Nouns and Verbs PDF

Nouns By Nabiha Qasim Noun A noun is any word that refers to something: a person, place, thing or idea. The first real word you ever used probably was a noun; a word like mama, daddy, car, or cookie. Most children begin building their vocabularies with nouns. According to their characteristics, n...

Nouns By Nabiha Qasim Noun A noun is any word that refers to something: a person, place, thing or idea. The first real word you ever used probably was a noun; a word like mama, daddy, car, or cookie. Most children begin building their vocabularies with nouns. According to their characteristics, nouns can be of different types, - Proper noun - Common noun Proper noun Nouns that name any specific place, thing or person are called proper nouns. For example, ‘’Abraham Lincoln” and “Mount Everest” are proper nouns. Proper noun starts with a capital letter. Common noun Nouns that refer to any general place, thing or person are called common nouns. For example, “man” and “mountain”. Common nouns do not require capitalization except if used in the start of the sentence. Common nouns are further classified into - Abstract noun - Concrete noun - Countable noun - Uncountable noun - Collective noun - Compound nouns Abstract noun Abstract nouns name things which have no physical existence. We cannot see, touch or detect them directly through our senses. Abstract nouns name ideas, emotions, concepts, feelings or qualities. For example, democracy, intelligence, love, anger, responsibility, knowledge etc. These are the things that we cannot physically interact with. Concrete noun Concrete nouns, on the other hand, name people, places or things that exist physically. These are the things which we can see, touch, or detect directly through our senses. For example, friend, beach, smoke, cake, rabbit etc. Countable nouns Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places that can be counted. Countable nouns can be -Singular i.e., referring to only one person, place or thing. For example, man, library, chair, book, apple, house, car etc. -Plural i.e., referring to more than one thing, place or person. For example, men, libraries, chairs, books, apples, houses, cars etc. Uncountable nouns Uncountable or mass nouns are things or ideas which are not individual objects and cannot be counted. They are always singular. For example, food, music, powder, cheese, rice, water, enjoyment, furniture. (hint: you cannot put quantities before them) Collective nouns Collective nouns refer to a collection or group of people or things. For example, audience, class, crowd, family, government, team, jury, herd, army, bouquet. Compound nouns Compound nouns are made up of two words. For example, washing machine, sunset, wallpaper, haircut, side effect. Note: A noun may belong to more than one category. For example, chair is both a concrete noun and a singular noun. Also, music is both abstract and uncountable.  Verbs By Nabiha Qasim Verb In any sentence, verb happens to be the word that tells us about what the subject is doing. A verb is a word used to indicate an action. All verbs are one of these types. - Action/main verbs In a sentence, an action verb tells what the subject does. Action verbs express any physical or mental action that a subject performs: think, ask, eat, realize, dance, sing, bake, play etc. For example, The doctor wrote the prescription. She accepted the job offer. He sings in the hotel for living. I thought the same thing. I considered him as my friend. Ali bought a ticket. Action verbs can either be transitive or intransitive Transitive verbs Transitive means passing over or to transfer. Transitive verbs are those action verbs which are always followed by a noun/pronoun to receive the action of the verb, called direct object. Transitive verbs need direct objects to exert or pass on their action directly to them. For example, Peter cut the cake. (Here ‘’the cake’’ is direct object receiving the action of the verb ‘’cut’’. The action ‘’cut’’ is directly being passed over to object ‘’cake’’) I respect him. Birds have feathers. I like English. Dennis bought a bicycle. She is writing an essay. Intransitive Verbs Intransitive verbs are not followed by nouns or pronouns to receive their action. Intransitive verbs do not need direct objects to exert or pass on their action directly to them. Intransitive verbs can be followed by adverbs, but no direct object is there to receive the action. For example The baby crawls. The sun shines brightly. Mr. Becker jogs every day. ( Here ‘everyday’ is not taking the action exerted by ‘jog’) Annie looks very beautiful Mr. John speaks loudly The ship sank rapidly. The clock stopped this morning. In intransitive verbs, someone or something does not get affected by the action. Used Transitively 1. The ants fought the wasps. 2. The shot sank the ship. 3. Ring the bell. 4. The driver stopped the train. 5. He spoke the truth. 6. The horse kicked the man. 7. She will play the piano. 8. Lets eat pie. Used Intransitively 1. Some ants fight very fiercely. 2. The ship sank rapidly. 3. The bell rang loudly. 4. The train stopped suddenly 5. He spoke arrogantly. 6. This horse never kicks. 7. She will play tonight. 8. Lets eat. - Linking verbs In a sentence, a linking verb tells what the subject ‘is’ rather than what it ‘does’. Linking verbs express a state of being rather than an action. For example, all the forms of to be are linking verbs. Verb to be Subject past tense present tense future tense I was am will be You were are will be He / She / It was is will be We were are will be You were are will be They were are will be These verbs connect a subject with more information about that subject. For example Loren is an athlete. I am glad. It was a joke. It is true. You are brave. We will be there in an hour. - Auxiliary/Helping verbs An auxiliary verb (or helping verb) accompanies a main verb. The most common auxiliary verbs are be, do, and have (in their various forms). As the name suggests, these help the main verb/action verb of the sentence by extending its meaning. For example I am walking to the store. We are reading the book together. He will run for