British Law vs. US Law PDF

PART I UNTI T BRITISH LAW vs. US LAW The main soruces of British law are coflrmon law' legislation...

PART I UNTI T BRITISH LAW vs. US LAW The main soruces of British law are coflrmon law' legislation law' Scotland and Northern *4, rnor" ,e"entty' European Communityiawcourts, distinct from those Ireland have their own telU system and in England and Wales. -e habeas *;3;ttrlfil Oistirr"tirre ancient British law is that of a fairtrial. Police can bY a court' This is also Part of the US A trial in a criminal who put the case and call the evidt defence. The defendant normally ht ed pe law and t so that the Court is sure of it, otherwise ^^- must he be found 'not guiltY'' ----rir":ory, who.It"ur" eventual decision in the crown Court as to whether the defendarrilt u.toAf' 'guilty' or 'not guilty',- is normally ,.,*. the list of local people composed of tZ peoiif at rariclom fr,om whohavearighttovotedecisioniscalledaverdict. rosecution or the defence in The lawyers who courts a normally solicitors, while in sters. In Scotland a banister is known as called because they have been 'called to the B tried in a special juvenile court' a kind is held separately from the other  in a special courts- Sudden or suspicious deaths are invesngated ofcrimes' (MordAdvoncedlearner's EncyclopedicDictionary) in with their definitionsc: I. Match the words i1 1olum1'A Romani; ;;;it;Gts in column column B and tn"" *i-Ju tr'eir c r1l-"*onugt'ttJ-:l:l,J is brought in a Lo?"""i "rtrn' in the highrqllgenl r€view bY fG-judicialof the a decision of I"f.io.'"9"rt a lowql tr&unat' =:dlu*y-"r *ho uduises clienB on ITJP.osecution uP legal *""; of law, drawscases for iJ".-""' 'efc', Pr€Paie,s and who maY iit"o"tt' 19941 ad in cqltam  5. defendant four private unincorporated e. the q. drept comun societies in London (Lincoln's Inn, hrner Temple, Middle TemPle, Gray's Inn) that function as a law school and have tlre exclusive privilege of cailing candidates to r. clddiri F 6. the defence f. a document under seal, issued in the name of the Crown or a londoneze court, commanding the Person to aparlin5nd la whom it is addressed to do or patru societifi reftain ftom doing some sPecified juridice g. a public official resPonsible for the investigation of violent or susDicious deaths. fl 8. barrister n- tne insiurtion and conduct of legal prooeedings against a person t. medic legist $l procuror insdrcinat cu Il cefcetarea penali a deceselor t i. the body of law based on judicial decisions and custirm, as distinct from stafirte law T 10.Inns of Court i. att tttose who belong to the I I l. coroner k. a writ ordering a Person to be brought before a court or judge, especially so that the court maY ascertain whether his detention IIl l. the defettdant and his legal t! IT lh ! E  in the box II. Complete the followinS sentengg using the words more tltan once: in different expressions- Each word will be used l. There was enough ' to prove hrm guilty' 2. tlas thejury reached a -" "' "'"? 3. The client has decided not to "' 10. He is now forced to stand for trying to get round the asainst him. to-k""p on the right IIL Extract from the sentences in exercise II' the the English first one i;; th. fottowittg Romanian expressions; "q.rir""r"nrc has been done for You as an examPle: ish equn'alenrs ve sb zutln a aoueai vinovifia cuiva l- a staUiti un verdict 3.acomiteoinliacFune 4.afiactionatin 5. a inciica t de a fa"e un recurs/apel 7. tE-supus unm interogatoriu (la un 9. a fi in curs de -iudecare ,t 10. a actiona Pe c49-l9gal4 10 ]I II I I I fV. Choose the correct version, looking the new words up in the Glosarry: I A person who steals money placed in his care' 1. a) a foiger' b) an arsonist i) - embezzler d) apoacher 2................. means catching game birds, animals or fish without I permission on somebody else's property' ll n"rt"g b) steiing c) trespassing d) poaching 3. A penon who enten a building illegally' especially in orderto steal. by force' a) aburglar b) arobber c) ahooligan d) avandal pockets' 4, A person who steals money, etc from other people's especially in crowded Places - b) a plckpocket c) a shoplifter d) a robber ;t;thr"i of ten 5. The judge has Pronounced vears'imDrisonment. d) a conviction accusatiott b) a punishment c) a sentence u) an 6. The correct spelling for the English equivalent of the Romanian word - delaPidator - is embezler c) embezzler d) embezller uj-mf"t"t.. b) 7. He has been released from Prison and ifhe does not behave satisfactorily, he will be sent back' pioU",." b) on'remrssron c) into custody d) on testing "j"" 8.Therewasnoneedforatial,becartsetheclientdecidedto and forgive the attacker- a) serve his sentence b) appear 11 court c) drop all the charges d) commute his sentence of a 9..............-- means money pard by or for a person accused go if is allowed to *.."o.ity that he will ietum roi nis trial he ".ime, free until then. c) Barl d) Fine a)Probation b) Bribe 10. A.,....... is a lawyer who prepares-legal documents' advises clients on legal matters and speaks forthem in lower courts' -prosecutor c) judge d) barrister."fi"m b) "l l1 r! II T rI il I l. A person who takes people hostage for a ransom is called a a) hijacker b) bandit c) kidnapper d) rapist 12.The correct spelling for the English equivalent of the Romanian word - omor prin prudenyd - is' a) menslaughter b) manslother c) manslaughter d) manslauther 13. After ten hours, the Jury fiodly reached its '--....: the prisoner was guilty. a) sentence - b) verdict c) Point d) conclusion 14.Apersonwhowillfrrllygivesafalsestatementwhileunder oatn, coocetiiog u -Grial matier-in a judicial proceeding is said to commit a) slander b) bribery c) PerjurY d) treason 15. A........ is someone who testifies, especially tn a court of lawto events or frcts within his own knowledge-' ;t;;;td b) spectator c) witress d) friend V. Provide the Romanian translation for the following English words, using the GlossarY: Enslish terms Romaniqn eqqvg@ll!- l. aforger I 2- an arsonist 2. 3. an embezder 3 4. apoacher 4 5. a burslar 5 6. a robber 6. 7. a hooliean 7. E. a vandal 8. 9. athief 9. 10. a pickpocket 10. I l. a shoplifter ll 12. ahijacker t2. 13. a bandit l3 14. a kidnapper l4 15. a rapist 15 16. a smuggler 16. t2 f I I I fl I VI. Choose the correct version, payng attention to the use of f English tenses: l. Judge been taken ill. Williams ""' today as ludge Thomson has I a) presides b) will Preside 2. Before taking uP his duty, each respect his resPonsabilities' judge c) is presiding d) Presided -.'-.. an oaft to I I ul-rlt". case. b) is 3. The members of the taking c) took jury """' now d) has taken on the murder I a) is - deliberating b) were d) Lave -Jeen 4...........--.