Terrestrial Biomes PDF

People and the Earth’s Ecosystem TERRESTRIAL BIOMES  FORESTS An area that is filled with trees Supportsmany oflifeforms Provideshomesforwildlifeamongotherorganisms Avitalnaturalresourceforhumans. THREETYPES 1. TropicalRainforests 2. TemperateForests...

People and the Earth’s Ecosystem TERRESTRIAL BIOMES  FORESTS An area that is filled with trees Supportsmany oflifeforms Provideshomesforwildlifeamongotherorganisms Avitalnaturalresourceforhumans. THREETYPES 1. TropicalRainforests 2. TemperateForests 3. Taiga CONGOBASINFOREST AMAZONRAINFOREST  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TROPICAL Dry and 34° C– 125– Duetobeing Stratified intofour Generallypopulated by RAINFOREST Rainy 20° C 660 subject to layers: insects such as Arehot, season cm weathering, 1. EmergentLayer butterflies, beetles, moist only a thin -topmostlayer arachnids. biomes layer of -most sunlight Some animals reside found near decaying caughtbytrees withindifferentstrata of the Earth’s equator organic 40m tall therainforest: Usually matter is 2. CanopyLayer >Birds–ontopof canopy take root found on its -30m tall trees ontropical soil. -Branches are >LargeAnimals –forest uplands Nutrient home to floor and deficit epiphytes and Animals hideunder rocks, lowlands Filled with burrowsand leaves. vines (lianas) situated Oxisoland and organisms Somewould camouflage aroundthe equator. Utisol (gives thatseekbetter themselves. soilits lighting along color) treetops.  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TROPICAL Stratified intofour RAINFOREST layers:. 3. Understory -Shadedfrom thesun - Inhabitedby youngtreesand herbaceous plants that toleratelight 4. ForestFloor - Most sunlight deficit layer receivingonly 2% *Bromeliads, ButtressRoots, Carnivorous Plants, i.e pitcherplants  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TROPICAL Stratified intofour RAINFOREST layers:. 4. ForestFloor - Variants ofplants thatare rareintemperate forests are usually found here. -Adapts toground- levelcompetition by growing upon the branches of other plants,or even strangling largetrees -Other plants developed this nature to feed off the air itself. These plants arecalled “airroots.” ENTADA RHEEDII/AFRICAN DREAM HERB(LIANA)  MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA/GIANT PAN TROGLODYTES/ ANTEATER RAINFORESTCHIMPANZEE TEMPERATEFOREST  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TEMPERATE Have 10° C. 75- Consistsof Vegetationexists Various insects and FOREST wide Summer 150 alfisols. inseveral layers spiders, wolves, foxes, Regions range of –21° C cm -moderately Deciduoustrees bears,coyotes,bobcats, withhigh tempera As seasons Winter– leachedsoils mountain lions, eagles, levels of tures change,sodothe that below 0 -highfertility rabbits, deer, skunks, precipita leaves. tion, correlat ° C. squirrels, raccoons, e with Itis stratifiedinto: moose, snakes and humidity, distinctiv 1. Treesstratum hummingbirds and a e 2. saplingLayer Animals dealwith lack of varietyof seasons. 3. ShrubLayeror deciduou food through: s trees. Understory -Hibernation 4. FourthLayer or the Herb -Storing Food 5. FifthLayer or -Burrowing Ground zone -Migration Otheranimals have adapted through camouflage LAYEROFTEMPERATEFORESTS+FLORA OAKTREE REDMAPLE SHAGBARKHICKORY TOPLAYERORCANOPY(TREELAYER) SECONDLAYER(SAPLINGORSMALLTREELAYER) RED BUDS RHODODENDRON POISONOAK THIRDLAYER (SHRUBLAYER) FOURTHLAYER (HERBLAYER) FERNS FIFTHLAYER (FORESTFLOOR) LICHENS  FAUNA BEARS(FORMOFADAPTATION-HIBERNATION) SQUIRRELS(FORMOFADAPTATIONSTORINGFOOD) HARES(CAMOUFLAGE)  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TAIGA Coldness A few 30 –50 Taiga Dominatedby Snowshoehareand Also called is the degrees cm conifer litter scotchpine. lynx boreal dominant Celsius is highly Others are: Most animals are (northern) climactic above acidic -Spruce(Picea well adapted tothe forest,biome Soils of abies) factor freezing cold and survive (major life more humid -Sukaczev larch to-10° C and easilywithenough zone) of (Larixsukaczewii) vegetation southern food tomaintain -Gray(Betula composed taiga are populifolia) energy balance primarily of highly throughthewinter. -WhiteBirch (B. cone- leached Pendula) bearing spodosols -Siberian Larch needle- (Larix