president. We were moving across town that summer. James has eaten all the pies. The table has been prepared. I have done my part. She does like her morning coffee. They did not know where to go. - Modal Verb A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express ideas such as ability, possibility, permission, and obligation. The modal auxiliary verbs are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. For example: James can eat a lot of pies. (Here, the modal verb can helps to express the idea of ability.) James might eat that pie before he gets home. (Here, the modal verb might helps to express the idea of possibility.) James may eat as many pies as he likes. (Here, the modal verb may helps to express the idea of permission.) James should give you some of that pie as you bought it. (Here, the modal verb should helps to express the idea of obligation.) Gerunds Gerunds are verbs which function as nouns. Gerunds can act as subject and direct object in a sentence. When acting as subjects, they look like Reading is relaxing Running is good for health Writing is a healthy exchange of ideas When acting as direct objects, they look like, I love reading He prefers running She enjoys writing. Note: Be careful while selecting gerunds. Do not always confuse (verbs + ing) with gerunds. For example, I was sitting in my chair. Here sitting implies action and is taken as verb not gerund. But if you take, I like sitting in my garden, here sitting does not indicate action and can be taken as gerund. Infinitive form of verbs They always have verbs preceded by the word ‘to’. For example It is to inform I need to run You have to eat. He likes to help. Pronouns By Nabiha Qasim Pronouns Pronouns are the words that replace nouns in a sentence. Pronouns play a significant role in avoiding repetitions and making sentences less lengthy and more naturally fluent. Take a look at the example, President John Kennedy had severe back trouble, and although President John Kennedy approached stairs gingerly and lifted with care, President John Kennedy did swim and sail, and occasionally President John Kennedy even managed to play touch football with friends, family members, or co-workers. Now try replacing the nouns with pronouns, President John Kennedy had severe back trouble, and although he approached stairs gingerly and lifted with care, he did swim and sail, and occasionally he even managed to play touch football with friends, family members, or co-workers. With pronouns taking the place of some nouns, that sentence becomes much convenient to read. (the pronoun ‘he’ took the place of the noun ‘President John Kennedy’ which makes President John Kennedy an antecedent of the pronoun. The noun which is replaced by the pronoun is called antecedent) There are different types of pronouns depending upon the function they perform in a sentence. 1- Personal Pronoun Personal pronouns are used as a substitute for the name of a person, place or thing. For example, I, we you, they, he, she, it, them, her, his, him, me etc. Personal pronouns are further divided into - Subjective pronoun - Objective pronoun - Possessive pronoun - Reflexive pronoun Subjective personal pronoun Subjective pronouns act as the subject of the sentence. For example, They went to the store. I don't want to leave. He runs a great shop in town. You can't leave, either. Objective personal pronoun They act as the object of the sentence. For example, Please don't sit beside me. Go talk to her. Mary put the gift under it. Don't look at them. I do care about you. Possessive personal pronoun Possessive pronouns show possession or ownership of a noun. For example, That's mine. Wrong. It's ours. So, I suppose those clothes are yours? No, it's theirs. They represent something that is owned and tell us who the owner is. For example: Myra protected the pantry, believing all the food was hers. Here, hers represents all the food and tells us the owner is Myra. (Note: A possessive pronoun replaces a possessive determiner and a noun, e.g., her food becomes hers, my story becomes mine, and their jellybean becomes theirs. Note 2: There are no apostrophes in possessive personal pronouns example her’s or their’s etc.) Reflexive personal pronoun Reflexive pronouns always come with a noun or personal pronoun and do not appear alone in a sentence. They can be used in the following cases: 1- Reflexive pronouns add emphasis to a noun or pronoun. In this case they are also called emphatic/intensive pronouns. For example, I myself cleaned the room. He himself changed the tire. They waxed the car themselves at home. You can do it yourself. 2- A reflexive pronoun also refers back to the subject of the sentence. Which means a reflexive pronoun is used when somebody (the subject) does something to himself. For example,  John pinched himself. (The reflexive pronoun himself tells us that John did something to John.) David did not blame himself for the accident. (The subject is David. The reflexive pronoun himself refers back to David.) We often ask ourselves why we left London. We surprised ourselves with how well we did in the test. Angela looked at herself in the mirror. I hurt myself. (Note: The case of emphatic pronouns can be differentiated from the other case of reflexive pronouns. When the reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis, they can be removed from a sentence without disturbing the core meaning of the sentence. While in the second case, the sentences will make no sense if the reflexive nouns are removed. Which means emphatic or intensive pronouns don’t add to the meaning of the sentence, rather they are additional.) 2- Demonstrative Pronouns They take the place of a noun that's already been mentioned in some previous sentence. They point to specific items. They can be singular or plural. There are five of them. They include: these those this that Such For example: These are ugly. Those are lovely. Don't drink this. Such was his understanding. That was a cheap shot 3- Indefinite Pronouns Unlike demonstrative pronouns, which point out specific items, indefinite pronouns are used for non-specific things. OR you can say they do not specify any person, thing or place in particular. This is the largest group of pronouns. Such as, All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each, both, few, either, none, one, and no one are the most common. For example, Somebody must have seen the driver leave. (Somebody is not a specific person.) I have nothing to declare. Everyone is here already. I don't have paper napkins. Can you bring some? There’s nobody in the room. I don’t have either. 4- Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are used to add more information to a sentence. Which, that, who (including whom and whose), and where are all relative pronouns. For example, The driver who ran the stop sign was careless. The girl who stole your phone is outside. I rode the bike that Jack gave me back home. Mrs. Miggins, who owns a pie shop, is sick these days. The hotel where we decided to go is being renovated. I found the keys which I lost yesterday. Prepositions By Nabiha Qasim Preposition A preposition precedes a noun (or a pronoun) to show the noun's (or the pronoun's) relationship with other parts of speech in a sentence. The word preposition means positioned before. A preposition will always sit before a word (a noun or a pronoun) to show that word's relationship to another nearby word. There is always a noun or a pronoun after a preposition and is called object of preposition. For example, It is a container for /of butter. (The preposition for shows the relationship between butter and container.) The eagle soared above the clouds. (The preposition above shows the relationship between clouds and soared.) He is the President of the United States. (The preposition of shows the relationship between the United States and President.) Prepositions for Time On is used with days. I will see you on Monday. The week begins on Sunday. At is used with noon, night, midnight, weekend and with the exact time of day,. My plane leaves at noon. The movie starts at 6 p.m. In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons. He likes to read in the afternoon/morning/evening. The days are long in August. The book was published in 1999. The flowers will bloom in spring.  Since, for, by, from—to, from—until, during, (with)in, ago, before, after – expresses extended time. She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not returned.) I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.) The movie showed from August to/until October. (Beginning in August, ending in October.) I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the evening.) We must finish the project within a year. (No longer than a year.) Prepositions for Place/direction/position In – describes the point itself. There is a wasp in the room. Inside – expresses something contained/enclosed. Put the present inside the box. On – talks about the surface. I left your keys on the table. At – talks about a general locality. She was waiting at the corner. Over, above – when the object is higher than a point. He threw the ball over the roof. Hang that picture above the couch.  Under, underneath, beneath, below – when the object is lower than a point. The rabbit burrowed under the ground. The child hid underneath the blanket. We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches. The valley is below sea-level. Near, by, next to, between, among, opposite, across, towards, – when the object is close to a point. She lives near the school. There is an ice cream shop by the store. An oak tree grows next to my house The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street. I found my pen lying among the books. The bathroom is opposite the kitchen. NOTE: Never confuse adverbs of place with preposition for place because, There is always a noun or a pronoun after a preposition. There will be no noun or pronoun after an adverb For example, Siri lives here. (adverb of place) Siri lives here in the city. (preposition because ‘here’ has noun ‘city’ after it.) Is there anything inside? (adverb of place) Is there anything inside the box? (preposition) Conjunctions and Interjections By Nabiha Qasim Conjunctions A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. There are three types of conjunctions, Coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunction joins words or sentences that are independent or equal. They join like with like. For example, they can join - Word to another word (of same parts of speech, i.e., noun to a noun or adjective to an adjective) - Phrase to another phrase - Main clause to another main clause These include for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. [remember the word ‘Fanboys’] For example, 1- When they join words The comment was blunt but/yet effective. Would you prefer cake or biscuits with your coffee? Poverty provokes hunger and crime. The children ran and jumped all over the playground. Slowly but surely, the turtle finished the race. 2- When they join phrases They seemed well prepared yet extremely nervous. Are you going downstairs or going to bed? My dog enjoys walks but hates baths. I heard her put something down and switched something on. 3- When they join main clauses We went to the park but we didn’t find time to visit the museum. She has to work tonight so she cannot come. Birds fly and fish swim. I hate to waste a drop of gas, for it is very expensive these days. Subordinating conjunctions They join subordinate clause (dependent clause which cannot stand alone as complete sentence) to main clause (independent clause which can stand alone as a complete sentence). These include although, because, if, since, unless, until, while, after, etc. For example, We’ll stay in the car until the hail stops. We decided to go to cinema as/because the weather was quite good. I wont go to school if it rains. My younger sister was in high school while I was in college. I wont leave unless he’s asleep. He went to the park after he finished his homework. NOTE: A subordinating conjunction is a part of subordinate clause and always comes at the beginning of the subordinate clause. A Subordinating clause can come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. For example, you can re-write the examples as, Until the hail stops, we’ll stay in the car. As/because the weather was quite good, we decided to go to cinema. If it rains, I won’t go to school. While I was in college, my younger sister was in high school. Unless he’s asleep, I won’t leave. After he finished his homework, he went to the park. Correlative conjunctions They are always used in pairs. For example, either/or, neither/nor, both/and, though/yet, not only/ but also. It is not only unfair but also illegal. I could neither laugh nor cry You can either fight or quit. Though he had fever, yet he managed to come. I both love and honor her. Interjections An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden emotion or feeling. They may express, Joy, such as Hurrah!, Yay! Grief, such as, Alas!, Ah! Surprise, such as, What!, Wow!, Huh? Approval, such as Bravo!, Yummy! For example, Yummy! This is delicious. Alas! She left us too early. Hurray!