-. to represent yourself deliberating deliberating in the trial? c) are - deliberating I a) Wifi Vou b) Are Vl" u) 5. Look- outl *ili.n"oot - Ui g"i"^g c) You are going One of the robbers ""--'-"""' it th";;; d) Will you be c) was shooting d) is going to shoot r| 6.1..............'--'.-... my solicitortornotrow; I am-changing ul u-..ti"g Ui*U."" c) see 7. As soon as I.....-...-"" from my lawyer' d) would my will' see I wrll let you know' rl a) wilih;; b) heard c) 8. You cannot enter this room' The witness will have heard d) hear I cross-examined right this moment' [I.i!G - b)"is 9. The coroner - c) will be d) has being """' the case right now'. bj is. investigatf9 -, investigate I u) lnu.rtigut". 10. My client - -"]-Int d) has been invesfigattng will make an appeal when the verdict "" "" I pronounced. Ii *iliu" b) was c) has been d) is being 13 I I t T  expressions in column A with their VII. Match the English Glossary: equivalent Romanian translations in column B, usingthe to serve a sentence :aexecutaosentrn a. a comuta o 2. to be released on b. cu domiciliu 3. to be taken into c. a fi eliberat 5. to commute a senlencg 6. to be released on bail f. a renunta latoatq 7. to take an oath 10. to brine to court.a fi pus ?n libertate su! MII. Match the verbal in the left column with their tenses has been done for corresponding grammatical term; the first one you as an examPle: 3. was advisi c. Present Tense Si 4.hadbeen exami e. Future Tense Confinyett! f. Past Tense Contin4e4t. Past Perfect Continuous 9. will have been 10. will be analYsi. Future Perfect Contirruous ll. convicts l4 I I I I t lX. Put the verbs in brackets into the corresponding verbal tense indicated in italics: l. I....-(see) my solicitor tomorrow' (Present Tense t 2. Continuous) What Why.. -..-you (think) about? (Present Tense Contrnuous) tatl t" me about your problems? (Present you (noi I Tense SimPIe) deliberaing for hou's, the jury (decide) to :. - nte, not guilty' (Present Pe'f""t) declare the defeniant " - t" take this case if. ^ You consider I t Perfect) rto mY office and.. ' " ' " ' (ask) for il I would helP him but he )ast Tense SimPle) t after t iJ*ii"l to leave' front of the cinemawhen (realize) that somebodJ :" ""." "'"'.!watch) me ilsistently' (Past Tense Continuous Soon and I t Past Tense SimPle) 7. Judge Moony --....' il;t"" y ttt*t*""k'"un "' "- in this court of law for more (qresr^de) 1fr",tnt Periect Contimrous) He "' ' (Pre'sent Tense Conti\trJtre (retire) I :vidence tt) to story public,ntil he incriminate the suspect' t -B;'th; Perfect) g.ttt.t for five / o nnnu o Years when theY i, p', !F"##;j)' : #:' (anive) at the airpg-rt' his plane time you " T 10.'... Si 0-""J1 for more ihan half an hour' mPle, Future P e rfe ct) (Present Tense I I.--'.. igmduate) I was very determrned to pursue a 11. When But since then I career in the f"* E.ia. (Past Tense Simpte'1...... (reconsider)my options andI "' " "" " (decide)to tum politician- (Present ' Perfect).. ^- She iiJv (iareis) her appeal to the High Court of T 12. J^1." in i,'nrion wiren ihe in the local court- (Pasl Perfect, Past..,.. (b. Tense ^sumrnoned) Simple) to appear f 15 t T t t  UNIT 2 FORMS OF PIJNISHMENT II II f f f have to serve lhe sentence rmless he or she commits other offences during the period. Fines are awarded in about eight cases out of ten. 'Prob-ation'-involves the offender leading a normal life but under the I t tr I II when 'bound over'. (Oxfo r d Adv anc e d Le arn e r's Ency c lo p e di c Di cnona ry) II I'Statewhetherthefol|owingsentencesaretrueorfalseand correct the false ones: I normally be released aiter eight montls' impris onment wi ll normallY a Year's imPrisonment will F l. A person sentenced to three years will normally leave pnson after F lr s. granted Parole very often' --+ i..tife slntence, for murder can last for 20 years or more. ---+ O. fne High Court of Justice decides when a prisoner sentenced to ft life should be released. - t7 ft r I I I ---: 7. Fines are awarded in about six cases outof ten' --- officer tiving widr the 8. 'Probation' involves tflilptoUutton Y.ttl,b ofil"a"t ou"r the period ofirme estimated.initidlt-:: service 9. hH:;;;ffi; that can be imposed for communitv 40 and 240 hours' --- varybetween to 10. i;;;;", ortn"-""tu"i of hours' the community service has --) be comPleted within one Year' column A with the half- IL Match the half-sentences in complete and logical sentences' sentences in column B to make B A iTeu"ost at p.i."ners will be ffi.- rnill leave prison after two' gIlH,rure 2, A person on Parore wllr ua ilooingo"puiapnysicalwork' ' : -- r^-, ^L IO remaru ;-:. tf *p;sonment or other 3. A convict sentenc€d to a punishment slems inappropriate' - ^-r- i*--ionn-ent will ne ot sne will be liable for 4. Pnsoners that are gullty or i-. serious crimes will remain " ' the punishment imPosed in the first place. 5. A prisoner sentencecl to tnree il- *ith a probation officer over Ygiils vr theperiodof@ 6. The less severe rorrns ur..---i^L-arf are' sentoncg. 7. CommunitY servrce rnvotves s-. G;ffenAA maY simPlY get iwav with a vqlb4!rygl4l!g--- 8. TyPtcal exemples u il... normatty ue ,eleased after communiw servrce are - eight months. under a 9. One ofthe tnual -. to place a person such as one to we can mentron-'. legal obligation, keep the Peace. tO. fot a trivial offence' i-on-patolefor the rest of their lives. -i. I If are t hu't to PaY a fine at a I Parole condrtrons " abused.... -- offence. second l8 fl f fl f I 12. Couts have the power to allow a convicted person to go free-... l.... is behaviour. drunk and disorderly I 13. If a person on parole is m. convict€d for the same offence, a fine, probation, community service. or fl 14. To 'bind over'means. 15. If the offender fails to 'keeP n.... painting an elderly person's house or building a playground for children. o.... the offender is liable to be fl the Deace'. he orshe wiii... recaiieci to prison. t III. Choose the correct meaning of the following expressions selected from your text: 1. 'To be eligible for a remission' means: rl a) to deserve to be punished for a remission. b) to be unworthy or unfit for a remission. c) to have the right or proper qualification for a remission- I 2.'To be liable for punishment' means: a) to be legally obliged or responsible for something and be punished accordinglY. b) to be suspected of an offence and be punished for it. lr| c) to deserve a form of punishment. 3. 'To observe acondition' (in the context of its use) means: ff a) to listen to a condition but not to respect it' b) to notice a condition carefullY. c) to legally respect an official law- II 4.'To carry out a crime' means: a) to bring to completion, to accomplish a cnme. b) to be acquitted for a crime. lI c) to serve a sentence for committing a crime. 