Endocrine System 2 Lecture Notes PDF

Field of Medicine Medicine Program Lecture : (Endocrine system 2 ) Dr : (Mohamed Date : / 11 /2024 Talal) Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex: (glucocorticoids – mineralocorticoids – androgen) Adrenal medulla: (catecholamine = adrenaline and noradrenaline )  Glucocort...

Field of Medicine Medicine Program Lecture : (Endocrine system 2 ) Dr : (Mohamed Date : / 11 /2024 Talal) Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex: (glucocorticoids – mineralocorticoids – androgen) Adrenal medulla: (catecholamine = adrenaline and noradrenaline )  Glucocorticoids ( cortisol ) Released under the effect of ACTH Functions : Carbohydrate metabolism : Gluconeogenesis Increase glucose release from liver Protein metabolism : Extra hepatic tissue (muscle ): Catabolic Intra hepatic tissue (plasma proteins) : Anabolic Fat metabolism : Lipolysis Effect on vascular system: Maintain normal arterial blood pressure by : Maintaining of myocardial contractility Decrease production of vasodilator prostaglandin Decrease permeability of vascular endothelium Bronchodilator – anti-inflammatory Glucocorticoids ( cortisol ) Clinical application : Cushing syndrome : Clinical conditions resulting from chronic exposure to excessive glucocorticoids. The patient presented with : Hyperglycemia. Muscle weakness. Redistribution of fat ( central obesity = moon face , thin extremities ).  Glucocorticoids ( cortisol ) Clinical application : Hydrocortisone : Used to treat bronchial asthma and allergic conditions. Mineralocorticoids ( aldosterone ) Actions : acts on the kidney : Na reabsorption K secretion H secretion  Androgen ( testosterone ) In male In female Essential for erythropoiesis Essential for erythropoiesis Spermatogenesis ( formation of sperm ) Axillary and pubic hair Secondary sex characters ( short scalp hair Converted in adipose tissue into estrogen – beard – harsh voice – thick skin ) Source of androgen in male : Testis ( mainly ) Adrenal cortex Source of androgen in female : Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla: secretion of 80% adrenaline – 20% noradrenaline. Adrenaline Noradrenaline Greater effect on : Greater effect on Cardiac contractility ( arterial blood pressure ( β1) VC via α1 ) Clinical application (Pheochromocytoma ) Tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes excessive production of catecholamines. The patient presented with an attack of tachycardia, hypertension, and anxiety.