sibirica) leaved or -Siberian fir scaleleaved (Abiessibirica) evergreen -Chosenia trees found (Chosenia in northern arbutifolia) circumpolar -Siberianstone forested (Pinussibirica) regions -Asian spruce  TAIGA LARCH SCOTCHPINE SPRUSE WHITEBIRCH SNOWSHOE HARE LYNX  D E SE R T formanywherethereis littlewater Any large,extremely dry areaofland withsparsevegetation FURTHER CLASSIFIEDINTO: 1. Hot&Dry 2. Semi-Arid 3. Coastal 4. Cold DESERT  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOF FLORA FAUNA SOIL DESERT Desertsare further classifiedinto: 1. Hot&Dry Seasons Hot-month 1.5cm Coarse- Ground hugging Includesmall High are average textured, shrubs andshort nocturnal temperature generally temperatur shallow, woodytrees carnivores during the warm rocky or Yuccas,ocotillo, es are Dominantanimals day throughout gravely turpentinebush, theyear normally with good areburrowers and Low prickly pears, between 29 drainage kangaroorats temperature false mesquite, during the and 35 ° C and no sotol,ephedras, Insects,arachnids, evening and midday subsurfac agaves and reptiles and birds readings of ewater brittlebush 43–46 ° C  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOF FLORA FAUNA SOIL 1. HOTAND Plant leaves are The animals stay DRY replete”withwater inactive in conserving protective characteristics hideaways during Tend to be small, thick the hot day and and covered with thick comeouttoforage cuticle(outerlayer) atdusk,dawnor at Incacti,theleaves are night, when the much reduced (to desert is cooler. spines) and photosyntheticactivity is reduced to the stems. Some plants open theirstomataat night when evaporation rates are lowest. MOJAVEDESERT SORONAN YUCCA YUCCA PRICKLYPEARS MEXICANCOYOTE  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 2. SEMI–ARID Summers Summer 2- 4 Rangefrom Creosotebush, Animalshassimilar Almost as are temperat cm sandy and bur sage inhabiting animals similar tohot moderately fine- (Franseria as hot and dry ures and dry textured to dumosa or F. desert. long and usually deserts loose rock deltoidea), white dry average fragments, thorn,cat claw, During the day, Do not get Winters between gravel or insects move mesquite, brittle quiteas hotin the day and bring low 21-27° sand. bushes (Enceliaaroundtwigs tostay not as cool concentrati Low salt farinosa), onshadyside C. It during the ons of concentrati lyciums, and Jack rabbits follow normally jujube night rainfall on moving shadowof does not cactus or shrub go above Plants spiny Manyanimals find 38° C natureprovides protection in and protectionand enoughshade to underground evening burrows wherethey temperat reduce transpiration. are insulated from ures are bothheatandaridity cool, at around 10° C  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 2. SEMI–ARID In upper bajada Many plants (lowerslopes)soil havesilveryor is coarse- glossy leaves, textured, rocky, allowing them well-drained and toreflect more partlylaid byrock radiant energy bench Lower bajada (bottomland)the soil is sandyand fine-textured, oftenwith “caliche hardpan” Nosubsurface water WHITETHORN MESQUITE KANGAROORATS JACKRABBIT  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 3. COASTAL Have Winter– 13cm havemore porous Plants have Coyotesare a More moderately 5° C and soils thick fleshy common hospitable brief winter below characterized bya leaves and occupantofthese compared to seasons and Summer moderate texture stems for deserts othertypesof summer and a moderate storing nutrients –13° Cto salt content and large root Animals are desert 24° C systems for nocturnal and Majorcoastal deserts are tapping haveburrowing found along moisture tendencies coastlines These Birds and reptiles nearlarge adaptations lay eggs that waterbodies, help in survival remain dormant especially in the harsh until conditions oceans coastal desert climate for are more bearable plantslike black sage, salt bushes,andrice grass COASTALDESERT  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 4. COLD Long, cold Winter 15- 26 Heavy, relatively Plant height can15 cm Deerinhabitsome -located in the winters and –-2to 4 cm porous soil with a and 122cm of these areas temperatezones of snowfall lot ofsilt and salt, depending upon their only inwinter ° C theearth,wherethe and short good