Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Protection - PDF

NON-SPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF THE ORGANISM Prof. dr Ilija Jeftić Immune system - introduction Non-specific and specific immunity non-specific (innate, natural) immunity – provides early protection against infection specific (acquired, adaptive) imm...

NON-SPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF THE ORGANISM Prof. dr Ilija Jeftić Immune system - introduction Non-specific and specific immunity non-specific (innate, natural) immunity – provides early protection against infection specific (acquired, adaptive) immunity - develops more slowly and provides a later but more effective defense against infection Non-specific and specific immunity Non-specific protection Non-specific protection of the body consists of: anatomical barriers circulating effector cells circulating effector proteins cytokines and inflammatory reaction Anatomical barriers https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/barrier-defenses-and-the-innate-immune-response/ Anatomical barriers Circulating effector cells Carriers of non-specific cellular protection of the organism are: neutrophil leukocytes monocyte-macrophage cells and natural killer cells (NK cells) Neutrophilic leukocytes and monocyte-macrophage cells fulfill their role in the non-specific protection of the organism through the process of phagocytosis Phagocytosis The process of phagocytosis consists of: stages of recognition engrossing stages stages of intracellular elimination of the pathogenic agent Pathogenic agents can be recognized directly or indirectly Substances that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis are called opsonins, and the coating process is opsonization Phagocytosis Phagocytosis  NK cells they kill infected, tumor, aged and damaged cells in response to IL-12 they synthesize and secrete IFNγ Circulating effector proteins are non-specific humoral factors, present in the extracellular fluid they play a role in the opsonization of pathogenic microorganisms in the direct damage of pathogenic microorganisms and in the chemotaxis of phagocytic cells to the site of entry of infectious agents and tissue damage The most important circulating effector proteins are: - complement system proteins and - acute phase proteins The complement system it makes up about twenty plasma proteins, which are normally found in an inactive form can be activated: - Alternative way (non-specific protection), - classical way (antigen-antibody complexes - specific protection) - lectin way Протеини акутне фазе запаљења they are synthesized in the liver under the influence of pro- inflammatory cytokines the role of acute phase proteins in non-specific protection is multiple: - are involved in positive chemotaxis - stimulation of opsonization and adhesion of phagocytes - activation of complement via an alternative pathway acute phase proteins include: C reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin, alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 2 macroglobulin, fibrinogen and serum amyloid A Cytokines are soluble products of cells that enable intercellular communication are synthesized in response to stimulation the mechanism of their action can be: - autocrine - paracrine and - endocrine Cytokines Inflammation any tissue damage (by physical, chemical and biological agents) causes the development of a standard non-specific inflammatory reaction whose task is to eliminate the effect of the harmful agent and lead to tissue repair inflammation is a non-specific defense reaction that occurs as an organism's response to cell damage or death inflammation is the reaction of living tissue to injury Inflammation According to the origin, the causative agents of inflammation are divided into: non-biological factors and biological factors According to the duration, they differ: acute inflammation subacute inflammation chronic inflammation Acute inflammation The inflammatory reaction is characterized by: vascular changes (changes in microcirculation in the area of inflammation) formation of swelling (egress of blood plasma from the microcirculation into the perivascular tissue) formation of cellular accumulation (accumulation of inflammatory cells) accelerated metabolic processes in the area of inflammation and tissue/organ dysfunction that is affected by inflammation Inflammation https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/acute-inflammation.htm Change in microcirculation Vascular changes in the area of inflammation contain: changes in the diameter of blood vessels increased vascular permeability In the area of inflammation, vascular changes can be divided into two phases: early stage and late stage Mediators of inflammation A number of mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction: vasoactive amines (histamine) plasma protein systems (complement system, kinin system, blood coagulation system) arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane's) cytokines... Cellular response in inflammation Карактеристике акутног запаљења REDNESS (eritema) RAISED TEMPERATURE (calor) PAIN SWELLING (tumor) and LOSE OF FUNCTION (function lease) Chronic inflammation is a long-term inflammation in which the processes of active inflammation, tissue damage and recovery (repair) of damaged tissue occur together unlike acute inflammations, which are characterized by a sudden onset and violent course, with a predominance of exudative changes, chronic inflammation is characterized by a gradual onset, lower intensity and longer evolution of the inflammatory process, with a predominance of proliferative changes THANKS