/Yay! We’re gonna have a party. What! Are you serious? Hush! Don’t make a noise Well done! You did a great job. Such a shame! You disappointed me. Basics of Grammar By Nabiha Qasim Parts of Speech In language, every single word that we use belongs to one of the nine categories called parts of speech as given below, 1- Nouns 2- Pronouns 3- Adjectives 4- Verbs 5- Adverbs 6- Articles and determiners 7- Prepositions 8- Conjunctions 9- Interjections Parts of speech is a term used in traditional grammar for the nine main categories into which words are classified according to their functions in sentences. The parts of speech do not define what a word is. Instead, they describe the function of a word in the sentence i.e., how to use that word in a sentence. The word categories that fall under parts of speech are also called word classes, providing the building blocks for grammar. How to identify parts of speech Parts of speech are categories that are used to describe each word's function in a sentence. The best way to identify a word's part of speech is to think about what role the word plays in the sentence. To identify different parts of speech, analyze the function that the word plays in a sentence. For instance, - A noun is any word that performs the function of naming any person, place, or thing. Example: grandma, school, pencil. - A pronoun performs the function of replacing a noun within a sentence. Example: he, she, they. - An adjective performs the function of describing a noun or pronoun. Example: red, tall. - A verb performs the function of defining an action or state of being (is, was) of the subject in the sentence. Example: run, sleep. - An adverb performs the function of describing a verb. Adverbs can also be used to describe adjectives. Example: happily, extremely, very. - A conjunction performs the function of joining two parts of a sentence together. Example: and, but, because. - A preposition is used in combination with a noun or pronoun to tell their relationship with other parts of speech used in the sentence, like other nouns or pronouns, verbs or adjectives. Example: in, on, up, down, under, of, from, at, with. - Interjections are words that perform the function of expressing an emotional state. Example: wow, ouch, hey, oh. - Articles and determiners are special terms that are placed before a noun or pronoun and perform the function of either introducing a noun or telling what the noun or pronoun refers/points to. It also determines if the noun is general or specific. It also tells the quantity of the noun. Example a, an, the, many, this, that, such, two etc. Identify the parts of speech 1. Still waters run deep. 2. He still lives in that house 3. After the storm comes the calm 4. The side effects of the drugs are bad. 5. The train is late. 6. It weighs about a pound. 7. He told us all about the battle. 8. This phone is only available in Japan.  Adverbs By Nabiha Qasim Adverb An Adverb is a word which modifies or adds to the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective or another Adverb. For example, When they modify verbs Tara walks gracefully. When they modify adjectives Badly trained dogs can be dangerous. When they modify other adverbs Peter finished his assignment very quickly. Kinds of adverbs Adverbs may be divided into the following classes Adverb of manner (how) An adverb of manner tells us how or in what manner an action occurs. For example He fights bravely. She works hard They eat slowly The sun shines brightly Adverb of time (when) An adverb of time tells us when an action occurs. For example She hurt her hand yesterday They arrived late In the class I will see you tomorrow She has her coffee in the morning. I will do it later. I’m tired now. Adverbs of frequency (how often) An adverb of frequency tells us how often an action occurs. For example, They visit him daily I usually shop for groceries in the evening. He is often late for work I have told you twice Anne always tries to give her best. I never go to cinema She has her coffee every morning Adverb of place (where) An adverb of place tells us where an action occurs. For example, Stand here Go there She looked up Come inside He is standing outside Adjectives, Determiner & Articles By Nabiha Qasim Adjectives Adjectives pair up with nouns and pronouns to describe them. They take us from a ‘girl’’ to a ‘beautiful girl’’. Adjectives can either precede (come before) a noun e.g., - Hilarious book - old man - green coat - cheerful one When adjectives are used like this, they are called attributive adjectives. OR they can follow (come after) a noun as in - The book is hilarious - Jack was old. - It looks green. - He seems cheerful. When adjectives are used like this, they're called predicative adjectives. Other types of adjectives include, Descriptive adjectives These adjectives give noun a quality or characteristic. They may describe, Appearance attractive, muscular, clean, dusty Colour blue, red, dark Condition absent, broken, careful, dead Personality annoying, brave, complex, lazy Sense aromatic, bitter, cold, deafening Size and Shape angular, broad, circular, deep Time period ancient, brief, concurrent, daily For Example, The silly dog rolled around in the filthy mud for hours. She's such a nice