Encephalitis أطفال PDF

Encephalitis  Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection. Although rare, it is potentially life-threatening, and may lead to permanent brain damage or death.  Etiology and classification Primary encephalitis Caused by virus which attack the CN...

Encephalitis  Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection. Although rare, it is potentially life-threatening, and may lead to permanent brain damage or death.  Etiology and classification Primary encephalitis Caused by virus which attack the CNS.there are two types 1. neurotrophic virus (encephalitis type A)which attack nerve cells 2.pantropic virus(encephalitis type B)which attack neuron Secondary encephalitis Caused by (virus ,bacteria ,parasites) which attach the viscera in the brain  The prognosis for a person with encephalitis varies according to the age of the patient – with the very young and very old particularly at risk – and the particular virus that caused the disease.  When encephalitis occur with meningitis , it is called meningoencephalitis. It is caused either as a direct infection or a sequela of a pre-existing condition.  Clinical Presentation An adult infected with the disease typically present with; Headache,Confusion,Fever,Drowsiness,Fatigue Seizures or convulsions,Tremors,Stroke Hallucinations, Memory problems Cranial nerve palsies Ataxia ,dysarthria ,dysphasia Note (encephalitis the clinical pictures can be generalized or focal ) An infant may present with ; Irritability Poor appetite Fever  Complications Impairment in intelligence Mood and behavior changes Residual neurological deficits Extrapyramidal symptoms Hyponatremia Encephalopathy Mononeuropathy Flaccid paralysis. Diagnostic Procedures Encephalitis can be diagnosed using any of the following procedures: Magnetic Resonance Imaging) MRI) to detect the inflammation Electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor the electrical activity of the brain Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) Urine analysis Blood test  Medical Management Treatment for mild encephalitis usually consists of: Bed rest Plenty of fluids Anti-inflammatory drugs — such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) — to relieve headaches and fevers Antiviral drugs. Encephalitis caused by certain viruses usually requires antiviral treatment  Supportive care. People who are hospitalized with severe encephalitis might need: Breathing assistance ,as well as careful monitoring of breathing and heart function Intravenous fluids to ensure proper hydration and levels of essential minerals Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids ,to reduce swelling and pressure within the skull Anticonvulsant medications, such as phenytoin (Dilantin), to stop or prevent seizures.  Rehabilitation Good rehabilitation is a holistic approach. It recognizes the complex cognitive, behavioral, social, emotional and medical problems faced by people affected by encephalitis and their families. Complications of encephalitis may require the following services: Physical therapy to improve strength, flexibility, balance, motor coordination and mobility e.g. Exercise therapy Gait rehabilitation; Otago Balance training.  Occupational therapy to develop everyday skills and to use adaptive products that help with everyday activities  Speech therapy to relearn muscle control and coordination to produce speech Psychotherapy to learn coping strategies and new behavioral skills to improve mood disorders or address personality change.