ENGL Prelim Reviewer PDF

LISTENING - Process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken 3. Comprehensive/Active Listening and/or non-verbal message - Listening to understand the message of the speaker - Key to al...

LISTENING - Process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken 3. Comprehensive/Active Listening and/or non-verbal message - Listening to understand the message of the speaker - Key to all effective communication - Focuses on accurately understanding the meaning - Most neglected skill - Interpreting non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, and Hearing vs Listening vocal quality Hearing Steps in Active Listening - Accidental - Listening carefully using all available senses - Involuntary - Paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and verbally - Effortless - Checking your understanding to ensure accuracy - Passive - Providing feedback - Perception Listening 4. Critical/Analytical Listening - Focused - Listening to evaluate the message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it - Voluntary - Evaluating whether a message is logical and reasonable - Intentional - Make judgments based on the evaluation of the speaker’s arguments - Active - Uses critical thinking skills - Understanding Types of Listening 1. Appreciative Listening BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN - Listening for pleasure and enjoyment Parts of Speech - How well speakers choose and use words, use humor, ask questions, tell - Nouns stories, and argue persuasively - Pronouns 2. Empathic Listening - Adjectives - Provide emotional support for the speaker - Verbs - Focuses on understanding and identifying with a person’s situation, feelings, or - Adverbs motives - Conjunction - Listener doesn’t necessarily agree with the speaker but instead understand the - Preposition feelings of the speaker without judgment - Interjection  - Unlike subjective complements, Objective Complements are nouns or adjectives that describe direct objects Elements of a Sentence - Example: Cathy cut her hair short. (S – Cathy; TV – cut; DO – hair; OC – short Subject – topic of the sentence / doer of the action - Example: The child made her mother happy (S – child; TV – made; DO – Predicate – states something about the subject mother; OC – happy) Direct Object – receives the action done by the subject 20 RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Indirect Object – precedes the direct object / tells whom or for whom the verb is done for and who is receiving the direct object 1. Subjects and Verbs must agree in number Five Basic Sentence Patterns Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular verbs; Plural subjects need plural verbs S-IV (Subject – Intransitive Verb) Example: My brother is an accountant. - Simplest sentence type My sisters are business-owners. - Intransitive Verbs are verbs that do not have a direct object - Example: Marites walks rapidly. // John loves to eat. Hint: SVS – singular verbs have an ‘s’ S-TV-DO (Subject – Transitive Verb – Direct Object) 2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb. - Transitive Verbs are verbs that have a direct object Example: The detective who was called to the case is usually very good. - Example: Cong teach the students. // He changes the curtains. 3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect S-LV-C (Subject – Linking Verb – Complement) the agreement - Linking Verbs are verbs that connect the subject with an adjective or another noun. Example: The biker in this race is very competitive. - Common linking verbs are be, am, are, is, was, were, and seem. The bikers in this race are very competitive. - Subjective Complements are group of words that often follow a linking verb. 4. If a sentence starts with “there” or “here”, the subject will always be placed - Example: The class remain silent. // He is a doctor. after the verb S-TV-IO-DO (Subject – Transitive Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object) Example: There is a meeting today. - Indirect Object precedes the direct object and tells whom the the action of the verb is Here are the results from this past month. done and who is receiving the direct object 5. Subjects can come after the verb in questions. - Example: Ma’am Cha taught us the lesson. // He gave me flowers - In these examples, ‘us’ and ‘me’ are the indirect objects Example: Does Betty always play with dolls? How are the Bosco sticks today? S-TV-DO-OC (Subject – Transitive Verb – Direct Object – Object Complement)  6. If two subjects are joined by “and” they typically require a plural ver” 14. Two infinitives separated by and take a plural verb. Example: The puppy and the lady are friends. Example: To run and to read are my two favorite “Free-time” activities. 7. If two subjects are separated by “and” refer to the same thing, the verb is 15. Gerunds alone take a singular verb. Gerunds linked by and take a plural verb. singular. Example: Dancing is not something everyone can do as well as I can! Example: Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite pasta dish. 16. If the words each, every, or no come before the subject, the verb is singular. 