cashier. He hurt her feelings when he labeled her an annoying sister. Proper Adjectives Adjectives derived from proper nouns are called proper adjectives. They are always capitalized. Nations, regions, and religions are common qualities described by proper adjectives such as, American Pakistani Christian Muslim Buddhist For example, I enjoy Japanese food. She's going to a Shakespearean festival. Compound adjectives A single adjective with more than one word is called a compound adjective. For example: Close-knit family Good-looking tattoo. Well-known fact Front-page news four-foot table 12-page magazine never-to-be-forgotten experience well-deserved award Go-to look Compound adjectives are usually grouped with hyphens to show they are one adjective. Determiners used as adjectives For centuries, the term "adjective" has been used for a word type now called ‘’determiners’’ in modern grammar. However not all adjectives can be called determiners, but all determiners can act as adjectives. For example, determiners DO NOT tell the quality of a noun. Determiners are words which sit before nouns to tell either of the following, Quantity of noun (known as Quantifiers) Pointing out some specific noun (known as Demonstrative determiners or ) Tell the possession of noun (known as Possessive determiners) And as articles (a, an, the) 1-Possessive Adjectives The possessive adjectives (also called "possessive determiners" in modern grammar) are my, your, his, her, its, our, their. A possessive determiner sits before a noun (or a pronoun) to show who (or what) owns it. For example, She likes your hat. (The possessive adjective your sits before the noun hat to tell us who owns it.) I think her dog has eaten my gerbil. He got his looks from his father How we spend our days is how we spend our lives. 2-Demonstrative adjectives The demonstrative adjectives (called "demonstrative determiners" in modern grammar) are this, that, these, and those. A demonstrative adjective refers to something that has been previously mentioned or is understood from context. For example, That man's silence is wonderful to listen to. Maybe this world is another planet's hell. That lady looks worried. Take these ones away. (Here, the demonstrative adjective is modifying a pronoun.) Put those tins in the cupboard.  This plate is hot. Can you see that ranch? These flowers smell nice. Do not approach those dogs. Note: Do not confuse demonstrative adjectives/determiners with demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns do not modify nouns or pronouns. They stand alone as pronouns. In this case, the above examples would look like, This is hot. Can you see that? These smell nice. Do not approach those. 3-Quantitative Adjectives A quantitative adjective provides information about the quantity of the nouns/pronouns. They are also called quantitative determiners or quantifiers. It is further divided into two categories, i. Definite numeral adjectives These adjectives tell the exact quantity of nouns or pronouns. For Example I have 20 bucks in my wallet. They have three children. He has 40 horses. I have been standing here for two hours. ii. Indefinite adjectives They don’t give the exact quantity or information about nouns or pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives are no, few, many, much, most, all, any, each, every, either, nobody, several, some, etc. Indefinite adjectives point out nouns in a non- specific/general way. For example, I don't want any backtalk. I have plenty of them. There are no books in this library. I gave some candy to her. I want a few moments alone. Several writers wrote about the whole incident. Each student will have to submit homework tomorrow. I drank half of my mango drink. 4- Determiners as articles When used as articles, determiners tell if the noun is general or specific. Definite Article (The) "The" is called the definite article. It defines its noun as something specific (e.g., something previously mentioned or known, something unique, something being identified by the speaker). For example This is the lake. (This is a previously specified lake, i.e., one already mentioned previously by the speaker or writer.) ‘The’ is also used - When a singular noun is meant to represent the whole class. For example The horse is a faithful animal. The cow is a useful animal. The cat loves comfort. - Before some proper Names/Nouns. For example Oceans and seas, e.g. the Pacific, the Black Sea Rivers e.g. The Punjab, The Nile Canals e.g. the Suez Canal Deserts e.g. the Sahara, the Thar. Groups of islands e.g. the West Indies Mountain ranges e.g. the Himalayas, the Alps Names of certain books, e.g., The Holy Quran, The Bible (names of people are not included, e.g., it is incorrect to say The Ali) - Before the names of things which are unique. For example The sun The sky The earth The moon The sea -With superlative degree. For example The darkest The tallest The bravest The best - With ordinals: For example He was the First person I met. The tenth chapter of this book is really interesting. Indefinite Article (A, An) "A" and "An" are called the indefinite articles. They define their noun as something unspecific (e.g., something generic, something mentioned for the first time). For example This is a lake. (Here ‘lake’ is being mentioned in front of the reader or listener for the first time.) Use of an, a The choice between a and an is determined by the Sound. Use of An: Before a word which begins with a vowel sound an is used. For example: An enemy An umbrella An orange An hour An honest man An honor Use of A: A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound. For Example: A boy A deer A woman A horse A hole A university 5- Interrogative Adjectives Interrogative adjectives (also called “interrogative determiners " in modern grammar) pose a question. They need a noun or pronoun by their side. These include, what which whose For example, What color do you want to paint the cottage? Which kimono do you want to order? Whose land are we standing on? Note: Each interrogative adjective needed a noun after it. There are other words that pose a question too, such as "who" and "how," but they can't be adjectives because they don't modify nouns. For example, you can say, "Whose land are we standing on?" But, it would be incorrect to say, "Who land are we standing on?" or, "How land are we standing on?" New course ENG-313 Functional English 3(3-0) Course Learning Outcomes By the end of this course, students will be able to: 1. Apply the enhanced English communication skills through effective use of word choices, grammar and sentence structure. 