Engels Hamlet PDF

Hoofdpersonages: 1. Hamlet ○ De prins van Denemarken en de hoofdpersoon. Hij wil wraak nemen op Claudius voor de moord op zijn vader. 2. Claudius ○ De nieuwe koning van Denemarken en Hamlets oom. Hij heeft Hamlets vader vermoord om de troon te grijpen en...

Hoofdpersonages: 1. Hamlet ○ De prins van Denemarken en de hoofdpersoon. Hij wil wraak nemen op Claudius voor de moord op zijn vader. 2. Claudius ○ De nieuwe koning van Denemarken en Hamlets oom. Hij heeft Hamlets vader vermoord om de troon te grijpen en is nu getrouwd met Hamlets moeder, Gertrude. 3. Gertrude ○ Hamlets moeder en de koningin van Denemarken. Ze trouwt snel met Claudius na de dood van haar eerste man, wat bij Hamlet voor woede en wantrouwen zorgt. 4. De Geest (Ghost) ○ De geest van Hamlets overleden vader, koning Hamlet. Hij onthult aan Hamlet dat Claudius verantwoordelijk is voor zijn dood en vraagt om wraak. 5. Ophelia ○ De dochter van Polonius en de geliefde van Hamlet. Ze wordt door de omstandigheden in het hof en Hamlets gedrag tot waanzin gedreven. 6. Polonius ○ De hofmeester van Claudius en vader van Ophelia en Laertes. Hij is een politiek intrigant en wordt per ongeluk door Hamlet vermoord. 7. Laertes ○ De zoon van Polonius en de broer van Ophelia. Hij is een impulsief en eerzuchtig personage dat wraak zoekt voor de dood van zijn vader. 8. Horatio ○ Hamlets beste vriend en vertrouweling. Hij blijft trouw aan Hamlet tot het einde en leeft om het verhaal van Hamlet te vertellen. Act 1, Scene 2 (Hamlet’s Rouw en Conflict met Claudius): Hamlet rouwt om zijn overleden vader, terwijl zijn moeder Gertrude en zijn oom Claudius hem aansporen om verder te gaan. Claudius probeert Hamlet te overtuigen om hem als een nieuwe vader te zien en niet terug te keren naar de universiteit. Hamlet voelt zich diep gekweld door het snelle huwelijk van Gertrude met Claudius, wat hij beschouwt als moreel verdorven. Act 1, Scene 3 (Laertes, Polonius en Ophelia): Laertes waarschuwt Ophelia om niet verliefd te worden op Hamlet, aangezien zijn liefde waarschijnlijk tijdelijk is en hij vanwege zijn koninklijke verplichtingen geen vrije keuzes kan maken. Polonius sluit zich aan bij Laertes’ waarschuwing en geeft Ophelia het advies afstand te houden van Hamlet. Tegelijkertijd geeft hij Laertes vaderlijk advies over hoe hij zich in Frankrijk moet gedragen, zoals het vermijden van conflicten, wijs zijn met geld en trouw blijven aan zichzelf. Act 1, Scene 5 (Ontmoeting met de Geest): De geest van Hamlets vader verschijnt en onthult dat hij is vermoord door Claudius, die gif in zijn oor goot terwijl hij sliep. De geest vraagt Hamlet om wraak te nemen, maar waarschuwt hem zijn moeder niet te schaden en haar aan haar schuldgevoel over te laten. Act 2, Scene 1 (Ophelia en Hamlets Gedrag): Ophelia beschrijft Hamlet’s verwarde en vreemde gedrag aan haar vader Polonius, wat mogelijk wordt geïnterpreteerd als liefdewaanzin. Polonius besluit Claudius hiervan op de hoogte te stellen. Act 2, Scene 2 (Polonius’ Theorie en Plan): Polonius stelt Claudius voor dat Hamlets waanzin wordt veroorzaakt door afgewezen liefde voor Ophelia. Hij stelt een plan voor waarbij Ophelia en Hamlet elkaar toevallig ontmoeten, terwijl Polonius en Claudius het gesprek afluisteren. Act 3, Scene 1 ("To Be or Not To Be"): Hamlet overweegt het leven en de dood, en worstelt met de gedachte aan zelfmoord vanwege de moeilijkheden van het leven en de onzekerheid van wat na de dood komt. Hij ontmoet Ophelia en toont tegenstrijdige emoties, waarbij hij haar uiteindelijk vertelt naar een klooster te gaan. Act 3, Scene 4 (Confrontatie met Gertrude en Dood van Polonius): Hamlet confronteert zijn moeder in haar kamer en beschuldigt haar van immoreel gedrag. Polonius, die zich verstopt heeft, maakt geluid, waarna Hamlet hem doodsteekt, denkend dat het Claudius is. Deze daad zet de tragedie verder in gang. Act 4, Scene 1 (Claudius’ Angst en Hamlets Verwijdering):Claudius vreest voor zijn eigen veiligheid na de moord op Polonius en besluit Hamlet naar Engeland te sturen. Hij geeft Rosencrantz en Guildenstern geheime orders mee om Hamlet daar te laten executeren. Act 4, Scene 4 (Hamlet’s Reflectie over Besluiteloosheid):Onderweg naar Engeland ontmoet Hamlet een kapitein uit het leger van Fortinbras. Hij leert dat Fortinbras een oorlog voert om een onbeduidend stukje land. Dit zet Hamlet aan tot