5. 'To bind somebody over'means: a) to make sb. take an oath that he will respect the law- I I b) warn sb. that he will apear in court again if he breaks the law. c) to punish sb. for breaking the law. 19 II f f T l!  IV, Match the following words and expressions with their Romanian translation: l.crime a. condamnat 2. offender b. oedeapsi cu suspendare 3. remission c. delicl infractiune 4. oarole d. incendiere premeditati 5. orobation officer e. reducere de pedeaPsi" gratiere 6. life sentence f. munciin interesul comunitatii 7. communitv service g. ofi1er de polilie insircinat cu supftIve- eherea unei persoane eliberate conditionat 8. convict h- condamnare pe viati 9. arson r. contravement 10. suspended sentence i. el iberare conditiona6 V. Complete the following derivational pattern noun -verb - noun, paying attention to the first example. Then translate the noun in the third column: Noun Verb Noun l. orison rmDnson imprisonment 2. emDower a J enforce 4 discourase 5 disensase 6 disfisure 7 displace 8 enact 9 enlist 10 rmD€ur VI. Select from the box below the legal terms that belong to the class of FELONY (in that belong to the class minori). These two leg known to have imposed and Wales until 1967. 20 I I I I f armed robbery shoplifting arson high treason manslaughter lib€l afiempted murder pickpocketing adultery t butglary kidnapping rap€ bigamy petty larccny terrorism embezzlement prostitution bribery smuggling poaching trespassing forgery sxtrortion/blackmail fraud perjury I randlarcenv indecentexposure treason hijacki FELONY MISDEMEANOUR shopliftine f armed robbery I I I I VII. Choose the correct versionr looking the new words up in the Glosarry: T 1. Any witness shall take an oath that about to give shall be the truth, the whole tmth and the notring but he/she is the truth. verdict I a) confession testimony b) c) d) statement 2. To means to go or intrude on the property, privacy, or preseryes of another with no right or permission. a) trespass b) forge c) break in I d) burgle 3................... is defined as giving or promising to give a public ^€tr^;-l iji i iLi.ii ornrethinn Sviiivuirrrb ^$ vr "^1..o v quv "';rh. nam,nt vr rut 4 wr I uPr intentiOn tO inflUenCe the I official in the discharge of his or her official duty. a) Forgery b) L-arceny c) Briberl' d) Pelury 2l I I t T T  4...................... is the false making or altering of any document that either has legal significance or is commonly relied upon in business transactions. a) Deceit b) Smuggling c) Comrption d) Forgery 5. Since the defendant did not have a criminal record, he got away with a small a) ransom b) punishment c) frne d) ticket 6. Many civilized countries have long abolished the death a) penalty b) punishment c) conviction d) sentence 7. A threat of attack to anotherperson, followed by actual attack which need amount only to touching with hostile intent is called a) rape b) assault and battery c) threat d) vandalism 8. The defendant was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was......-.--.. a) absolved b) acquitted c) forgiven d)pardoned 9. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment forjuvenile a) convicts b) villains c) sinners d) delinquents 10. The police have to the law, not to take it into their own hands. a) press b) break c) force d) enforce Viii. Choose the correct versiori, payirig aiiention to the use of English tenses: LHe a solicitor for more than a year now. a) was b) had been c) has been d) is 2. We..... for the verdict for almost two hours! There must be something wrong. a) are waiting b) were waiting c) waited d) have been waiting 3. She released on bail last week. a) has been b) was c) will be d) had been a)Have..reached b) Has... reached c) Had. reached d) Did.... reach 22 t T I I t 5- The leader of the gang...-.. ofjustice. just a) has...been b) hari...been c) was...been d) is acquitted by the court... 6. He was placed under investigation only after they.............. T hard evidence against him. a) found b) had found c) has found d) finded r a) 7. His sentence was by farmore s€vere than everybody expected b) was expecting c) had expected d) has expected t before, 8. As soon as the juty...........-...... the verdict, the case was dismissed. a) had pronounced b) pronounced c) has pronounced d) pronounces 9. EveryMy wondered why he caught red-handed T a) hasn't been b) wasn't c) hadn't been d) wouldn't be 10. The members of the ju.y................. for houn when they t finally reached a verdict. a) were ll. deliberating She told me that b) deliberated c) have been deliberating d) had been deliberating she.. filing for divorce for a T long time. a) considered b) had been considering c) would consider d) has been considering T 12.I a divorce............ in a court of law since my parents filed for t a) wasr't b) haven'i been 13. As soon as the search warrant allowed to look for the documents. c) won't be d) nadn.t Deen they will be t a) has been detail? a) Was _ checked issued b) will be issued c) was issued d) had been issued 14................. his criminal record b) Has being checked.. to the slightest c) FIas _ been checked d) Would been checked T - 15. The suspect under invesrigation long before the police found inefutable evidence. a) was placed b) has been placed c) had been placed d) will be placed T z.) t t I : I  T]NTT 3 THE ETIROPEAN COI]RT OF JUSTICE _ COMPOSITION AITD STRUCTURE The reprezentatives of the member states did not bv mmmon accord agree on the seat of the Court until 1992, when ihey were empowered to do so by Article 216 EEC. As a resull they took the decision that the court of Justice should remain in Luxembturg. This rooting of the court in Luxembourg is one factor in helping ti give the Court a strong esprit de corps. The Court of Justice consisB of fifteen judges and nine advocates-general, who are appointed by common accord of the a renewable term of six years. s a person has to either possess pointnent to the highest judicial countries or be iurisconsults of recognized competence- Although in strict law the judges and advocates-general could be of any nationality, ln pnrctiie each member sfilte will nominate one of its own nationats as a judge, and th9 five largest states - France, Germany, Italy, Spain arra tne"u.titea Kingdorn - will each nominate an advbcate-g.n"*t. The remaining advocates-general are appointed by the smaller member states in accordance with a system of rotation- Belgium had an advocate-general from 1988 to 1994, Denmark from-1991 to 1997, Greece from 1994 to 2000 and Ireland from 1995 to 2000. A disadvantage of the rotation syst€m is that no matter how outstalding the person is, it is impossible for him or her to be reappolntea at ttre end of six years. An odd number ofjudges is maintained in order to allow the full court to sit and to reach a majority decision- All decisions of the court are. signed by all tJre judges whetler they were rn the minority or the majority, so it is impossible to know whether the decision was reached by a bare majority or by unanimity. 