EMS 80/81 Study Guide PDF

80/81 STUDY GUIDE, TOTALLY NOT FROM ANOTHER ACADEMY 1) How do we measure volume in the fields? Liters 2) What is ecology? The study of reactions and interactions between an organism and its environment. 3) What is a sign? The effect of a health problem that can be OBSERVED by someone else E...

80/81 STUDY GUIDE, TOTALLY NOT FROM ANOTHER ACADEMY 1) How do we measure volume in the fields? Liters 2) What is ecology? The study of reactions and interactions between an organism and its environment. 3) What is a sign? The effect of a health problem that can be OBSERVED by someone else EX: Vomiting 4) What is a symptom? An effect noticed and experienced ONLY BY THE PERSON EX: Nausea 5) Planes of the Body: Frontal - Split front and back, Transverse - Split at the hip, top and bottom, Sagittal - Head to toes, Midsagittal - Head to toes (Perfectly in half) 6) Inside the nucleus of an atom? Protons and neutrons 7) How do people lose body temperature the fastest? Convention 8) A person loses body temperature faster in water than in air because water? Has a higher heat capacity 9) A cell membrane is? Semi-permeable 10) Which molecule is broken down during cellular respiration? Glucose into ATP 11) What membrane covers body organs? Serous membrane - Parietal and viscera 12) Smooth muscle tissues, interlocking cells, where and what is it? Cardiac cells 13) End of a long bone? Epiphysis 14) What types of muscles are voluntary? Skeletal 15) In a cold environment to maintain core body temperature, peripheral blood vessels? Constrict 16) Excess blood loss may cause this sign in the integumentary system? Decreased capillary refill 17) Input of nervous system? Sensory 18) Spinal nerves carry what kind of info? Mixed 19) The cranial nerve controls the abdominal viscera? The vagus Nerve 20) The size of the map of each body part in the post central gyrus is determined by? The fine motor control of the body part 21) What part of the body has the most touch receptors? Fingers 22) Glucagon performs the opposite action of? Insulin 23) The valves of the heart? Mitral and Tricuspid ( Blood flow from the atria to the ventricles), Aortic and Pulmonary (Blood flow out of the ventricles) 24) The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle? Tricuspid valve 25) During ventricular systole what valves are closed in the heart? Atrioventricular 26) Cardiac output increases. What happens to BP? It increases 27) The _ _ _ _ _ waves of the ECG occurs during depolarization of the ventricles? QRS Wave 28) The gas exchange of the alveoli and capillaries is called? External Respiration 29) Where does the current in the heart go after the AV node? AV Bundle (Bundle of His) 30) Which of the following is not a function of the upper airway? Gas exchange 31) Which structure controls the opening to the trachea? Epiglottis 32) Where is the epiglottis located? Behind the tongue, top of the larynx 33) What do cells need to make ATP? Cells need oxygen 34) Fever and inflammation are both part of what kind of immunity? Innate 35) The liver receives approximately 1.5 quarts of blood per minute from? The hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein 36) Collecting Duct in the kidneys is found in the? Renal pyramids 37) The renal hormone is secreted by the Hypothalamus when blood pressure decreases to promote the reabsorption of water? Antidiuretic hormone 38) Which of the following is a possible cause of blood in the urine? Decreased filtration 39) What hormone stimulates ovulation? LH (Luteinizing Hormone) 40) What hormones are elevated during pregnancy? HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) 41) The overuse of this classification of drugs has caused drug resistant strains of bacteria? Antibiotics 42) What are two types of education in EMS? Initial and continuing 43) What is reciprocity? Act of receiving a comparable certification or licensure from another state or agency. 44) What are non-traditional roles for paramedics? Working in a primary setting, emergency care on offshore oil rigs, occupational safety in the industrial setting. 45) What is a role a paramedic cannot be? Family practitioner 46) What is the EMS paper published in 1966? Accidental Death and Disability: The neglected Disease of Modern Society 47) What government agency was established after 9/11? Department of Homeland Security 48) EMS is run under the control of whom? Medical Director/Direction 49) Rules or standards that govern a field? Ethics 50) Aspects of professionalism? Being well groomed, maintaining patient confidentiality, attending continuing education sessions 51) What is a hypothesis? A specific question your study will answer 52) Type of experiment that does not allow subjects or experimenters to know what is being studied? Double Blind Study 53) What part of a study is a retrospect? Examines information that already exists 54) Retrospective Study? Looks at existing data 55) 1st stage of grief? Denial - “Not me” 56) 2nd stage of grief? Anger - “Why me” 57) 3rd stage of grief? Bargaining - “Okay but first let me” 58) 4th stage of grief? Depression - “Okay but I haven’t” 59) 5th stage of grief? Acceptance - “Okay, I am not afraid” 60) Benefits of good nutritional habits? Prevents cancer, prevents cardiovascular disease, minimizes stress 61) Patient Advocacy? Defending, protecting, and acting in the patient's best interest. 