8. If both subjects are singular and connected by or, nor, neither/nor, Example: Each boy and girl has to take the test. either/or, and not only/but also, the verb is singular. Every frog and toad turns into a prince. Example: Sally or Bubba has stolen the scarecrow. No paper and pen is required. Not only the guitar player but also the drummer was soaked with sweat. 17. Most indefinite pronouns take singular verbs. 9. If both subjects are plural and connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, - Someone, anyone, no one, everyone either/or, and not only/but also, the verb is plural. - Somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody - Something, anything, nothing, everything Example: Cookies or brownies are nice treats for your teacher. - Little, another, much, each, one, neither, either 10. If one subject is singular and one plural are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, use the subject that is nearest 18. Both, few, many, others, and several take a plural verb. to the verb. Example: Several need to finish the race. Example: Either my sisters or my mom has sent me a present. A few have the right answer. Not only Bob but also the Smiths want some hamburgers for supper. 19. When the subject is all, any, more, most, none, or some, this is the ONLY 11. Units of measurement usually use a singular verb. time you must look at the object of the prepositional phrase to determine whether it is singular or plural. Example: Six gallons of paint was used on the house. Five dollars is too much for a cup of coffee. Example: All of the chickens have laid. Some of the milk has spilled. 12. Collective nouns usually use a singular verb. 20. FINAL RULE: Only the SUBJECT affects the verb Example: The herd is stampeding. The class was ready for the test. 13. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular. Example: Holes was one of my favorite books. I want to see the movie. MOOD OF THE VERB - Mood is the form a verb takes to indicate the ATTITUDE of the person using the Present Subjunctive Examples: verb. - The teacher recommended that I be in her class. Tense, Voice, Mood - I recommend that you be on time the rest of the year. - The judge suggested that we be given first prize. TENSE – shows time (past, present, future) - I demand that he do the assignment. VOICE – shows who’s doing an action or having action done to them - Her mom insisted that she not play tomorrow night. MOOD – shows attitude (telling a fact, giving a command, expressing a wish) - I insist that Michael come early. - I strongly suggest that he cooperate with the police. Past Subjunctive Examples: Indicative Mood - I wish you were in my English class. - Expresses a fact, opinion, or question - I wish Mr. McGowan weren’t so awesome. - It is 84 degrees in here. - If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. - I think I am going to pass out. - Can we please turn the heat down? NOUNS Imperative Mood What is a noun? - Direct command or request - Name of persons, place, things, phenomena, ideas, emotions, etc. - Show me the money. - Now give me the money. Classifications of Nouns - Don’t call the police. - All nouns can be divided into common and proper nouns. Subjunctive Mood - Common nouns can be divided into countable and uncountable nouns. - Both countable and uncountable nouns can be divided into concrete and PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE – to express a suggestion, a necessity, or an indirect abstract nouns. command/order. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE – to express untrue condition, or a wish or desire. Common verbs: ask, demand, determine, insist, move, order, pray, prefer, recommend, regret, request, require, suggest, and wish  - Example: one bag, two bags, three bags - Uncountable Nouns - Nouns that we cannot count - Have no plural form - Example: cheese, bread, ice-cream, rice, water, rain, sugar Possessive Nouns - Rule 1: Making singular noun possessive indicates ownership Example: Gregory’s milk (add apostrophe + ‘s’) - Rule 2: Making plural nouns possessive only add apostrophe to nouns that already in in ‘s’ Example: Companies’ workers // Countries’ armies Concrete Nouns - Can be perceived with the five senses (Ex. Wall, Grass, Paper) Common Nouns Abstract Nouns - All nouns that are not proper nouns are common nouns. - Cannot be perceived by the five senses. Refers to ideas and feelings (Ex. Love) - Examples: cup, art, paper, work, frog, bicycle, atom, family, mind Gender Nouns - Either countable or uncountable. Masculine gender – used to denote male subtype Proper Nouns Feminine gender - used to denote female subtype - Start with capital letters Neuter gender – used to denote non-living things - Names of people, places, times, organizations, etc. Common gender – denotes either female or male - Refer to unique individuals Example: Teacher, student, cousin, parent, etc. - Most are not found in dictionaries - Often occur in pairs or groups Collective Nouns Countable Nouns - Singular noun for a group of people, animals, or things Examples: Team, crowd, family, pack, bunch, pile - Nouns that we can count - Can be singular or plural