21 IT The Council has the power, acting unanimously on a request from the Court to increase the number of judges and advocates-general. In the past the size of the Court was expanded upon the accession of new member stat€s, but not on other occasions, to help it cope with extra business. The Court initially started with seven judges, expanded to nine in 1973 (accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom), to eleven in l98l (accession of Greece), to thirteen in 1986 (accession of Spain and Porhrgal) and to fifteen in 1995 (accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden). The Court has coped with the increase in its workload in part by increasing the number of cases that it handles in a chamber rather than by a plenary session. The EEC Treaf always allowed the Court to form chambers consisting of three or five judges, but originally insisted that cases brought before the Court by a member state or by a community instiurtion must be heard in plenary session. The Court now has four chamben of three judges and two chambers of seven judges. Each chamber has a president who is elected annually, and it seems that by convention the presidencies of the chambers rotate around all the judges apart from the President of the Court. (Adapted ftom EC Isw. The Essenfial Guide to the Icgal Workings of the Europesn Community,by Stephen Weatherill&Paul Beaumont) I. Fill in the gaps with the missing words from the text: L Luxembourg is the seat of the actual 2. T\e members of the European Court of Justice are appointed by the............. 3.................... has the right to nominate one of its own nationals as ajudge. 4. Five advocates-general are appointed by.. --....................., while the other four are appointed by........... 5. The disadvantage of............ is that a member of the Court of Justice cannot be reappointed at the end of six years. 6. How do we know whether a decision of the Court of Justice was reached by a........... or by unanimity? 7. The Council has the Dower to increase the number of...... 25  8- The right of the court to form chambers was granted by the 9. The actual Court consists of..-.... of three judges and of...........,.......... of seven judges. 10. The president of a chamber is elected.._-.. accordinq to a rotation system_ _tr Ask questions for the following answers; the first two have been done for you as examples: Answer: ln 1992 Question: when did the reprezentatives of the member stotes agree on the seat ofthe Court? I does the Court of l. Answer: Sixyears. Question: 2. Answer: France, Germany, Italy, Sparn and the United Kingdom. Question: 3. Answer: From 1988 ta 1994. Question: 4. Answer: Denmark Question: 5. Answer: In order to allow the firll court to sit and to reach a majority decision. Question: 6. Answer: All the judges. Question: 7. Answer: Upon the accession of new member states. Question: II T I f ltt 8. Answer: Seven. Question: 9. Answer: Austria Finland and Sweden IT 10. Question: Answer Six chambers ofjudges. t; Question: III. Translate the following sentences into Romanian, paying t: attention to the words in italics: l. Ihis rooting of the Court in Luxembourg is one factor in helping to give the Court a strong esprit de corps. n t 2. To be appointed to one of these offices a person has to either possess the qualifications required for rypointnent to the highest judicial offices in his or her respective countries or be jurisconsults f of recognized competence. t 3. A disadvantage of the rotation system is that no matter how outstanding the person is, it is impossible for him or her to be reappointed at the end ofsix years. : n 4. A11 decisions of tJre Court are signed by ull the judges whether they were in the minority or the majority, so it is impossible to know whether the decision was reached by a bare majority or by unanimity. ; : 21 n t il t T  5. 3: fr* has coped with the increase in its workload in part mcre-asing the number by of cases that it handles in a charnGi"utrr", than by a plenary session_ IV. Find the synonymous terms (right column) for the expressions extracted from the text above column): ' flelt L by common accord a. accorOing to I b. irrespective of 2. as a result | ". oo demand d. except for 3. in strict law I therefore e. f. by rule with I S. reeardless of 4. in accoridance h. consequenfly 5. no mafier how I i UV convention 6. apart from I i. Uv common agreement 7. on request v' the fotowing expressions and their equivarent Read Romanian translations and then use them to comprete the gapped sentences: l. to be apportea to an omcel l-afinumitintr-o 1__4j io Sedinta a se intnrni 4. a convoca o intrun-i reisedi n 5. to convene a personEfoEE 5. a cita o penoana sd se preZnte la tribunal 6. to run for apoVan omceE 6. a-gi depune candidatu.ajentru- 7. to stand for ParGnent = 7. a candida pentruTartarnent 8. to dissolve Parliarnent: 8. a dizo]va Parlamentrrt 9. to hear a case/a witness = 9. a auciia un cazlun martor 10. to dismisr a case: 10. a declara un caz inchii  t t t I t ) 3. ;;;r";;*tJlloJffi", I are -..........-....... bv the 4. ft9 manager o! F" @mpany has..........-..... an urgent meeting with the shareholders. t 5. James was............... chairman by a majority of 25 voters. 6. The Court is now................ in plenary session. 7. I do not think that his qualifications recommend him to Parliament. 8. This case is far too important to be............... in a chamber. : 9. Who has the authority to............... Parliament? r 10. The Court............... the case due to lack of hard evidence. VI. Choose the correct version, looking the new words up in t the Glosarry: l. She will soon trial for the part she played in the t recent robbery. a) give b) perform make c) d) stand 2. Detsctives are said to be.......... into the causes of the t recent fire. a) looking b) investigating c) checking d) searching 3. The victim the law into her own hands by killing t her attacker a) a) took b) 4. Ted Bundy was a penance seized for his crimes. b) pity c) grabbed d) put hardened criminal who showed no c) remorse d) reproach : 5. His sentence has been commuted to six months on the t a) bases... of failing health. b) causes c) grounds d) reasons 6. He was convicted to 10 years of prison and................ of his t property- a) confiscated b) denied c) removed d) deprived 29 : t t : I  the disPute' it will have to be settled 7- If You can't resolve by............