2. Demonstrate an understating a variety of literary/non-literary written and spoken texts in English. 3. Effectively express information, ideas and opinions in written and spoken English. 4. Recognize inter-cultural variations in the use of English language and to effectively adapt their communication style and content based on diverse cultural and social context. Theory Foundations of functional English; Vocabulary building: Contextual usage, synonyms, antonyms and idiomatic expressions; Communicative Grammar: Subject-verb agreement, verb tenses, fragments, run-ons, modifiers, articles and word classes; Word Formation: Affixation, compounding, clipping, back-formation; Sentence Structure: Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex; Sound Production And Pronunciation; Comprehension and analysis; Understanding Purpose, audience and context; Contextual Interpretation: Tone, biases, stereotypes, assumptions, inferences; Reading Strategies: Skimming, scanning, SQ4R and critical reading; Active Listening: Overcoming listening barriers, focused listening; Effective Communication: Principles of Communication: Clarity, coherence, conciseness, courtesy, courteousness, correctness, concreteness; Structuring Documents: Introduction, body, conclusion and formatting; Inclusivity In Communication: Gender- neutral language, stereotypes and cross cultural communication; Public Speaking: Overcoming stage fright, voice modulation and body language; Presentation Skills: Organizing content, visual aids and engaging the audience; Informal Communication: Small talk, networking and conversation skills; Professional Writing: Business Emails, memos, reports and formal letters. Suggested Readings 1. Murphy. R. 2019. English grammar in use 5th Ed. Cambridge University Press, USA. 2. Straus, J. 2014.The blue book of grammar and punctuation. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. 3. Hutchinson, T. and Waters. A. 2018. English for specific purposes are learning centre approach. Cambridge University Press. 4. Downes. D. 2013. Cambridge English for job hunting. Cambridge University Press. 5. Varma, J.P. and Raman, M. 2019. Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. Modal Exercises Exercise 1 – Fill in the blanks with the correct modals 1. I __ arrange the flowers for the bouquet. (may/can) 2. __ I borrow this pen from you? (may/might) 3. The teacher __ ask you to bring the homework. (might/can) 4. According to the weather forecast, it ___ snow heavily tomorrow. (may/shall) 5. Raj hasn’t studied well. He __ fail his exam. (might/shall) 6. You __ follow the traffic rules. (may/must) 7. It __ be difficult to live amidst war. (should/must) 8. My mother __ scold me if I don’t go back on time. (will/may) 9. We ___ take care of our parents. (ought to/ could) 10. I __ visit the local grocery store soon. (shall/can) 11. You ___ be punctual. (should/ought) 12. One __ repay all their debts. (must/ought to) 13. __ you show me the road to the market? (could/might) 14. The child __ be taken to hospital immediately. (must/might) 15. ___ you have hot chocolate? (shall/will) Exercise 2 – Identify the modal verb in the following sentences 1. My teacher (can/must) speak four languages. 2. (May/should) I use your mobile to call my mother? 3. You (must/could) not speak loudly in the hospital. 4. I (could/must) use a little help in packing all these clothes. 5. Madam (could/may) you repeat what you said? 6. I (can/might) not be able to make it tonight. 7. Sheldon (ought to/must) study more if he wants to pass the test. 8. (Can/May) you come to the prom with me? 9. My parents (shall/ought to) arrive soon. 10. I (could/must) be late as I have a lot on my plate. 11. Leonard (can/may) easily solve the problem. 12. It (might/should) rain tomorrow. 13. (May/might) all your wishes come true in life. 14. I (could/might) not be any happier. Subject-Verb Agreement Exercise Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb. 1. Each of the girls ____ her own dress. (has/have) 2. Five miles____ long distance. (is/are) 3. Many a man ____ tried hard to climb the treacherous mountain range. (have/has) 4. The furniture of the house ____ quite impressive. (is/are) 5. Few students ______ coming to the party. (is, are) 6. Uma, my childhood friend ____ leaving for Delhi next month. (is/are) 7. Most of my friends _____ government employees. (is/are) 8. The level of pain tolerance ____ from person to person. (vary/varies) 9. Either Tina or Rohit ____ telling lies. (is/are) 10. A number of people _____reported to have fallen sick after drinking the water from the tubewell. (was/were) 11. The government ____ criticised by the Supreme Court for their actions. (was/were) 12. No one ____ a greater collection of books than my friend Reeshav. (has / have) 13. Somebody ____ waiting at the door for you. (is / are) 14. Two ____ ago, here is the place where the accident took place. (year/years) 15. Fast food, like burgers and street food, ____ harmful to our health. (is/are) 16. All the students ____ excited to visit the museum after school. (is/are) 17. Neither Joseph nor his family ____ French. (speaks/speak) 18. Either Ross or Joey ____ broken the glass. (has/have) 19. If anybody _____ for me, do let me know. (calls/call) 20. The plumber, along with his helper ____, expected to come soon. (is/are) 21. Several neighbours _____ complained about the loud sound coming from that house. (has/have) 22. Neither Penny nor Amy ____ went to work. (has/have) 23. The Olympics ____ held every four years. (is/are) 24. The people ___ lived without electricity for many years. (has/have) 25. The dog _____ chasing the cat. (is/are) Subject-Verb Agreement Exercise Exercise 2 Go through the following sentences and use the right form of the verb in the blanks to complete the sentences. 