62) Define Empathy? To identify with and understand the circumstances, feelings, and motives of others. 63) Define Diplomacy? Placing someone else’s (patients) interest above our own 64) Define Libel? Act of injuring a person’s character, name or reputation by making false statements made in writing or through the mass media with malicious intent or reckless disregard for the falsity of those statements. 65) Define Slander? Act of injuring a person’s character, name, or reputation by false or malicious statements spoken with malicious intent or reckless disregard for the falsity of those statements. 66) Define Ethics? Branch of philosophy that addresses questions about mortality 67) Define Morals? Generally considered to be social, religious, or personal standards of right or wrong. 68) Define Autonomy? A competent patient's right to determine what happens to his body, including treatments for medical illnesses and injuries. 69) Types of consent? Informed, Expressed, Implied, and Involuntary 70) Four elements to be negligent? Duty to act, breach of that duty, actual damages to the patient of another individual, proximate cause (causation of damages). 71) Biggest preventable injury in elderly? Falls 72) Most injured area in pediatrics? The head 73) According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture dietary guidelines, you should make ______ of the food on your plate fruits and vegetables? One half 74) A strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood and other bodily fluids are infectious, combining aspects of universal precautions and body substance isolation is termed? Standard Precautions 75) ______ is the use of a chemical or a physical method, such as pressurized steam to kill all microorganisms on an object? Sterilizing 76) What is an active process during which a person confronts a stressful situation? Coping 77) EMS trauma care generally evolves following? Military conflicts 78) ___ is a project published in 1996 and supported by the National Highway Traffic Administration. EMS agenda for the future 79) An essential, yet often overlooked component of the EMS system is? The public 80) Which is not a component of the communications networks of a regional EMS system? Medical Direction 81) Who is responsible for sending ambulances to the scene and ensuring that the system resources are in constant readiness? Emergency Medical Dispatchers 82) The act of receiving a comparable certification or licensure from another state or agency is known as? Reciprocity 83) On an emergency scene what is our number one priority? Personal Safety 84) Force or forces that cause an injury? MOI 85) Trauma center that provides the highest level of trauma care? Level I 86) Maintaining a complete and accurate written patient care report is essential to? Research efforts, Quality Improvement of EMS, Flow of patient information 87) Proving that care and service provided by EMS to the community is worthy of funding and support is demonstrated primarily through? Scientific research 88) _____ research describes phenomena in numbers? Quantitative 89) ______ research described phenomena in words? Qualitative 90) Variable that affects the dependent variable under study is the? Independent Variable 91) Which is NOT a randomized controlled trial? Qualitative Study 92) The study of the facts that influence the frequency, distribution, and causes of injury, disease, and other health-related events in a population is called? Epidemiology 93) Intentional injuries makeup about _____ of all injury deaths? 