---------.' d) referee ;i;il;; b) court c) election thought he was guilty, but no one could 8. All his friends -_ ' u1e"l"e c) Point d) prove rt;; on the disco, twentY 9. As the rezult of a Police teenagers were arrested' invasion u) rarJ c) intrusion d) entry a) a criminal the judge sentenced 10. As he didn't have h. tt;b h;urs of communitY c)work' record d) dossier a) case b) fiie" paying attention to the use VII- Choose the correct version' of English tenses:., Cour! he """'-""" """"""' released 1. By the tme you reach the been c) has been d) was l|n'fr]o*" b) will have fo'the verdict' the judge 2. 'while the people.-.--..-.-...-'..."::" *^,ifar t the dJfendant aboutthe weafher' d) watt '' fffi*tt*e c) were waiting a) had been waitrng me up! I am """""'-':""""' ' Come and pick 3. Right now I think rouo*"d d) following u"#?tri":*"J u""n a) followed ul "l home when he was 4- He """"' down a street near his hado*"*111i1 t):1Y*' :iTtrf# b) waswarking c) to kill him while they were 5. One of the kidnappers drivtng away' a)threatensb)threteanedc)isthreateningd)hadthrethened an appeal? 6. How long ago ""'-'you """":' '- rnutt d) were '" made a) did -.- made ffi n; ir"Je' c) ao 30..7-.I saw you yesterday, while you................... ftat famous cnmrnal- a)weredefending b)defended c)hadbeendefending d)defending., 8. The witnesses were still being heard when I or law. the court a) left b) leaved c) was leaving d) had left 9. She told me that she.. filing for divorce for a long time. a) considered b) hadbeen considering c) would consider d) has been considering 10. This time tomorrow they. the wihess. a)will cross-examine b) would crossrxamine c) will be crossrxamining d) are cross-exarnining. ll. By the end of this year he......,_..,.. ten vears in pnson. a) will be spending b) wiil spend c) will have spent d) has spent l2.We knew that the defendant to do such a thiqg. a) will never b able b) are never abre c) wourd never bE able d) can never , 1,3, They said that the new constitution ,.-.,........_......,-_ soon, a) would b voted b) \,nin be voted c) wourd vote al irlot"a. 14, By this time next year, he.. his prison sentence. a) would have served b) wil have served c) will *il".;ti, ,"*-g 15. The criminal..... to trial if there is enough evidence against him. a) would be brought b) will have been brought c) will be brought d) u'as brought 3l  UNIT 4 INSTITUTIONS OF THE COMMT]hIITY Section 4 - The Court of Justice Article l7O A Member State which considers that another Member State has failed to fulfil an obligation under this Treaty may bring the matter before the Court of Justice. Before a Member State brings an action again$ another Member Stae for an alleged infringement of an obligation underthis Tredy, it shall bring the matter before the Commission. The Commission shall deliver a reasoned opinion after each of the States concemed has been given the oppornrnity to srbmit its own case and its observations on the other party's case both orally and in writing. If the Commission has not delivered m opinion within three months of the date on which the matter was brought before iq the absence of zuch opinion sball not prevent the matter from being brought before the Court of Justice. Article 171 l. tf the Court of Justice finds that a Member State has failed to fulfil an obligation under this Treaty, the State shall be required to take the necessary measures to comply with the judgement ofttre Court of Justice. 2. If the Commission considers that the Member State concemed has not taken such measures it shdl, after giving that State the opportunlty to submit its observations, issues a reasoned opinion specifuing the points on which &e Member State concemed has not complied with the judgement of the Court of Justice. lf the Member State concemed fails to take the necessary measues to comply with the Court's judgement wrthin fte time-limit laid -)z  I r I tf t : IT This procedure shall be without prejudice to Aticle lZ0. (B Ia crrs tone's EC In grs Ia fi on, Editsd.by Niger G. Foster) lt I- Match the new expressions (from the text above) in corumn A with their Romanian equivalents in column B: t; l. to fulfil an oblisation: a. a nu prejudicia 2. to brine a matter before : b. aimpiedica/a nu permite n 3, to brine an action asainst sb. 4. an alleged infringement ofan : c. 4 prevedea/stabililspecifi ca d. aindeplini o obliga$ie t obligation: 5. to deliver a reasoned opinion = 6. to be given the oooorfunitu : e. a impune o platd forfetari sau o amendd f. a se conforma,/a respecta 7. to submit a case to : g. a supune o problemi atentiei ; E. to prevent smth. from * v-ins : h. a transmite o opinG-ntemeiati 1!. to comply with: l. a mtenta un proces cuiva 10. to lay (laid. laid) down l. a supune un caz spre exaninare I I l. to rmpose a lump sum or a k. o prezupusa incalcare/violare a genalty payment: unei oblisatii 12.ta be without preiudice to : l.a se da 5ansa It _ II. complete the following sentences with rogicar and correct ll phrases; the first one has been done for you: Example: If he refuses rcfulf I his obligation, he.. I If he refuses to fulfl his obligation, he will have to be fired immediatelv. J-) il I I il  l I think that you.... before bringing this matter before tilCil;ii;#;. 2. If my neighbour I shall bring an action against him. 3. The infringement of copy-right 4. After hearing his reasoned opinion, we...... 5. All I need is to be given the opportunity to...... 6. What ln order to submit this case to your commission? 7. T};le new legislation prevented him from 8. You have to to compy with the second clause in our contract. 9. According to article 170, laid down by the... 10. Which is tre heaviest penalty that... 11. Make sure that you respect the law, without any prejudice to III. Form collocations (regular combinations of words) by filling in the following collocational grids; check the correctness of collocations using a legal dictionary: breach (oD : i"fre",tiune, violare, i:rcilcare (a rrnei convenlii) violation (of) : violare, abuz, incilcare, contravenire (la o regul6) infringement of : infracfiune, violare, abua incilcare, reproducere iliciti to break (the law) : a incilca (legea), a nu respecta cofirirgt copy-riglrt au€ty (thc) lrust sb's Pronuse nerc€ nrTv2c.v breach of vlolaUon of infrineement of to break (a/an) the Iaw human patents confidence sb's protocol highway rights lib€rty cods breach of violation of infrineernent of to break (a/an) l+  IV. Choose from the collocations in exercise III. the English equivalents for the following Romanian expressions and then use them in your own sentences: abuz de incredere : incdlcarea ordinii publice : violarea secretului : reproducere iliciti a dreptului de auror: reproducere iliciti de brwete -- V. Choose the correct version, looking the new words up in the Glosarry: l. The woman sining in the witness will certainly commit perjury. a) box b) stand c) seat d) bench 2. A..........,..