zelfreflectie: terwijl Fortinbras actie onderneemt voor iets kleins, heeft Hamlet nog steeds zijn wraak niet uitgevoerd, ondanks dat zijn reden veel groter is. Hij besluit dat zijn toekomstige daden vol vastberadenheid moeten zijn. Act 5, Scene 1 (Het Grafdelverscène):Hamlet overpeinst de dood wanneer hij het werk van twee grafdelvers observeert. Hij stuit op de schedel van Yorick, de voormalige nar van het hof, en filosofeert over de vergankelijkheid van het leven. Later arriveert de begrafenisstoet van Ophelia, die door Claudius en Gertrude wordt begeleid. Hamlet raakt in een ruzie met Laertes in het graf van Ophelia, wat hun spanningen verhoogt. Act 5, Scene 2 (Het Duel en de Tragische Ontknoping):Hamlet accepteert Claudius’ uitgedaagde duel met Laertes. Tijdens het duel gebruikt Laertes een vergiftigd zwaard, en Claudius heeft ook een vergiftigde beker als back-upplan. Gertrude drinkt per ongeluk uit de beker en sterft. Laertes raakt Hamlet dodelijk met het vergiftigde zwaard, maar wordt zelf ook gewond. Laertes onthult Claudius’ plan vlak voor zijn dood. Hamlet doodt Claudius voordat hij zelf sterft. Fortinbras arriveert en neemt de controle over Denemarken over. Hamlet wordt met eer begraven. Henry VIII - Henry, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace. After the death of his elder brother Arthur in 1502, Henry became heir to the English throne. - Famous for his love for dancing and hunting - Marries his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. - In de eerste jaren van zijn regering vertrouwde Hendrik VIII sterk op Thomas Wolsey om namens hem te regeren. In 1515 verhief Hendrik hem tot de hoogste regeringsfunctie: Lord Chancellor. Military Henry VIII's early military campaigns began in 1511 when he joined the Pope's Holy League against France. While his first campaign in France was organized well by Wolsey, the Scots were defeated at Flodden in 1513. However, the war with France was costly and unsuccessful. Known as the 'father of the Royal Navy,' Henry expanded the fleet from five ships to around 50 by the time of his death. He modernized ships with new guns, including the Mary Rose, which sank in 1545. He also established Britain’s first naval dock in Portsmouth and created the Navy Board in 1546 to manage the fleet. A male heir Henry VIII was very worried about having a male heir. He only had one surviving child, Mary, with his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, who was now in her 40s. So, Henry asked Cardinal Wolsey to ask the Pope for an annulment of his marriage. Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, who had been a lady-in-waiting to Catherine. But the Pope refused because he didn’t want to upset Catherine’s nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who was very powerful. This led to Wolsey losing his position. In 1533, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church and secretly married Anne Boleyn, who was already pregnant. The Pope excommunicated Henry, and this event marked the start of the English Reformation. Head of the church After Wolsey's downfall, Thomas Cromwell became Henry VIII's chief minister. He gained Henry's trust by helping him break away from the Catholic Church and making Henry the head of the Church of England. This move also brought wealth to the crown through the dissolution of monasteries. Over four years, Cromwell ordered the disbanding of 800 monasteries, taking their lands and treasures for the crown. The social and cultural impact was huge, as much of the land was sold to the gentry, and many churches and monasteries were destroyed. Despite these changes, Henry VIII still held Catholic religious beliefs, even though more people at court and in the country were becoming Protestant. In September 1533, Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, who would later become Queen Elizabeth I. However, Henry grew tired of Anne, and after two more pregnancies ended in miscarriages, she was arrested in 1536 on false charges of adultery and was publicly executed at the Tower of London. Henry's third marriage, to Jane Seymour, finally gave him the son he desperately wanted, with the birth of Edward in 1537. Sadly, Jane died shortly after childbirth, and Henry ordered that she be given a queen's funeral. To strengthen ties with the German Protestant alliance, Thomas Cromwell arranged a