combine two or more independent clauses without the BAR GRAPH appropriate punctuation or conjunctions. Independent Clause – A group of words with a It is a chart that plots numerical data using bars subject and verb that forms a complete or columns that show the total amount of sentence on its own. interpretations for a certain category. It can be Conjunction – A word that connects words, represented using vertical columns, horizontal phrases, and clauses in a sentence. bars or comparative bars. COMMA SPLICES PIE CHART Comma splices are two or more independent It is a special chart that uses pie slices to clauses separated by commas without illustrate comparative sizes of data. The chart is coordinating conjunctions or semicolons. divided into parts that show percentage or Coordinating Conjunction – Connects words, proportional data that matches the size of the phrases, or independent clauses that are similar pie for each value. or equal in structure. Examples include [FANBOYS] for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. OBSERVING CORRECT SENTENCE STRUCTURES Use a period to separate the clauses into distinct sentences. Add a comma and conjunction (e.g., and, but, or) to link the clauses properly. Use a semicolon to join closely related independent clauses. 9 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias 1.9 - FAULTY MODIFICATION MODIFICATION Modification involves using adjectives and adverbs to add meaning to sentences by: Adjectives: Describing nouns, specifying quantity, and identifying which one. Adverbs: Indicating manner, place, time, degree, frequency, and conditions, as well as affirming or negating statements Types of Faulty Modification: Misplaced Modifier, Dangling Modifier, Squinting Modifier, Split Modifier. MISPLACED MODIFIER The modifier is too far from the word it describes, causing confusion. Tip: Place modifiers next to the word they describe. DANGLING MODIFIER The modifier lacks a clear subject, making it unclear who or what is being described. Tip: Ensure the subject of the modifier is clearly stated in the sentence. SQUINTING MODIFIER The modifier could logically describe more than one part of the sentence, causing ambiguity. Tip: Position modifiers clearly to avoid ambiguity about what or who they are describing. 10 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias SPLIT MODIFIER 1.10 - EVALUATING MATERIAL VIEWED The modifier is separated from the word or Using reliable and multiple sources of phrase it is meant to modify, often by information can help verify information and intervening words or phrases provide various perspectives about a topic or Tip: Move the modifier closer to the word or issue. phrase it is intended to modify. PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY SOURCES Primary sources of information are original materials that often convey new ideas, discoveries, or information. These sources RULES originate from the time period under study. Place the modifier as closely as possible to the PRIMARY original research studies word it logically modifies. technical reports, lab data/notes, The word that is logically being described must diaries, letters, emails, be clearly stated in the sentence photographs, videos, works of art (literature, music, architecture, paintings) Secondary sources of information are based on primary sources. They are generally written at a later date and provide some discussion, analysis, or interpretation of the original SECONDARY primary source. Examples of secondary sources include: review articles, critique papers, biographies, review articles, critique papers, biographies Tertiary sources are publications that summarize and digest the information in primary and secondary sources to provide background on a topic, idea, or TERTIARY event. Examples of tertiary sources include: textbooks, dictionaries, directories, encyclopedias, manuals, guidebook CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING INFORMATION Reliability - means that the entities that sponsored, supported, or published the information source have a reputation for quality, and integrity. 11 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias Authority - means that the creator of the 1.11 - CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL LISTENING information source is an expert in the field. Validity - means that the research in the CRITICAL LISTENING information source was conducted in ways that are commonly accepted for that field of study. It is actively listening to what the speaker is Accuracy - means that you have ways of saying, while analyzing, judging and forming an determining the correctness of the information individual opinion on the information that is in the information source. being presented. ACCESSIBILITY ACTIVE LISTENING Accessibility refers to the quality of being easy Active listening is a particular communication to find, obtain, and use. Information helps us all technique that requires the listener to provide to make decisions and choices about our lives feedback on what he or she hears to the and enables us to live independently, to access speaker, by way of restating or paraphrasing social rights and entitlements and take part fully what they have heard in their own words. in society (Comhairle, 2005). When engaging with a particular speaker, a listener can use several degrees of active GUIDELINES FOR ACCESSIBLE INFORMATION listening, each resulting in a different quality of communication with the speaker. Text Accessibility refers to the arrangement of words DEGREES OF ACTIVE LISTENING Image Accessibility provides additional information about the text or concept through a Repeating - Repeating the message using picture exactly the same words used by the speaker. Audio Accessibility provides additional Paraphrasing - Rendering the message using information through listening skills similar words and phrase alignment to the ones Video Accessibility provides additional by the speaker. information through listening and viewing skills Reflecting - Rendering the message using your own words and sentence structure EFFECTIVENESS CRITICAL THINKING It refers to the degree of ability of sources of information to provide the desired result based Critical thinking is the process by which people on their objective or purpose. qualitatively and quantitatively assess the information they accumulate. EVALUATING FOR EFFECTIVENESS Critical thinking skills include observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, Is the information specific? explanation, and metacognition. Are basic facts like dates, names, attributions, Reading, writing, speaking, and listening can all etc. accurately reported? be done critically or uncritically in so far as core Are the claims in the material made based on critical thinking skills can be applied to all of observations, interpretations, analyses, those activities. measurements, and facts? Critical thinking skills include observation, Are claims and conclusions based on research interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, that can be checked using other sources? explanation, and metacognition. Are sources of information cited? Are they credible and reliable? 12 ENGLISH 9 | First Quarter Transcribed by: Marchael Matias 1.12 - EVALUATING SPOKEN TEXT 1.13 - MAKING EVALUATIONS AND JUDGEMENTS SPOKEN TEXT JUDGEMENT It refers to language that is expressed orally, rather than written. It encompasses various It is the ability to make considered decisions or forms such as: come to sensible conclusions. 1.) Conversation, 2.) Speech, HOW WILL YOU MAKE THE RIGHT JUDGMENT? 3.) Interview 4.) Podcast, and Collect evidence to satisfy JUSTIFICATION. 5.) Lecture Detach emotions from the equation for balanced PERCEPTION. ELEMENTS OF A SPOKEN TEXT View both sides of an argument to establish CLARITY and PARITY Fluency - Fluency is speaking effortlessly, Put emphasis on FACTS and TRUTHS. reasonably fast, and without unnecessary stops Verify and do not rush to achieve VALIDITY. or pauses. Daniel Morgan of Shenker Institutes of English gave a spot-on definition of what fluency is, "Fluency refers to how ' smoothly ' and ' efficiently ' a second language speaker can speak on a range of topics in real time ". CREDITS: UST-JHS | GRADE 10 - ENGLISH LEARNING AREA Cohesion - It is the linking of words and Contents are purely from the PPTs given by the subject sentences by using correct teacher. Encouraged not to make this as your main transitional/cohesive devices, such as reviewer. conjunctions (e.g., FANBOYS), and adverbial conjunctions (e.g., even, although, and instead). Coherence - It is centered on the general sense and organization/ logical sequence of thoughts/ ideas in a text—meaning, whether or not the text makes sense. Tone - It is the attitude of the writer/speaker regarding a subject. In a speaking situation or engagement, the tone of a speaker is dependent on the purpose of the talk and who the audience are. Accuracy - It is focused on grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. It is important that the speaker follows grammatical rules accurately, uses relevant and appropriate vocabulary, and demonstrates clear pronunciation. 13