Energy Transformation PDF

Energy Transformation Exploring the Mechanisms of Life's Power Making melodies in my heart (3x) For the King of Kings! 1. Thumbs in 2. Elbows up 3. Knees Bend 4. Feet apart 5. Head bend 6. Tongue out 7. Turn around Energy Transformation Exploring the Mechanisms of Life's Power Learn...

Energy Transformation Exploring the Mechanisms of Life's Power Making melodies in my heart (3x) For the King of Kings! 1. Thumbs in 2. Elbows up 3. Knees Bend 4. Feet apart 5. Head bend 6. Tongue out 7. Turn around Energy Transformation Exploring the Mechanisms of Life's Power Learning Targets: 1. define energy and energy transformation; 2. explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer; and 3. explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments. ENERGY  Energy - capacity to do work  Energy Transformation: A Fundamental Principle Energy transformation is the process of converting one form of energy into another, a fundamental principle underlying all life. This encompasses processes like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and the creation and utilization of ATP.  Energy Conversion: Turning One Form to Another Energy can be transformed from light to chemical, chemical to mechanical, or mechanical to heat. Examples include plants converting sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis, and our bodies converting food into energy through respiration.  ATP: The Universal Energy Currency Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy carrier in living cells. It stores chemical energy released from the breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose. ATP-ADP CYCLE  The ATP-ADP Cycle ADP is converted to ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP. ATP is then broken down to ADP and inorganic phosphate by the same enzyme when the body uses the energy stored in its bonds. ADP is then recycled to produce ATP again.  These organelles are responsible for generating Mitochondria: ATP through cellular The Powerhouses respiration. of the Cell They contain their own DNA and ribosomes, reflecting their evolutionary origins as symbiotic bacteria. Mitochondria are essential for energy production in eukaryotic cells, playing a vital role in maintaining life. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular Respiration: Unlocking Energy from Glucose This process breaks down glucose, a sugar molecule, into ATP, the cell's energy currency. Cellular respiration occurs in four distinct stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Cellular Respiration in Plants GLYCOLYSIS AEROBIC KREB’S CYCLE CELLULAR RESPIRATION ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION  Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration  Aerobic Respiration: The Three Series 1 Glycolysis 2 Kreb’s Cycle Electron 3 Transport Chain  Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glucose Energy Breakdown Production It involves the A small amount of breakdown of ATP is produced during glycolysis. glucose into pyruvate. Location Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. https://youtu.be/8qij1m7XUh k?si=6K9ErWLeoxOQVFPn https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=eJ9Zjc-jdys Glycolysis Process Glycolysis is a series of ten reactions that involve the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Energy Investment Two ATP molecules are invested to start the process. Glucose Breakdown Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. Energy Production Four ATP molecules are generated, resulting in a net gain of two ATP. Kreb's Cycle The Kreb's cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. Location Mitochondrial matrix Function Oxidizes pyruvate to generate ATP and electron carriers. Products ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 https://youtu.be/ubzw64PQP qM?si=MZVJdZU-sFNUerSW Kreb's Cycle Process The Kreb's cycle starts with the breakdown of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA Citrate Oxidation Acetyl-CoA enters the Citrate is oxidized through cycle, combining with a series of reactions, oxaloacetate to form releasing electrons and citrate. CO2. ATP Production Electron Carriers ATP is generated through Electron carriers NADH substrate-level and FADH2 are produced, phosphorylation. carrying electrons to the electron transport chain.  