drainage to leaves Summer Small mammals temperatures are summers leach out most of Most shed their –21-26° C thesalt. such as kangaroo coolerthanthe with little leaves(deciduous) precipitation rats, kangaroo tropics but warmer and have spiny leaves. mice,pocketmice, thanthepolarregions grasshopper mice Ground cover are antelope, ground found inareas such squirrels, badger, as TorgesonIsland, kitfoxand coyote Antarticaand cover as well as muchoftheground, severallizards all whereas in other dig burrows areas theplants are Gazelles, jack found quite apart rabbits,gerbils, from each other. saiga antelope, Cold deserts include wolves, grasses, shadscale sidewinder,and and camel’s thorn. vipersnakes,  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 4. COLD Desert tortoises, lizardsare active in the early morning (fossorial) and whoseek shelter during thehottest part of the day, eitherin burrows or intheshadeof plants COLDDESERT  TUNDRA Finnishword"tunturia“thatmeanstreeless FURTHER CLASSIFIEDINTO: 1. Arctic 2. Alphine  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TUNDRA Finnish word that means ‘treeless’ 1. ARCTIC- encircles Cold/Dry Winter 15– Lichen HarlequinDuck the North pole, -34° Cto 25cm -Migratestosurvive extending southward to -45° C ArcticFox the coniferou s f orests. Climate Permafrost -Combination ofAlgae “Long Cold Summer -Ground that has and Fungus -Round compact Permafrost u nderlies Winters 3° Cto12 been Low Shrubs,Sedges, body minimizesthe around 80% of A laska, ° C surfacethat and alm ost half of and Short frosted. reindeer is exposed tocold air. Canada, Scandinav i a Cool -Composed of mosses,liverworts and Shortlegs,muzzle and R ussia. Summer” rocks, soil, grasses and ears conserves sediments and Plants need tohavethe heat. varying following tosurvive: HerbivorousMammals: amounts ofice *Anti-freezing chemical Lemmings,voles, that bind the *Specialized Root elements System caribou, together. *TranspirationLimit arctic hareand *Growing Together squirrels  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 1. ARCTIC Carnivorous Mammals: Arctic Foxes,wolves and polar bears Migratory birds: Ravens, snowbuntings, falcons, loons,sandpipers, terns, snow birds and various species of gulls Insects:mosquito, flies, moths,grasshopper, blackfliesandarctic bumblebees  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 1. ARCTIC Fish: Cod,flatfish, salmon andtrout Foranimalsto survive theydotheeitherof the following: *Migration *Hibernation ARCTICTUNDRA PERMAFROST LICHEN ARCTICFOX  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA 2. ALPHINE Cold/Dry Average 30 cm Inceptisol BristleconePine Yellow-bellied Climate Temp.of -soil ofan order -Has long lifeand Marmots “Long 8.3° Cina compromising grow slowly -Hibernates for8 Winters and freelydraining BearGrass yearWinter -grows close tothe months Short Cool Coldestis soils inwhich the Pikas Summer” formation ground to absorb -5.5° C warmththatthesoil -Hides fromweather of distinct Summer receives from the under rocks in the horizons is not far 4.5° Cto sunlight boulder fields. advanced. TussockGrasses, 15.5° C Mammals:Mountain Dwarf Spodosol Goats, sheep, elk Birds: trees,small-leafed shrubs and grouselike birds -soils formin heaths Insects:Sprigtail, sandymaterials underclimates Plantsneed tohave the beetles, grasshoppers, where large following to survive: butterflies amount ofwater *Anti-freezing Foranimals tosurvive chemical theydothefollowing: infiltrate *SpecializedRoot *Migration intothesoil oneor System more *Hibernation *TranspirationLimit *Hides times oftheyear. *Growing closetothe ground ALPINETUNDRA BEARGRASS TUSSOCKGRASS YELLOW-BELLIEDMARMOTS PIKA  GRASSLAND characterized by large, rolling terrain of extensive grasses, flowers and herbs rather than large shrubs or treesexpanding acrossmillionsofsquaremiles. Normallysituatedbetweenadesertandaforestandis calleda transitionalbiome. Amountofrainfall/precipitationinfluencestheheightof grassland vegetation. Droughtsandwildfiresplayabigroletothevegetationand diversity ofplants TWOMAJORDIVISIONS 1. Tropical 2. Temperate GRASSLANDZONES TROPICALGRASSLAND  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TWOMAJOR DIVISIONS: 1. TROPICAL Alsocalled Hot 20° C-30° C 50.8- porous, has Grasses and Grazinganimals Savanna climate 127cm onlyathinlayer small trees and featuresvast (summer) of humus such openspaces predatorssuchas with two as elephant consistingof giraffe, distinct grass,bermuda scattered seasons: grass, river buffalo,kangaroo, small shrubs dry bushwillow, ground andtrees. andrainy manketti tree, squirrel,moles, lion, features acacia and cheetah,hyena,and tallerand baobab tree elephants. more robust (which only grass types produces becauseof leaves during the year rainy round season) growing season.  