1. Mr Simon, the great painter and philanthropist, ____ arrived. (has/have) 2. Bread and butter ___ his daily food. (is/are) 3. Yusuf and Rahul ____ gone to the school fair. (have/has) 4. Slow and steady ____ the race. (win/wins) 5. The players ___ preparing for the big game tonight. (were/was) 6. The jury ____ unanimous in their decision. (was/were) 7. The little boy _______ mangoes. (like/likes) 8. The teachers ________ asked to attend a conference today. (were/was) 9. I _______ it is good for you. (thinks/think) 10. Neenu and Anu _____ twins. (are/is) 11. Rahul ______ English and Spanish. (speak/speaks) 12. Caro _______ in a bank. (works/work) 13. Mathan, Tovino and Boban _____ best friends. (are/is) 14. Every one of us ____ here. (is/are) 15. None of them _______ completed their assignments. (have/has) 16. Jithu _______ a BMW car. (has/have) 17. What do you ______ about wasting food? (think/thinks) 18. Veena ______ that it would not be okay for us to go out at this time. (feels/feel) 19. ______ anyone seen the movie? (has/have) 20. We ______ at the park yesterday. (were/was) 21. The movie _____ great. (was/were) 22. The curtains _____ the wall colours perfectly. (matches/match) 23. Boney and Heera ______ moving to Bangalore. (are/is) 24. Preetha _____ a son and a daughter. (has/have) 25. Their daughter, Sheela, ____ a grade X student. (is/are) Functional English Idiomatic Expressions by Rana Kashif Shakeel Lecturer Department of English and Linguistics University of Agriculture Faisalabad No. Idiom Meaning Sentence 41. Go hand in hand Closely related Images and sounds go hand in hand in movies. 42. In the limelight Public attention and interest She loves being in the limelight. 43. On the same page In agreement In this matter, we all are on the same page. 44. Put to the test Test someone’s capabolity The windy roads put her driving to test. 45. Run the risk Become the cause of some Rash driving may run the risk of accident. bad happening 46. Set the stage for To facilitate a persom or Hardwork sets stage for success. process 47. To the detriment Cause harm or damage Do not involve in social media, to the detriment of your studies. 48. Under the auspices With the support of someone The scholarships were distributed with the auspices of HEC. 49 Walk a fine line To maintain balance Walk a fine line between studies and games. N Idiom Meaning Sentence o. 50 Weigh in on Add comments or advice The teacher weighed in on the students’ ideas.. 51 Work out the kinks To resolve minor issues Work out the kinks before appearing in the exams.. 52 Wrought with Filled with The book was wrought with typos.. 53 Break the mold To do something new His approach to grammar teaching broke the mold.. 54 Cutting-edge The newest and the most Thr cutting edge technology was a major breakthrough in. advanced the field. 55 Fall short of expectations To fail to reach a hoped The preliminary results fell short of expected finding.. standard 56 Give credence to To believe or accept as true Suitable examples may give credence to a hypothesis. 57 Give the extra mile Work beyond A selfless person gives extra miles to support others.. 58 In/to the realm of Domain, field This concept belongs to the realm of Agricultural sciences. No. Idiom Meaning Sentence 59. Lay the ground work To create a foundation Hard work creates a foundation for success. 60. Pave the way for Make arrngements Hard work paves the way for success. 61. Raise the bar To raise higher The government raised the bar of merit for this post. standards 62. Set a precedent Set an example The court’s decision has set a legal precedent. 63. The crux of the matter The basic point The crux of the matter of lawlessness is unemployment. 64. At the helm Charge of an She is at the helm of the faculty. organization 65 Chart a course Plan a route A good student charts a course of success for himself. 66. In the same vein In the same style He writes a report and a news in the same vein. 67 Lay bare To reveal Many mass graves lay bare in Canada. s Idiom Meaning Sentence 68. On par with Equal in quality/importance The new version of the software is on par with the old one 69. Raise eyebrow Show surprise Her results raised the wyebroes of his parents. 70. Reflect the broader Overview of a matter The broader picture of grammar is reflected in these picture slides. 71. Skew the result To cause change in results Biased questions can skew the results. 72. The jury is still out The decisions are not made The jury is still out whether this project will be succesful or not. 73. Throw into sharp relief To make something more It throws some of the differences into sharp relief. obvious 74 Unearth evidence To reveal facts Ice Candy Man unearth the evidences of partition. 75. Usher in To launch something new The team ushered in a new stadium, and a new uniform. 76 A case in point A good example UAF has become a case in point around Pakistan. No. Idiom Meaning Sentence 77. Bridging the gap To connect, to erase He came up to bridge the gap between the wife and the misunderstanding husband. 78. Crystallize an idea To make a clear shape Our ideas began to crystallize into a definite plan. 79. Flesh out a concept Add more details None of the concepts is fleshed out. 80. Bring to light To reveal The investigation brought to light many facts. 81. Incorporate into To integrate into Please incorporate changes into your essay. something 82. Open up new Create new A research always opens up new avenues for others. avenues opportunities 83 Hear it from the To hear from a person Do not take my words for it. Let’s hear it from the horse’s horse’s mouth who has direct mouth. knowledge of something 84. Leave no stone To consider every To marry her, he left no stone unturned. unturned possible way 85. A byproduct of Secondary result Data analysis reveals the byproduct of research objectives. No. Idiom Meaning Sentence 86. Let sleeping dog lie Avoid interference Do not interfere into their matters. Let sleeping dogs lie. 87. Like two peas in a Very similar Two friends have same characters. They look like two peas in pod a pod 88. Make a long story To explain in a few To make a long story short, both of them are look like two peas short words in a pod.. 89. Make both/two To earn just enough They were finding it hard to make both ends meet. ends meet money to live on 90. Miss the boat To lose an opportunity By not working hard, he missed the boat of success. 