Electron Transport Chain The electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration, where the energy stored in electron carriers is used to generate ATP. Location Function Oxygen Inner mitochondrial Uses electrons from Oxygen is the final membrane NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor, generate a proton forming water. gradient, driving ATP synthesis. https://youtu.be/C8VHyezOJ D4?si=iy_oZXsCEIS5rmAL Electron Transport Chain Process Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain. 1 Electron Transfer 2 Proton Pumping 3 ATP Synthesis Electrons are passed Energy released Protons flow back from one protein during electron across the membrane complex to another, transfer is used to through ATP synthase, releasing energy. pump protons across driving the synthesis the inner of ATP. mitochondrial Fermentation Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcoho 1 Energy Production 2 Microorganisms 3 Food Production It's a type of anaerobic Bacteria and yeast are Fermentation is used respiration, meaning it common organisms in food production to occurs in the absence of that carry out create products such oxygen. fermentation. as yogurt, cheese, bread, and alcoholic beverages. https://youtu.be/YbdkbCU20 _M?si=Fg58gzSmwKHfhfHx https://youtu.be/YbdkbCU20 _M?si=hhifZVOeXxwf1Ckw Fermentation Process Fermentation begins with glycolysis, breaking down glucose into pyruvate. Then, depending on the type of fermentation, pyruvate is converted into either lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide. 1 Glycolysis Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. 2 Pyruvate Conversion Pyruvate is converted into either lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide. 3 End Products The end products of fermentation vary depending on the type of microorganism involved. Anaerobic and Aerobic Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen. Oxygen Anaerobic: No Aerobic: Yes Energy Production Anaerobic: Low (2 Aerobic: High (38 ATP) ATP) End Products Anaerobic: Lactic Aerobic: Water and acid or ethanol and CO2 CO2 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: A Focus on Life's Processes Understanding energy transformation in living organisms is crucial for promoting sustainability. By studying natural processes, we can design more efficient energy systems and minimize environmental impact. Photosynthesis: The Power of Plants  Photosynthesis: Capturing Sunlight's Energy Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis is crucial for life on Earth, providing the foundation for most food chains. Water and carbon dioxide are used to create glucose (sugar) and oxygen as a byproduct. This stored energy is later used for growth, reproduction, and other life processes.  Photosynthesis: A Symphony of Light and Life Harnessing Light Energy Converting Light Fueling Growth and into Energy Development Plants harness light This captured energy is energy through This glucose serves as used to convert carbon fuel for the plant's chlorophyll, a green dioxide and water into growth and pigment that absorbs glucose (sugar). development. light. Essential Question: Why do plants appear green to us? Chloroplasts: The Solar Panels of the Plant Cell Capturing Sunlight Chlorophyll's Role These organelles capture sunlight to Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the power photosynthesis, converting green pigment that absorbs light light energy into chemical energy in energy, enabling plants to create their the form of glucose. own food. Photosynthesis: The Plant's Power Source This occurs in two stages: the light- dependent reactions and the light- independent reactions (Calvin cycle). Photosynthesis is crucial for life on Earth, providing the foundation for most food chains. https://youtu.be/CMiPYHNN g28?si=IqBwWmQOv4dlMx5 2 Light-Dependent Reactions 1 Light Absorption Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts, exciting electrons. 2 Electron Transport Chain Excited electrons move through a series of proteins, releasing energy. 3 ATP and NADPH Production Energy released during electron transport is used to create ATP and NADPH. The Light Reaction Process Water Splitting Water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. Electron Excitation Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, transferring them to the electron transport chain. ATP Synthesis The energy released from electron transport is used to generate ATP. NADPH Production Electrons from the electron transport chain are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Light-Independent Reactions No Direct Sunlight These reactions do not require direct sunlight but use the energy from ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions. Carbon Fixation The process of incorporating carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic molecules. Glucose Production The ultimate goal of the light-independent reactions is to produce glucose, a simple sugar that serves as the primary energy source for plants. The Calvin Cycle 1 Carbon Fixation CO2 combines with RuBP, a five-carbon sugar, forming a six-carbon molecule that splits into two 3-carbon molecules. 2 Reduction The 3-carbon molecules are reduced using NADPH and ATP, forming G3P, a three-carbon sugar. 3 Regeneration of RuBP Some G3P molecules are used to regenerate RuBP, while others are used to produce glucose. The Importance of Photosynthesis 1 Oxygen Production 2 Food Production Photosynthesis is the Photosynthesis is the primary source of foundation of the oxygen on Earth, which food chain, providing is essential for all the energy for all life aerobic organisms, on Earth. including humans. 3 Climate Regulation Photosynthesis plays a role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.