marriage between Henry and the German princess Anne of Cleves. However, the marriage was a failure, and Henry divorced Anne a few months later. Henry blamed Cromwell for the failed match and had him executed for treason. In the final years of his reign, Henry VIII's health declined, and he became increasingly focused on maintaining his image of power. He continued to pursue costly and unsuccessful campaigns against Scotland and France. In 1540, the aging King married the young Catherine Howard, but their marriage was short. Catherine was accused of having a previous relationship with Henry's courtier Francis Dereham and an affair with another courtier, Thomas Culpeper. She was executed for adultery and treason in 1542. Henry's last marriage, to Catherine Parr, was more peaceful, and she cared for him like a nurse. She would outlive him. Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547 and was succeeded by his son, Edward VI. He was buried next to Jane Seymour in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Katherine of Aragon (Divorced) Married Henry for 18 years. Gave birth to one surviving child, Princess Mary (later Mary I). Died in 1536, expressing her love for Henry in her final letter. Anne Boleyn (Beheaded) Married Henry from 1533-1536. Gave birth to Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I). Arrested and executed for adultery and incest. Jane Seymour (Died) Married Henry in 1536. Gave birth to Prince Edward (later Edward VI) in 1537 but died shortly after. Henry grieved her death despite having his male heir. Anne of Cleves (Divorced) Married Henry in 1540 at 24 years old. Henry found her unattractive and annulled the marriage after six months. Remained on good terms with Henry, treated as “the king's sister.” German princess Catherine Howard (Beheaded) Married Henry in 1540. Accused of adultery, arrested, and executed in 1542 at about 21 years old. Catherine Parr (Survived) Married Henry in 1543 when she was 31. Cared for Henry in his later years and survived his death in 1547. Married Thomas Seymour after Henry's death but died in 1548. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch, was born on 7 September 1533 in Greenwich. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. When she was just two, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was sent away from the court. Later, Henry’s sixth wife, Catherine Parr, took care of her education. In 1553, Elizabeth’s half-sister, Mary, became queen. Mary, who was Catholic, saw Elizabeth, a Protestant, as a threat. Elizabeth was briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London after a failed rebellion in 1554, but she claimed she had no part in it. A Golden Age Elizabeth became queen in November 1558, after Mary’s death. Her reign, lasting 45 years, is often called a golden age. She was smart, speaking six languages fluently. One of her first actions as queen was to return England to Protestantism, but she allowed some Catholic practices to stay in the Church of England. Elizabeth had strong advisors, like William Cecil and Francis Walsingham. Under her rule, England’s overseas trade grew, and in 1580, Sir Francis Drake became the first Englishman to sail around the world. The arts also thrived, with famous writers like Shakespeare and Spenser, and composers like Byrd and Tallis. Elizabeth liked to be seen by her people and went on 25 visits around England, often traveling on horseback. Mary, Queen of Scots In 1568, Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic, fled to England. Many Catholics wanted Mary to take the English throne. Elizabeth kept her cousin Mary imprisoned for 19 years, watching her closely. In 1586, Elizabeth’s spy, Walsingham, uncovered a plot to kill Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne. Mary was tried for treason and executed in 1587. Spanish Armada In 1588, Spain’s King Philip II sent a large fleet, the Spanish Armada, to invade England and restore Catholicism. Elizabeth gave a famous speech to rally her troops, saying, “I have the heart and stomach of a king.” With bad weather and help from Sir Francis Drake, the English Navy defeated the Armada. Despite pressure to marry and have children, Elizabeth refused. She had a close relationship with Robert Dudley, but she remained independent and always said she was “married” to her country. Elizabeth