91. No pain no gain There is no success Work hard lest you should fail, because no pain no gain. without hardwork 92 Once bitten, twice To be cautious after He avoided the bad company, because once bitten twice shy getting hurt shy. 93. On thin ice In a risky situation A person on thin ice should be helped. 94. Once in a blue In a state of extreme His arrival to back home was like once in a blue moon. moon happiness  Idiom Meaning Sentence 95. Other fish in the sea Other chances/relations After getting divorced, she married another rich man. This proves that there are always other fish in the sea 96. Play the devil’s To fight or argue My friend always plays the devil’s advocate; he cannot agree advocate with me. 97. Pretty penny A bit expensive The shirt will cost you a pretty penny. 98 Pull the last straw The last bad happening Shams pulled the last straw by resigning from his job. 99. Put all your eggs in To depend on a single He follows his teacher in all matters; he puts all his eggs in one one basket person basket. 100. Put something on To postpone He put his plans of going abroad on ice due to Covid 19. ice Functional English Idiomatic Expressions Idioms Rana Kashif Shakeel Lecturer in English, Department of English and Linguistics University of Agriculture, Faisalabad No. Idiom Meaning Usage 1. Above board legitimate, honest, and open we felt the judging was all above board and fair" 2. At odds with Opposite to one’s Opnion His concepts were at odds with the theory of Adam Smith. 3. A pain in the neck An annoying person or thing Ramish was a real pain in the neck of his father. 4. A penny for your Tell me what you are I will give a penny for your thoughts. thoughts thinking 5. As right as rain Perfect At this point, your decision is as right as rain. 6. Bark up the wrong tree Making wrong choice By followinghim, Amber barked upthe wrong tree. 7. Beating a dead horse Overdoing and oversaying In last meeting, his discussion was like beating the dead horse. 8. Bite the bullet Force someone to do Despite her fear of public speaking, she had to something difficult bite the bullet and deliver the presentation. 9. Bend over backwards To make great effort to help The professor bent over backward to help all others students. No. Idiom Meaning Usage 10. Bite off more than take on a commitment you One should not bite off more than one can chew you can chew cannot fulfil. 11. Blame one’s tools Blaming something on A bad workman blames his tools. someone 12. Blue in the face feeling or showing anger/ Usha looked blue in the face after marathon. exhaustive 13. Burn bridges To destroy one’s path, I would need to be humble with her. I don’t want connections, and reputation to burn my bridges with her. 14. By the skin of your By a very narrow margin He escaped from the secret police by the skin of his teeth teeth. 15. By and large Primarily, chiefly Despite problems, by and large he was successful. 16. Call it a day Decide to stop some activity I am tired of writing notes. Let's call it a day. 17. Clear the air To resolve a misunderstanding The boss should clear the air of misunderstanding among the employees. 18. Close scrutiny Careful examination The report must undergo a close scrutiny before further work. No. Idom Meaning Usage 19 Clouds on the Horizon Signs of potential trouble He soon realized that there were clouds on the horizon. 20. Come rain or shine No matter what happens Come rain or shine, I will be there for you. 21. Cold feet Becoming nevous Public speaking can make one cold feet. 21 Comparing apples to Comparison between two To compare large trucks with small cars is like oranges diverse things comparing apples with oranges. 22. Cost an arm and a leg An extremely expensive Establishment of Pakistan cost many arms and thing legs. 23. Curious killed the cat Asking too many questions/ Going deep into the others lives is not good Involvement in others affairs because curiosity killed the cat. 24. Cut corners To do something in the I do not like to cut corners when I have company cheapest way to dinner. 25 Cut the mustard Accomplish perfection She realy cut the mustard in her new song. 26 Devil quoting the Bible Good examples for bad and To legitiamize dishonesty, a dishonest person selfish purpose becomes a devil quoting the Bible. No. Idiom Meaning Usage 27. Elephant in the room Major issue Throughout our country, the elephant in the rooms is corruption. 28. Every cloud has a Happening of good Do not be worried on your current problems, because silver lining after a bad every cloud has a silver lining. happening 29. Every dog has its day Everyone gets a If he is against you today. Do not worry. Every dog has its chance day. 30. Fit as a fiddle In good health My great grandmother is surprisingly fit as a fiddle. 31. Get out of hand Beyod one’s control Last night, the situation got out of the Police’s hand. 32. Get your act To be attentive The exams are at hand. You should get you racts together together adserious towards a for preparation. task 33. Get the show on the Start something Let's get this show on the road—we're late already. road 34. Go down in flames To fail terribly Everything went down in flames, when his father passed away. No. Idiom Meaning Usage 35. Give rise to To cause Her bahaviour gave rise to suspicions. 36. Get wind of To take information It is very hard to get wind of what is going on in the meeting. 37. Have one’s head in To have no In the class, she had her head in the clouds. the clouds concentration at all 38. Have the ball in one’s Decide on one’s own After all, the ball was in Raheem’s court. court 39. Not a rocket science Not a difficult task Cooking rice is not a rocket science. 40. Judging a book by its Judging someone on People are known to always judge a book by its cover. cover first appearnce