1/3 94) Rehabilitations after an injury or illness that helps to prevent further problems from occurring is referred to as? Tertiary Prevention 95) Under the guidelines of ______, employed and employees share responsibility for Standard Precautions? OSHA 96) What has been found to be a leading cause of disability among EMS workers? Back injuries 97) _____ originated with the English legal system and was adopted by the Americans in the 1700s? Common Law 98) ____ ____ is enacted by an administrative or governmental agency at either the federal or state level? Administrative Law 99) Which level is the location of most cases in which a paramedic may be involved? State-court 100) On-scene licensed physicians who are professionally unrelated to the patient and who are attempting to assist with patient care are called? Intervener Physicians 101) Legislative statutes that generally protect the person who provides care at no charge of a medical emergency are called? Good Samaritan Laws 102) In a negligence claim against the paramedic, the plaintiff must establish and prove four particular elements to prevail. Which is not one? Level of compensation 103) The law provides penalties for the breach of confidentiality. This improper release of information may result in a lawsuit against the paramedic for? Defamation, Invasion of Privacy, and breach of confidentiality. 104) Which court-ordered type of consent is most commonly encountered with patients who must be held for mental-health evaluation or as directed by law enforcement personnel who have the patients under arrest? Involuntary 105) What is the termination of the paramedic-patient relationship without providing for the appropriate continuation of care while it is still needed and desired by the patient? Abandonment 106) A well-documented patient care report is? Accurate, objective and thorough 107) Latin-derived term used in medicine or not doing harm to the patient? Nonmaleficence 108) Which group serves to protect the rights of subjects participating in research projects? IRBs 109) Which quick way to test ethics asks whether you would be willing to undergo a particular procedure or action if you were in the patient's place? Impartiality Test 110) Every state has laws requiring the reporting of certain health care facts such as? Births, deaths, child neglect, and abuse 111) The process of exchanging information from one individual to another is? Communication 112) General radio procedures include all of the following except? Describe in detail your needs and the situations before releasing the transmit button 113) When receiving orders from a dispatcher or physician you should? Ue the echo procedure 114) A recent report titled “Recommendations from the expert panel: Advanced Automatic Collision Notification and Triage of the Injured Patient” discusses that ___ shows promise in improving outcomes among severely injured crash patients. AACN 115) A recent report titled “Recommendations from the expert panel: Advanced Automatic Collision Notification and Triage of the Injured Patient” found that Advanced Collision Notification can improve outcomes among seriously injured patients by providing all of the following except _____. Notifying the receiving hospitals that they will be getting a trauma patient 116) Which radio frequencies may be used by cities and municipalities for their ability to better transmit through concrete and steel? UHF 117) Which frequency band is typically used by county and suburban agencies due to its ability to transmit over various terrains and longer distances? VHF 118) What is the name of the basic communications system that used the same frequency to transmit and receive? Simplex 119) A communications system that uses a different transmit and receive frequency allowing for simultaneous communications between two parties is called? Duplex 120) _____ communications systems are capable of transmitting both voice and electronic patient data simultaneously? Multiplex 121) Homeostasis Homeostasis refers to the stability, balance, and equilibrium within a cell or the body. All the cells need to maintain a constant stable internal environment to maintain that they need oxygen, nutrients and the ability to remove waste products. The internal and external environments are constantly changing therefore adjustments must be made to adjust for said changes to maintain a normal level. With blood pressure for instance if it raises too high, baroreceptors kick in triggering the parasympathetic system, decreasing cardiac output, stimulating the peripheral vessels, creating vasodilation making the blood pressure drop. When blood pressure drops there is an increase in cardiac output, stimulating the peripheral vessels causing vasoconstriction, raising the blood pressure. 122) Major organs in the abdomen - Right upper quadrant: Liver, Right kidney, Colon, Pancreas, Gallbladder - Right Lower quadrant: Colon, Small intestine, Major artery and vein to the right leg, Ureter, and Appendix - Left Upper Quadrant: Liver, Spleen, Left Kidney, Stomach, Colon, and Pancreas - Left Lower Quadrant: Colon, Small intestine, Major artery or vein to the left leg, Ureter - Midline area: Aorta, Pancreas, Small intestine, Bladder, Spine 123) Cellular Respiration During Cellular Respiration, Glucose combines with oxygen within the mitochondria, which transforms into an energy called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the energy that keeps the cell moving. Once the energy is used up by the cell ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate). ADP can pick up more phosphate and form an energy bond, store it and the process begins again. 