died on 24 March 1603 and was succeeded by her cousin’s son, James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England. The Renaissance (1500-1660) Overview: The Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth that began in Italy and spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. It marked a renewed interest in the learning and art of ancient Greece and Rome. The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth," and it focused on human potential, the beauty of life on Earth, and a shift from religious concerns to human and natural ones. Humanism: At the core of the Renaissance was humanism, a movement that emphasized the importance of individual achievement and the study of nature, rather than focusing solely on God or the afterlife. People started to question traditional beliefs and sought to understand the world through reason and research. Influence of Ancient Classics: Renaissance thinkers were inspired by the literature, art, and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome. Many authors, artists, and philosophers in the 16th and 17th centuries modeled their work after the classical examples from  these civilizations. Legacy: The Renaissance laid the foundation for modern science, mathematics, and art. Many of the era's discoveries continue to shape our understanding of the universe. Iconic figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Copernicus, and Shakespeare are still well-known today, reflecting the lasting influence of this period. Cultural and Literary Characteristics: ○ The Renaissance was more focused on life on Earth than on the afterlife. ○ Actions were judged based on their immediate value, beauty, and effectiveness, rather than according to moral or religious standards. ○ Literary characters in Renaissance works had greater complexity and autonomy than those from the Middle Ages. They were often portrayed grappling with internal conflicts and decisions, reflecting a more individualistic and human-centered worldview. Elizabethan Theatre Cultural Growth: The Renaissance, which had started in Europe in the 14th century, sparked a flourishing of the arts in England during the Tudor period. Queen Elizabeth I supported the arts, especially the theatre, through her patronage of music, art, and plays. Theatre in England: By the 1570s, permanent acting companies were formed, with some under the support of wealthy nobles. The Queen’s Men was one such company, created in 1583. Opposition from Authorities: While Queen Elizabeth and her court enjoyed the theatre, the officials of London disapproved. They believed plays encouraged laziness, immoral behavior, and the spread of disease due to large crowds gathering. As a result, performances were banned within the city, and theatres were built outside the city walls in the suburbs. Early Playhouses: ○ In 1576, James Burbage built the first permanent playhouse, called The Theatre, in Shoreditch. ○ The following year, the Curtain Playhouse was built near The Theatre. ○ In 1587, Philip Henslowe built the Rose Playhouse on the south bank of the River Thames. ○ In 1599, The Globe Theatre was built near the Rose Playhouse by Shakespeare's acting company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. Theatre Culture: These playhouses were popular entertainment spots. The South Bank area, where many theatres were located, was already known for animal baiting, brothels, and taverns, making it a busy entertainment district. Company Structure: Early acting companies were co-operatives where actors also took on management roles. The main actors in a company were known as "sharers," and young boy apprentices played female roles, as women were not allowed on stage due to morality laws. Regulation and Audiences: The Master of Revels oversaw performances for the government. Playhouses could be shut down for various reasons, including outbreaks of plague or immoral behavior. While women were not allowed to perform, they did attend plays, and the theatre was a popular social activity for people from all walks of life, including students, craftsmen, merchants, pickpockets, and nobles.  