- \dll be appointed to investigate the violent and suspicious death ofthe teenager- a) prosecutor b) doctor c) coroner d)judge 3. He was caught. stealing money from the cash-box. a) red-handed b) heavy-handed c) light-fingered d) heavy-set 4. You can't have buqgled the house alone, so who was your I ;i;t b) accomplice c) assistant d) associate 5. Wilkinson is alleged to have a number of serious cnmes. a) done b) made c) committed d) discharged 6. 'I objed YourHonour, the lawyeris................. the witress!' a) harassing b) intimidating c) offending d) leading 7. The man jumped out of the window and committed............. a) death b) homicide c) murder d) suicide 8. The police said there \'r'as no sign of a.......... entry even though the house had been burgled. a) broken b) bunt c) forced d) smashed 35  placed 9. He was house arrest forhis own safety' a) on b) i" c) under d) within 10. Is the defendant going to guilty or not guilty? a) plead b) play c) aPPeal d) aPPear I L Mr. Johnson was...-.-...'.'-. fifty pounds for drinking and driving' a) charged b) fined c) ordered d) penalized 12. As it was her first offence, the judge gave her a """""""' sentence. a) kind b) lenient c) severe d)tolerant 13. I.............-. to say anything unless I an allowed to speak to my lawyer. u)'a.oy' b) neglect c) refuse d) resist 14. The new harassrnent law comes into """""""' on September 15' a) force b) condition c) date d) power 15. He was charged....'......-.. assault and batbery and taken to orison. it or b) with c) on d) in Vi. Choose the eorrect version, pflylng attention to the use of Modal Verbs: Judges nsver take bribe from the defendants' l. a) should b) must c) can d) wrll 2. The window is broken; the intruder tried to get into their bedroom. ui ftuu" b) should have c) would have d) must have "- have taken him into 3. He was innocent! They custody! uirlo,ira"'t b) mustn't c) needn't d) can't 4. He..........,..... have committed the crime! He was immobilized in bed atthattime! ai mustn't b) wouldn't couldn't c) d) shouldn't 5. t am sorry you didn't ask for help; I " introduced you to my lawYer- - ;tcall- iurr" b) must have c) could have d) was able to 36  6. The legislation says that the judges..... immune from legal proceedings. a) shall be b) wiff b€ c) should be d) must be 7- A judge of his office if he no longer fulfils the legal conditions. a) can be deprive b) must deprive c) may be deprived d) may been deprived 8. This p-""tot" bewiftoutprejudiceto Article 17O. a) will b) shall c) must d) can 9. You submitted the case to a higher-court! The verdict was in your favour! a) couldn'thave b) mustn'thave c) needn'thave d) may not 10- Any lt[emberState comply wilhthe judgements ofthe European Court of Justice. a) shall b) must c) will d) have to VII. Th€ nein fuoctions ef Modd Verbs hevc been indiceted in the box below.Identifu each function illustrated in the following sent€nces: pr€s€nt /pasf ability inability possibility rcmote possibility impossibility permission obligation absencs of obligation necessity prc*ribition logtcalassumption(afFrrrative) logical assumption (negative) advice criticism requests offers Exanple: Ihe Court of Justice shall hove iurisdiction in any dispute between Member States. -* regulations t. parties to the proceedings may appeal to the Court of Justice. T" 2. He couldn't testify against an innocent man. ---'. 3. I need to find a very good lawyer to get me out of prison. --- 4. He couldn't have been convicted to capital punishment; he was justapickpocket. - 37 - 5. The Home secretary must have advised the Queen on that important matter. - 6. it' - He should have asked for legal aid when he needed z. -an you ten me what pape$ I have to fill in 'l '---> -u A. Vou-snouf6 - 1o trial before he commig more criminal Urng mm acts. --+ 9. Shall I assisyouin$isrndsr? - 10. We should ali vote for or against this new provision' -- tt. May Ibe excused now ?' 12. He might have tried to bribe the judge, but I doubt it' -' tl. n-otnpardes nae to respect the binding agreements of this contract. ---+ _ 14. She can't o.flavebroken her promise to give henelf in' - rest his 15. The you"g, lawyet was able to come up with a new idea to - ro. ffimlm-oers ortne jury don't have to recess for deliberation if the verdict is obvious. -' 17. You mustn't smoke in hospitals and airpors' -- 38  TINTT 5 DAILY TELEGRAPH I. Read the f{rllowing texts and choose the corresponding headline for esch of them: ",Iff*Jffi,H:ffi:l-,Iffo Life stntence for double rapist Pc faces jail for sex assaults million from 84 mainlv elderlv to feed his gambling naUt *as Note: IOU - (abbr of I owe 1nu) = sigrred paper aclnowledgng that one owes the srm of money stated crown court :_ a court of crimfuxar jr:risdiction holding sessions in 9Y* ttt-"gtout Fnglard and Wales at which circuit judgls hear and determine cases. card to lure women into his car so he could sexually assault them was wamed yesterrday that he faced prison. Amir Butt, 24, of Watford, offered a lift home to women who had been drinking and become separated from their friends. He was found guilty on two charges of sexual assault at Luton Crown Court and will be sentenced atalatsr dats. Note: Pc - abbr of police constable (policeman) st after service in the Gulf war changed his personality, a court was told yesterday. -Lee Walker, 32, of W)'thenshawe, Manchester, was jailed for life at Minshull Street Crown Court after pleading guilty to rape. He was sentenc€d to five years for a second case of rape- e after a row over doing the ould se a life deed" 22. onthe eve of St Valentine's Day, in Hull- He dumped her body 100 miles away before making tearful television appeals forherto getin touch- Hull Crown Court heard that Dyson slashed his wrists and wrote "sorry" in blood on his cell wall three days ago- Passing sentsnce, Judge Tom Cracknell told Dyson: -'You executed a well thoughtout plan without pity, except self pity, without remorse." The judge said the television appeal was 'breathtaking and nauseating hypocrisy", adding: 'You led her family to think there might be some hope when there was none." Miss Nelson's body was found after 39 days. ("The Daily Telegraph", Wednesday, November 9,2005) II. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F); when ihe sentences are false, correct them as in the following example: Example: I-ee Wqlkerwqs sentenced to 12 years for two of rape- F -cases Correction: Lee Walker was sentenced to five years for a second case ofrape. 