Endocrine system updated slides.pptx

Endocrine System  What is Endocrine System? A system that consists of tissues(mainly glands) that creates and releases hormones. Hormones in the endocrine system carry messages through the bloodstream to your organs, skin and other tissues. Functions Metabolism...

Endocrine System  What is Endocrine System? A system that consists of tissues(mainly glands) that creates and releases hormones. Hormones in the endocrine system carry messages through the bloodstream to your organs, skin and other tissues. Functions Metabolism Homeostasis Growth and development Sexual functions 20XX presentation title  Difference between Exocrine & Endocrine. Exocrine-Produces non-hormonal substances Releases the substances such as sweat, digestive juices through a duct. E.g: Sweat glands, Saliva glands , Mammary glands 20XX presentation title  Endocrine-Produce hormones & have no tubes (ductless) Secretes hormones straight into the bloodstream Rich In vascular and lymphatic vessels 20XX presentation title  MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS & THEIR LOCATION. 20XX presentation title  How hormone release is regulated. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by cells into extracellular fluid. Binding of hormones to cellular receptors initiates responses that typically occur after a long time. Hormones are synthesised and released in response to: Negative feedback mechanism, 20XX presentation title 20XX presentation title  Structural & functional relationship of the hypothalamus & Pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is superior to the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland is also called the hypophysis. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland are connected by a stalk called infundibulum. Pituitary gland has two lobes, posterior lobe(neurohypophysis) and anterior lobe(adenohypophysis). Posterior pituitary does not produce hormones but stores & releases two neurohormones received from the hypothalamus. These hormones are oxytocin & ADH. 20XX presentation title  The anterior pituitary produces & releases at least six hormones. They are : 1. GH 2. TSH 3. ACTH 4. Two gonadotropins, namely FH,LH and Prolactin. 20XX presentation title  Hormones produced by the adrenal gland and their function. Adrenal glands are small triangular shaped glands. Located on top of the kidneys. Cortisol. It is secreted by the Cortex. Aldosterone. Helps the kidneys to control the amount of salt in the blood and tissues. Estrogen. Helps to stimulate the growth of the egg follicle. 20XX presentation title 20XX presentation title  Roles of hormone produced by Testes & Ovaries. 1. Oestrogen in females is needed for puberty. 2. Progesterone maintains pregnancy in females. 3. Testosterone develop and maintain male sex characteristics. 4. Sex hormones are important for sexual maturation and gamete production. 5. The main reproductive hormones are instrumental in sexuality and fertility. 20XX presentation title Hormonal functions of the: 1. Placenta Human Chronic Gonadotropin: Maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy. Promotes the secretion of progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone: Maintains the uterine lining for implantations. Estrogen: Prepares the breasts for lactation. Human Placental Lactogen: Modifies maternal metabolism to supply nutrients to the foetus. 2. Kidney Erythropoietin: Stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow in response to hypoxia 20XX presentation title 3. Skin Vitamin D3(Cholecalciferol) Converted to active form(calcitriol) in the liver and kidneys. Synthesized from cholesterol when the skin is exposed to UVB radiation. 4. Adipose Tissue Leptin Communicates nutritional status to the brain. Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Resistin Linked to insulin resistance. May play a role in inflammatory process. 20XX presentation title  The Parathyroid glands Located at the back of your thyroid. They function to produce and release (PTH). PTH regulates calcium level in bloodstream. 20XX presentation title  The effects of two pancreatic hormones A pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen that has two main functions, which are exocrine that helps in digestion and endocrine that regulate the glucose level. It has two hormones namely insulin and glucagon which regulates the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin decreases the level of glucose. Glucagon increases the level of glucose. 20XX presentation title 20XX presentation title  Types of diseases Graves' disease Is distinguished clinically from other forms of hyperthyroidism o Diffuse thyroid enlargement. Can occur from any age. Most frequently between the age of 30-50. Symptoms. Anxiety Racing heartbeat Weight loss Blindness Treatment. Reduce of your thyroid gland Eye drops Sunglasses 20XX presentation title  Graves Diseases. 20XX presentation title  Diabetes Mellitus (DM) The hypersecretion or hypoactivity of insulin Symptoms Weight loss Increased urination Kidney shutdown Stroke Can be stabilized or treated by pills or injection depending on the type of diabetes. 20XX presentation title  Treatments. Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes. Caused by an autoimmune process. Non-Insulin dependent. Depends on insulin to prevent Maturity-onset/Adult-onset. Ketosis. 20XX presentation title 20XX presentation title Pituitary Tumour Abnormal growths that occur in the pituitary gland. Types Pituitary adenomas Pituitary carcinomas Craniopharyngiomas Symptoms Fatigue Vison problems Headaches Treatment Medication Radiation therapy Surgery 20XX presentation title 20XX presentation title  Thyroiditis It is the swelling of the thyroid gland , mainly affects women but anyone can have it. Phases Thyrotoxic Hypothyroid Euthyroid Types Subacute thyroiditis Postpartum thyroiditis Symptoms Anxiety Depression Intolerance to cold Treatment Aspirin/Ibuprofen Radioactive Iodine 20XX presentation title  REFERENCES American Cancer Society , Adrenal Brent GA, Weetman AP. Cancer. 2014 Hyperthyroidism and American Society of Clinical thyroiditis in: Melmeds, Oncology. Adrenal Tumor Guide. Auchus RJ. Eds Willam 2016 Textbook Endocrinology. Comenius University in Bratislava, 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Faculty of Medicine, 2018 www.medicalnewstoday.com 2020. chapter 13 www.healthdirect.gov.au https://my.clevelandclinic. Endocrine Society. Endocrine-related org/health/body/parathyro Organs and Hormones. id-gland Mosby Medical Dictionary. 20XX presentation title Thank you.