124) Differences between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic - Sympathetic - “Fight or Flight” - Body is ready to expel energy if needed, increases  heart rate, blood pressure, and begins sweating. PReganglionic neurons are located in the thoracic and first two lumbar segments, “Thoracolumbar”. Sympathetic releases norepinephrine and epinephrine. - Parasympathetic - “ Resting and Digesting” Supports the body through everyday activities, helps to return to a normal state after a sympathetic response. The preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord referred to as “Craniosacral” 125) Blood Flow through the heart Blood enter the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava -> flows to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle fills, valve shuts -> Ventricle contracts pushing blood -> Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs-> Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins -> flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle -> Bicuspid valves shuts once the ventricle is full -> Ventricle contracts -> Blood flows through the aortic arch, through the aorta and to the body. 126) Control of Blood Pressure Blood pressure is controlled to maintain homeostasis. As BP rises, homeostasis lowers it, if BP falls homeostasis raises it. BP is read by blood vessel diameter (peripheral resistance), the amount of blood pumped by the heart (cardiac output), and the change is fluid volume. Cardiac output is a function of the heart rate, and the amount of blood pumped with each contraction (Stroke volume). Stroke volume is influenced by blood volume. Increased fluid volume, increased heart rate, increased peripheral resistance =increased blood pressure. 127) Three major muscle types with examples - Skeletal (voluntary) - Under conscious control, running, lifting, etc. - Smooth (involuntary) - Not under conscious control, organs, blood vessels, and airway/. Allows movement of blood flow by changing the diameter of blood vessels (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) - Cardiac (involuntary) - Found in the walls of the heart, allowing the heart to contract and beat. 128) Layers of CNS - Meninges - Protective layers around CNS. - Pia Mater - Fused to neural tissue, contains blood vessels to serve the brain and spinal cord. - Subarachnoid Space - In between the pia and arachnoid space, filled wit CSF acts as a cushion. - Arachnoid mater - Composed of collagen and elastic fibers that look like a spider web, and CSF, acts like a shock absorber. - Subdural Space - Between arachnoid and Dura Mater. Contains small amounts of fluid. - Dura Mater - Contains thick, fibrous tissue. 129) Importance of surfactant Surfactant is important as it allows the alveoli to expand by lowering surface tension and it thins with inspiration, this increases surface tension. Surfactant prevents the over-expansion and prevents the rupture of the alveoli. With no surfactant, stiff lungs can cause resistance in expansion. Some premature babies may have inadequate surfactant because surfactant develops late in fetal development. Premature babies that have inadequate surfactant levels may be eligible for artificial surfactant replacement therapy. This would help prevent the collapse or rupture of the alveoli. 130) Major kidney disorder with signs and symptoms and causation - Disease: Diabetic Nephropathy - S/S: Increasing urination, SOB, Fatigue, N/V, confusion - Causation: Abnormally high BGL, kidney attempts to remove extra glucose from the blood, this condition makes the kidneys work harder. If BGL is high for long periods of  time the kidneys start getting damaged this is known as Diabetic Nephropathy. It begins breaking down the tissue of the kidney, worsening the filtration system, allowing more toxins to pass through. Diabetic Nephropathy is the leading cause of kidney failure. 131) Gas change in the lungs Gas is transported deep into the lungs from tubes called bronchioles. It transports the gasses to small air sacs called Alveoli. Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries which are small blood vessels. These two combined (alveolar wall, capillary wall) is called the alveolar-capillary membrane. Oxygen passes through a layer of fluid in the lungs -> epithelial cells -> basement membranes -> through connective tissue -> through the endothelial cells -> through the plasma into the red blood cells.