40  tr"| Dson was given a life sentence for a double rape. l. Amir 2- _ Butt was a 24-yearold policeman who se*u'Jly-assaulted women in his car. 3. Graham Price stole f,15 million from g4 main.ly elderly pnvate investors. 4.I-ee Walker was a former soldier fighting in the Gulf war. 5. Paul Dso" corrmitted suicide i" p"""q after he *o t "orr-"i"t"a. 6.Iihen brought before justice, Grabarr price rejected all theft charges. _ 7. Amir Butt offered a lift home to women who left their office too Iate to catch the bus. 8. Paul Dlrson's fiancee was called Joanne Nelson and was 22 yeards old. 9. Paul Dyson killed his fiancee on christmas Eve, by stabbing her to death. 10- Graham Price had no connection whatsoever with the Halifo< bank. 14. Judge tom cgcknell congrt'ldod Dyson on his well thoueht-out plan ofmurdering his fiancee in cold 5looa. 15- Graham Price became a bank robber because he needed money for his fiancee's surgery._ III. Pair-work: Take turns in answering your colleague's questions by scanning the texts for information:* - l. Who was Graham Price and what was he charged with? 2. What jail sentence did Graham Price receive? 3. What did Graham Price need the s[olen monev for? 41 4. How old was Amir Butt and what did he do? 5. What was Amir Butt found guilty ofl 6. How did l,ee Walker plead when he stood trial? 7. What sentence did Lee Walker receive? 8. How did Paul Dyson dispose ofhis fiancee's body? 9. How did Paul Dyson die? 10. When was Miss Nelson's body found? * Remember the Passive Voice IV. Read the chart below to see how the active to passive transformation works for the main verbal tenses: \.ERBAL T'ENSES ACTIVE VOICE PASSrvE VOICE hesent Tense Simple charge amlis/are charged Present Tense Continuous ls/are exaflumnq iVare beine examined Past Tense Simple sentenced was/were sentenc€d Past Tense Conturuous wadwere interrogating waslwere beins interrogated Present Perfect hasftr,ave found haVhave been found Past Perfect had released had been released Future Tense Simple wilVshall include wilVshall be included Future Perfect wilVshall have admitted wilVsball have been admitted Conditional would reiect would be reiected Perfect Conditional would have arrested would have been arrested Gerund DTacbSmP being Dractised Lone Infinitive to convict to be convicted Perfect lnfrnitive to have committed to have been committed 42  v- Put the verbs in brackets into the passive voice of the tense indicated: Example: A value added t@c (VAT) rate of 2J Wr cent (apply - Past Tense Simple) to wine in Belgium. ! u-alue added tE (vAT) rate of 25 per cent was appried to wine in Belgium. l. This case.... (decide - present perfect) against Belgium. 2.The notion of protection... (illushate - Future Tense Simple) in the next paragraph. 3. charge that... A.... (catch - present Tense Simpte) by Article 12 is unlawfrrl. 4. The matter.....-. fudge - past Tense Simpl,e) in the light ofArticle 95. 5- The rcpa)ment to an exporter of a sum exceeding the intemal duty 6. Taxing exports at a lower nte than dom-estic products - (consider _ present perfect) a discriminatory practice. 7.The terms ofthe coltract..... already... (discuss _ Past Perfecf) before the two parties signed it. 8. The main witnesses in the murder case......... still..... (hear - Past Tense Continous) by the judge when the politician made a press release. 9. The two diplomats..... now.......... (escort _ present Te ns e C ontinous) to the American Embassy 10. Six bomb attacks seem... (report _ perfect Infinitive) in London forthe last l0 hours. ll.A new warning (issue _ Future I'ense Simple) forthe refugees to leave the camp immediately. 12. More funds....... (allocate - perfect Conditiona[) to the Ministry of Justice if the govemment had voted the new budget law. +J. u''-!!ange the fotowing sentences from Active voice into Passive voice; the underrined direct objects subjects ofthe passive sentences: wil Lecome the Example: This Article to f nancia I co mpens ati.entilles ons The holder qf -inteilec-ntgr-properr.v iehts is enfutred to fnarciar compensations by this Article. l. They all considered that the cou't of First Instance had used Article 86 improperly. They all considered that Article g6 by....., 2- \\e court will take measures to reconcile the incompatibilitv of national properry rights with the pursuit of economic Measures. d;ilioo. 3 Smith Drug Pharmaceuficals had patented a drug called Negram under British law. A drus called l\resram....... under British law by...... 4. The Commission rejected this Article on the grounds of unj ustifi ed discrimination. ftis,&tiglg by...... 5' The memben of the Jury wire stilr deriberating upon ofreasonable doubt. trt" ,r"*, Ttre matter of reasonable doubt...-.. still by.......lt  10. if they had...... if at least one eye wrtness vII' choose the correct version by palng attention to the use of Passive Voice: I Many houses in this area...... into by burglars. a) have been being broken b) have been broken i; uo b".o broken d) have being broken 2. A photofit picnue ofthe wanted man..,........ lasc week. a) had been issued b) was issuing c) was iszued d) has been issued 3. After the verdict the case by the judge. a) had been pronounce4 was dismissed b) will be pronounced, will be dismissed c) will have been pronounced has been dismissed d) has being pronounce4 will be disrnissed 5. He.......... to 100 hours of community work only because he was at his first offence. a) have been sentenced b) was sentenced c) will be sentenced d) had being sentenced 6. Before......... of breach of trust, the lawyer........... also... with pelury in a divorce case. a) been accused, was.,... charged b) being accuse, has..... been charged c) being accused, had.... been charged d) being accused, wErs.... been charsed 45  7. Choose the correct passive form of the following active sentenc€: The Commission has just appointed the new heident of the European Court of Justice. a) The new President of the European Court of Justice had just been appointed by the Comrnission. b) The new President has just been appointed by the European Court of Justice. c) The Commission has just been appointed to vote the new President ofthe European Court ofJustice- d) The new President of the European Court of Justice has just been appointed by the Commission. 