EMST - Introduction to Computer Systems.pdf

EMST Introduction to Computer Systems Main Components of Computer System Hardware Software Hardware - refers to the physical components of a computer. These are the tangible parts you can see and touch. Computer Hardware Components Input Devices Keyboard...

EMST Introduction to Computer Systems Main Components of Computer System Hardware Software Hardware - refers to the physical components of a computer. These are the tangible parts you can see and touch. Computer Hardware Components Input Devices Keyboard Mouse Output Devices Monitor Printer Speaker  Bonus Points Who can give an example of Input or Output devices? Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) - is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter images and videos. It's particularly well-suited for tasks that involve parallel processing of large amounts of data CPU and GPU Differences CPU GPU Handles general-purpose Specialized for handling tasks computing tasks, such as running that involve parallel processing of applications, executing large amounts of data, such as instructions, and managing 3D graphics rendering, video system resources. editing, and machine learning.  CPU Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages: General-purpose: Handles a wide Limited parallel processing: Not as range of tasks, from running basic efficient as GPUs for tasks that applications to complex involve parallel processing. computations. Power consumption: Can be Sequential processing: Excellent at power-hungry, especially for tasks that require sequential high-performance CPUs. execution. Versatility: Can be used for various applications and workloads.  GPU Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages: Parallel processing: Highly efficient Specialized: Primarily designed for at tasks that can be broken down graphics-related tasks and may not be into many smaller, independent as efficient for general-purpose subtasks. computing. High performance: Can provide significant performance boosts for Cost: High-end GPUs can be expensive. graphics-intensive tasks. Programming complexity: Developing Energy efficiency: Often more software that effectively utilizes GPUs energy-efficient than CPUs for can be more complex than certain workloads. programming for CPUs. CPU and GPU Differences In many modern systems, both CPUs and GPUs are used together to provide a balanced performance. CPUs handle general-purpose tasks, while GPUs excel at graphics-intensive and parallel processing workloads. The optimal choice depends on the specific needs of the user or application. Motherboard - The main circuit board that connects all the components. Types of Motherboards Primary Storage Devices RAM (Random Access Memory) - ROM (Read-Only Memory) - Stores Used for temporary storage of data essential system software that and instructions. cannot be modified. Secondary Storage Devices Solid-State Drive (SSD) - Stores data using flash memory, which is faster and more Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Stores data reliable than HDDs. magnetically. M.2 SSD - A smaller form factor, often used in laptops and smaller desktop systems. Secondary Storage Devices (cont’d) Floppy Disk - a type of removable storage medium that was once widely used for Optical Drive - Reads and writes storing data. It consists of a thin, flexible data on CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs. plastic disk encased in a square plastic shell. Secondary Storage Devices (cont’d) Flash Drive - provides a convenient and versatile way to store, transfer, and access data.  Power Supply Unit (PSU) - Converts Alternating Current (AC) power from the wall outlet to Direct Current (DC) power for the computer components. Cooling System - Includes fans and heat sinks to prevent overheating. Cooling System (cont’d) Thermal Paste Networking Devices Network Interface Card (NIC) Wireless Card Wifi Stick Input/Output Ports Universal Serial Bus (USB) - Used to connect a wide range of devices, including keyboards, mice, printers, and external storage devices. Input/Output Ports (cont’d) High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) - Connects to displays (monitors, TVs) and audio devices for high-quality video and audio output. Input/Output Ports (cont’d) Displayport - Another digital video interface used for connecting displays. Input/Output Ports (cont’d) Video Graphics Array (VGA) - An older analog video interface, still used on some older devices. Input/Output Ports (cont’d) Ethernet - Used to connect to wired networks. Input/Output Ports (cont’d) Audio Ports Blue - Microphone Green - Speakers or Headphones Pink - Both Microphone, Speakers or Headphones Internal Ports Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) - An expansion slot used for connecting various devices, such as network cards and sound cards. Internal Ports (cont’d) Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) - A newer, faster expansion slot used for high-performance devices like graphics cards and SSDs. Internal Ports (cont’d) Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) - Used to connect storage devices such as hard drives and SSDs. Internal Ports (cont’d) Personal System/2 (PS/2) - An older port used for connecting keyboards and mice.  Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) battery - a small, flat battery typically located on the motherboard of a computer. It's primarily used to power the CMOS memory that stores the BIOS settings. System Unit / Computer Case (old) System Unit / Computer Case (modern) Software is the intangible part of a computer system. It consists of programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do. There are two main types: System Software: Controls the basic operations of the computer. Examples include operating systems (like Windows, macOS, or Linux) and utility programs. Application Software: Programs designed for specific tasks. Examples include word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, and games. System Softwares Examples: Operating System System Softwares Examples: Basic Input Output System (BIOS) - BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a type of software. It's a firmware program stored on a chip on the motherboard. This software is essential for the computer to function, as it provides instructions for the CPU on how to initialize hardware components and load the operating system. While the BIOS is stored on a physical chip, it's considered software because it's a set of instructions that the CPU executes. It's like a small program that runs automatically when the computer is turned on. System Softwares Examples (cont’d): Utility Software Application Software Any Questions?