Performance Details: Plays were performed outdoors, in daylight, and on a stage that was surrounded by an audience. The cheapest ticket, costing one penny, allowed viewers to stand in the "yard" around the stage (known as the "groundlings"). For a little more, they could sit on benches or cushions in the galleries surrounding the yard. Popularity: Between 1560 and 1640, around 3,000 plays were written and performed in London. Shakespeare was one of many prominent playwrights of the time, alongside figures like Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson. Shakespeare: Biography William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 23, 1564, remains a mysterious figure despite his fame. We know little about his personal life, mainly through his works and a few surviving church and legal documents. He was the third of eight children born to John Shakespeare, a glover and leather merchant, and Mary Arden, a local heiress. His father was successful for much of William’s early years, but his fortunes declined in the late 1570s. There is debate about Shakespeare’s education, but it’s likely he attended the local grammar school, based on his knowledge of Latin and Greek. However, there are no official records to confirm this. Shakespeare did not attend university, which has led to ongoing debates about the authorship of his works. Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway in 1582 when he was 18, and she was 26 and pregnant. They had three children: Susanna, born in 1583, and twins Hamnet and Judith, born in 1585. Tragically, Hamnet died at the age of 11 in 1596. Shakespeare’s life is unclear during the years after the birth of his twins, a period known as the "Lost Years." Some believe he may have fled Stratford after poaching deer from Sir Thomas Lucy's estate, while others suggest he worked as a schoolteacher in Lancashire, though this remains uncertain. Shakespeare reappears in London around 1592, where he began acting and writing plays. He quickly gained attention, though he was criticized by playwright Robert Greene for his rising success. By 1594, Shakespeare had become a key member of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a leading theatre company that later became the King's Men. The company was popular with both the public and royalty. Shakespeare’s plays became widely popular, and for the first time, a playwright enjoyed enough fame to have his works sold as popular literature during his lifetime. His ownership stake in both the theatre company and the Globe Theatre made him a successful entrepreneur as well as an artist. He was able to retire to Stratford in 1611 and purchase a large house. In his will, written in 1611, Shakespeare left his property to his daughter Susanna, and £300 to his daughter Judith. To his wife Anne, he famously left "my second best bed." Shakespeare is believed to have died on his birthday, April 23, 1616, though this is likely a romantic myth. He was buried in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford on April 25. In 1623, two of Shakespeare’s colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell, published the First Folio, a collected edition of his plays. Shakespeare’s work has left an incredible legacy that continues to influence literature and the arts. His epitaph, written by Shakespeare himself, reads: Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones. 1. Historische Achtergrond Henry VIII (1491-1547) Persoonlijk leven: ○ Geboren in Greenwich en opgegroeid als tweede zoon van Henry VII en Elizabeth van York. ○ Werd koning in 1509, na de dood van zijn vader, en trouwde met de weduwe van zijn broer, Catherine of Aragon. Politiek en religie: ○ Speelde een sleutelrol in de Engelse Reformatie door te breken met de Katholieke Kerk, nadat de paus weigerde zijn huwelijk met Catherine te annuleren. ○ Richtte de Anglicaanse Kerk op en maakte zichzelf hoofd van deze nieuwe religieuze instelling. Bijdrage aan de marine: ○ Breidde de Engelse vloot uit van vijf schepen naar vijftig en vestigde de eerste Britse marinebasis in Portsmouth. Huwelijken: ○ Had zes vrouwen, van wie er twee werden geëxecuteerd. Dit weerspiegelt zijn obsessie met het verkrijgen van een mannelijke erfgenaam. ○ Zijn derde vrouw, Jane Seymour, baarde zijn enige zoon, Edward VI. Culturele impact: ○ De ontbinding van kloosters bracht aanzienlijke veranderingen teweeg, zowel economisch als sociaal. Het leidde tot de vernietiging van religieuze gebouwen en het herverdelen van rijkdom onder de adel. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Jeugd: ○ Dochter van Henry VIII en Anne Boleyn. Haar moeder werd geëxecuteerd toen Elizabeth twee jaar oud was. ○ Onderwijs onder toezicht van Catherine Parr, Henry’s zesde vrouw, gaf haar een uitstekende opleiding, inclusief zes talen. Regeerperiode: ○ Bracht stabiliteit na de chaotische regering van haar halfzus Mary I, die probeerde Engeland terug te brengen naar het katholicisme. ○ Bevorderde protestantisme maar was pragmatisch, waarbij ze enkele katholieke tradities toestond. Belangrijke prestaties: ○ Engeland’s overzeese handel en ontdekkingen floreerden, met figuren zoals  Sir Francis Drake, die de wereld rondvoer. ○ De Spaanse Armada werd verslagen in 1588, mede dankzij Elizabeth’s leiderschap. ○ Kunst, literatuur en muziek bloeiden, waarbij Shakespeare, Spenser en Byrd prominente bijdragen leverden. Haar erfenis: ○ Elizabeth weigerde te trouwen, wat haar onafhankelijkheid onderstreepte en leidde tot haar bijnaam "The Virgin Queen." ○ Overleden in 1603, ze was de laatste Tudor-monarch. 2. De Renaissance (1500-1660) Kenmerken van de beweging: ○ Ontstaan in Italië en verspreid door Europa, met een hernieuwde focus op de klassieke oudheid, wetenschap en humanisme. ○ Humanisme benadrukte menselijke prestaties, autonomie en rationeel denken. Effect op literatuur en kunst: ○ Klassieke modellen inspireerden dichters en schrijvers. De nadruk lag op realistische en complexe karakters. ○ Kunstenaars zoals Leonardo da Vinci en Michelangelo, en schrijvers zoals Shakespeare, symboliseerden de intellectuele en creatieve kracht van de Renaissance. Impact op wetenschap: ○ Ontdekkingen in astronomie (Copernicus) en wiskunde legden de basis voor moderne wetenschap. 3. Elizabethaans Theater Historische context Theater groeide tijdens de regering van Elizabeth I, ondanks tegenstand van stadsautoriteiten die het immoreel en ongezond vonden. Speelhuizen werden gebouwd buiten de stadsgrenzen van Londen om beperkingen te omzeilen. Belangrijke theaters en gezelschappen: De Globe: Gebouwd in 1599 door de Lord Chamberlain’s Men, het gezelschap van Shakespeare. Andere theaters: Zoals The Theatre (1576) en The Rose. Publiek en voorstellingen: ○ Voorstellingen waren toegankelijk voor alle sociale klassen. Prijzen begonnen bij één penny. ○ Het gebruik van jongens om vrouwenrollen te spelen weerspiegelde de  morele beperkingen van die tijd. Bijdrage van Shakespeare: Shakespeare was een sleutelspeler in de ontwikkeling van Elizabethaans theater. Hij was zowel toneelschrijver als acteur en een zakenpartner in de Globe. 4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Persoonlijk leven: Geboren in Stratford-upon-Avon, zoon van een koopman en een landeigenares. Zijn huwelijk met Anne Hathaway resulteerde in drie kinderen, waarvan één (Hamnet) jong overleed. Carrière: Verhuisde naar Londen rond 1588 en vestigde zich als toneelschrijver, acteur en eigenaar van een theatergezelschap. Werkte samen met de Lord Chamberlain’s Men, later bekend als de King’s Men onder James I. Invloed en erfenis: Schreef 37 toneelstukken en 154 sonnetten die universele thema’s zoals liefde, macht en sterfelijkheid verkennen. Zijn werken, zoals "Hamlet", combineren tragische thema’s met morele ambiguïteit en intellectuele diepgang. 5. Poëzie en Sonnetten Sonnetvormen: Italiaanse/Petrarcaanse sonnet: ○ Opgebouwd uit een octaaf (ABBA ABBA) en een sestet (variabele rijmschema’s). De "volta" of wending markeert een thematische verandering. Engelse/Shakespeareaans sonnet: ○ Bestaat uit drie kwatrijnen (ABAB CDCD EFEF) en een afsluitend couplet (GG). Het couplet biedt vaak een conclusie of paradoxale twist. Bekende sonnetten: Sonnet 18 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"): ○ Verheerlijking van eeuwige schoonheid en liefde. Sonnet 130 ("My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun"): ○ Humoristische en realistische beschrijving van liefde, ontdaan van  idealiserende metaforen. 6. Hamlet Context: Geschreven in de overgang van Elizabeth I naar James I, weerspiegelt het de onzekerheid van die tijd. Kenmerken van de tragedie: Combineert geweld en zwartgallige humor met thema’s als wraak, politieke corruptie en existentiële twijfel. Scherpe reflectie op de menselijke natuur en morele complexiteit. Langdurige relevantie: Hamlet blijft een van de meest uitgevoerde en bestudeerde toneelstukken, met universele thema’s die resoneren in hedendaagse settings.