8. Choose the correct passive form of the following active sentencs: The memben of the Europeon Parlisment were still debating the issue of competition lmt at that poinl a) The issue of competition law was still debated at that point by the members of the European Parliament. b) The issue of competition law was still debating at that point the members of the European Parliament. c) The issue of competition law was still being debated at that pornt by the members of the European Parliament. d) The members of the European Parliament were still being debated by the issue of competition law. 9. Choose the correct English translation for the following Romanian passive sentence: Nu ya ajuns incii la nici o concluzie cu privire lo noua lege a adoplieL a) No conclusion hasn't yet been reached regarding the new adopnon Iaw. b) No conclusion has yet been reached regarding the new adoption lau.. c) No conclusion was reached yet regarding the new adoption lavr'. d) Yet, no conclusion is reached regarding the new adoption law. 10. Choose the correct equivalent sentence for the followrng: People say that Mn Johnson had business diffrcuhies in the pasL a) Diffrculties are said to have been h,ad by Mr. Johnson in the past. b) Mr. Johnson is said to having had business difficulties in the past. ^\ \rI- vt I^L-^^- rs 1!rr. JrJlulsulr :- bdru !u L^,,^ ^^:l +^ lrd r L,,-:-^^^ ll4vg L^l l:ctr^.,|i^- uuslrlgss utrlruuttigs l- +L^ tII ulg -^* IJaJl. d) It is said that Mr. Johnson has had business difficulties in the past. 4r)  UNTT 6 DAILY TELEGRAPH Iraqi Jailed Over British Aid Worher IGIling An Iraqi man h,as ben sentenced to life in prison in connection I with the murder of Margaret flassan, the British aid worker abducted a1d killed in Iraq r-2004. Mustafr salman was charged with aiding and abetting the kidnappers. Two other defendants in the-case were freed. I ""i''ffi to it. Four months later Iraqi I and found Mrs Flassan's purse I Today's sentence is the first handed down in connection with the More than I ed since the I 47 I  5. Her ftmily has implored Foreign Secretaries Jack Straw and Margaret Beckett, as well as the Foreign Office, to question the suspects about the location of Mrs Hassan's remains. "They have refused this request even though this is the only way that Margaret's remains will be found and we can bring her home to be buried with the dignity she deserves.", tley said. 6. Yesterday her ftmily said that, during her captivity, the kidnappers made four calls to her Iraqi husband Tahseen in Baghdad, demanding to spak to a mernber of the British Embassy. But the British told him they would not speak to the hostage-takers.The Foreign Office confirmed drat Mrs F{assan's husband was called ftom her phone by someone claiming to be holding her, but said they had been unable to confirm the claims. 7. Deidre, Geraldine, Kath4.n and Michael Fitzsimons said in a statement released yesterday: "We b€lieve that the refusal by the British Govemment to op€n a dialogue with the kidnappers cost our sister her life." 8. During her kidnap, in which video recordings of her pleading for her life were released, officials were keen to distance her from the British Government and emphasise her charity work in Iraq. "Our strategy w;rs one of 'personalisation and localisation', minimising the links between Mrs Hassan and the (.IK", a Foreign Office spokesman said. 'We understand her family having criticisms of the Govemment approach and we remain in regular contact with them." ("The Daily Telegraph", Monday, June 5,2006) 48  I il I. Choose from A to H the sentence that best summarises each I paragraph (1-8) of the article above and insert them in the boxes preceUing each paragraph. The first one has been done for you: I A. Justice at work - th€ first senterrce against an Iraqi hostage-taker B. The British Embassy refuses any cornmmicationwith Iraqi hostage-takers. C. Life in prison for the abetter of Margaret Hassan's kidnappers D. The British Governrnent's stratery of assuming political distance t E. Finding evidence againstMustafa Salman F Iraqi citizen kitled due to her British nationelity? G. Margaret Hassan's family blame the British Governrnent for her death H. The British authorities fail to comfort the ; II. For questions 1-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the test; sometimes more than one I option may be valid: l. Why did Mustafa Salman keep Margaret Hassan's pune and t documents in his house? A. He wanted to ask B. The pune contain nded to sell' C. Margaret Hassan Placed under I his care. D. Mustafa's associates threatened to kill him if he didn't take them. Why was Margaret Hassan allowed to appear in a video? t 2. A. i{er appeals might have determined the British forces to withdmw from Iraq. B. The hostage-takers wanted to offer a proof of life to her family I C. The hostage-takers wanted to negociate a ftInsom with the British Govemment. D. That was the last chance she had to save her life. I 3. Why did A. They B They the British Embassy. T C. They wanted Margaret's family to put some pressure on the British Govemment. D. They wanted to put Margaret's future execution down to the t British Govemment. 49 ; T ),1 )l Dl 4. Why did the British Govemment refuse to open a dialogue with the kidnappers? A. The British Govemment no longer considered Margaret Hassan a British cifizen. B. The British Govemment didn't want to give in to an Iraqi technique of political manipulation- C. The British Government chose to distance itself from any acts of Iraqi terrorism. D. Opening a dialogue with the kidnappen meant withdrawing military forces from lraq- 5. Margaret's family criticisms of the British Government approach were directed at... A. the British Govemment refusal to pay the ransom requested by the kidnappers. B. the British Government strategy of minimising the links between Mrs Flassan and the UK. C. the British Govemment refusal to open a dialogue with the kidnappen. D. the British Government refusal to withdraw the military forces from Iraq. III. Match the tinking words/phrases in column A with their corresponding parts in column B: A l. According to the latest a. more measures will be statistics,... taken in convicting terrorists. 2. Due to the hard evidence b. to open dialogues with the found in his house.... kidnappers of their citizens. 3. Up to a point, the kidnaPPen c.... more than 200 foreigners seemed interested in... and thousands oflraqis have been ktd"apped and over 40 killed since the US-led invasion in 2003. 4. As a general rule, the d. there should be some Government is not suPPosed hidden political agenda rslated to his/her kidnapping. 50  S. Oeqitete fact thd Margaret's e. ,.. Mustafa Salman could be appeals could have been her last' taken into police custodY. 6. To put it briefly, f. the British Cmvemment didn't take any military or political achon. 7. I am inclined to believe that g--Tut a terrorist waY of fromnow on.... negociating military and politicd lssues. & Ee[tttags{.kers didn't obtain h-. establishing a contact with what they wante4 consequenfiY' the British Embassy. g. tt is my firm belief that i. Margaret was another hn