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. SOIL FLORA FAUNA TWOMAJOR DIVISIONS: 1. TROPICAL -Plants developed long taproots constituting Reproduceonrainy Thevarietyof hydrophilic root system trees that is able to extend seasons and depends deeperin the soilin search migrate uponits forwater.,trunks thatare elsewherefor food geographic able to store water, thick and location and strong barks toresist wild andhuman-instigated waterondryseason fires. *formsburrow to Covermuchof avoid Africa as well predationand as large areas ofAustralia, desiccation SouthAmerica, and India.  ELEPHANTGRASS MANKETTITREE UMBRELLA-THORNACACIA BAOBABTREE ROOTSOFPLANTS BAOBABLEAVES  GIRAFFE BUFFALO STEPPE PRAIRIE  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA TWOMAJOR DIVISIONS: 2. TEMPERATE have hot featuresavast summers 38° C 50.8- deep, dark, *grasses *Home for large open space and cold (summer) 88.9c fertileloam soil dominate the herbivoressuchas dominated by winters andas low m vegetation grass where bison, with two as - whiletreesand trees and seasons: zebra,gazelle, 40° C shrubs are shrubs are growing rarely present. rhinoceros (winter) absent. and Examples are: andcarnivores like dormant Blue-eyed lion and grass, purple Wolves needlegrass, buffalo grass, *someanimals have foxtail, flattopped sunflowers teeth and digestive systems especially adapted tofeed ongrass.  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. SOIL FLORA FAUNA TWOMAJOR DIVISIONS: 2. TEMPERATE *whenwildfires occur,the *the color of animals *Havetwotypes: root portions of grasses blendsinwith theplant Prairie- survivetosprout again life, which helps them grassland with *Extensiverootsystems hide tallgrasses enablegrasses toabsorb orcamouflagefrom Steppe- moisture deeper on the predators grassland with Grounds *someanimalshave shortgrasses *grasses havedeep, front legsandpawsadapted massive to rootsystems thattake digburrowstoescape hold in fires thesoil. This allows the orpredators grasses toremainfirmly rooted in theground to reduce erosionand to conservewater.  BLUE-EYEDGRASS PURPLENEEDLEGRASS SUNFLOWERS BUFFALOGRASS ROOTSOFPLANTS  CHAPARRAL ChaparralisaSpanishwordforplaceofevergreensscruboak Youcanfindavarietyofterraininthisbiomelikerockhills, flat plains,andmountainslopes.  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA CHAPARRAL Experience *Winter– 10- 5- 25 *Thin androcky *Short,dense, *Animalslearnedto mild 12° Cto30- cm *Nutrient poor scrubby adapt winter as 40° C *Highly vegetation toveryhotclimates well as hot, susceptibleto *Droughtresistant *Animalsareusually *Summer– *Plants in dry erosion active summers. can chaparral have *Usually rich in atnight iron oxides developedthick waxy leaves *Animalsaremainly surpass (cinnamoncolor) desert/grassland 100° C *Contains little *Manyplants have theability types. *Found in clay and lacks organicmaterial to lose leaves *Animalshaveadapted the (drought to *Takeslong for mid- fertile soil to form deciduousplants) sparse,rough terrain latitude duringthe summer *Ex. Acorn climate, *Hashard,small woodpeckers, leaves Jack rabbits,Mule deer, average *Leavesmade Coyotes,Alligator temperatur from flammable ein Lizards, materials. PrayingMantis, theseareas *large tap roots to save water Ladybugs, Honeybees, is Coyotes 18° C  BIOMES CLIMATE TEMP. PREC. TYPEOFSOIL FLORA FAUNA CHAPARRAL *Have seeds that lay dormant during normal conditions but during afire, seed casing cracks openand blooms. *Ex. PoisonOak, Yucca Wiple, Shrubs,Toyon, Chamise, Trees,and Cacti. Chamise plant – seeds require fire togerminate, grows with littlewateron hard, rocky soil andis anexcellent erosioncontrol plant  POISONOAK TOYON YUCCAWHIPPLEI CHAMISEPLANT CHAMISEPLANT JACKRABBIT COYOTES