Introduction To Embedded Systems PDF

Summary

This document provides an introduction to embedded systems, discussing various characteristics and applications. It covers real-time operations, different system types, and how these systems are relevant in diverse fields.

Full Transcript

**INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM** **SYSTEM** - A system is an arrangement where all its component work according to the specific defined rules. It is a method of organizing, working, or performing one or more tasks according to a fixed plan. **EMBEDDED SYSTEM** - is a combination o...

**INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM** **SYSTEM** - A system is an arrangement where all its component work according to the specific defined rules. It is a method of organizing, working, or performing one or more tasks according to a fixed plan. **EMBEDDED SYSTEM** - is a combination of computer software and hardware which is either fixed in capability or programmable. - An embedded system can be either an independent system, or it can be a part of a large system. It is mostly designed for a specific function or functions within a larger system **SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM** 1\. Application and domain specific 2\. Reactive and Real time 3\. Operates in harsh environments 4\. Distributed 5\. Small size and weight 6\. Power concerns **APPLICATION AND DOMAIN SPECIFIC GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS** - General purpose computers that we are using everyday for example: - Laptop, computers, smartphones - They serve more than one specific purpose. And not a "Embedded System" **1. APPLICATION AND DOMAIN SPECIFIC** - An embedded system / Special Purpose Computers is designed for a specific purpose only. It will not do any other task Example: - Air conditioner's embedded control unit, it cannot replace microwave oven. - A washing machine can only wash, it cannot cook. - Because the embedded control units of microwave oven and air conditioner are specifically designed to perform certain specific tasks - Certain embedded systems are specific to a domain. Example: - A hearing aid is an application that belongs to the domain of signal processing and telecom with another control unit designed to serve another domain like consumer electronics **GENERAL VS. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER** - For example Calculator vs Laptop. - Laptop is a lot expensive than Calculator - Gen Computer is "overkill" - Gen Computer can't do everything **THREE CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM** - Subsystem - Standalone Systems - Networked Systems **EMBEDDED SUBSYSTEMS** - Switches (For example; Switches in Microwave Oven, and Washing Machine - Speed Meter in Car/Motorcycle - Keyboard - Mouses This subsystems are useless independently, but aided the larger system to function properly **STANDALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS** - Can perform its functions independently, for example - DSLR camera, Apple watch, Flash drives, headphones **NETWORKED EMBEDDED SYSTEM** - Internet of things (IOT) **2. REACTIVE AND REAL TIME** - Certain embedded systems are designed to react to the events that occur in the nearby environment. These events also occur real-time. - Ex. Flight control systems, Antilock Brake Systems (ABS), etc. are examples of Real Time system - An air conditioner adjusts its mechanical parts as soon as it gets a signal from its sensors to increase or decrease the temperature when the user operates it using a remote control. - An embedded system uses Sensors to take inputs and has actuators to bring out the required functionality. **3. OPERATION IN HARSH ENVIRONMENT** - Certain embedded systems are designed to operate in harsh environments like a dusty one or a high temperature zone or an area subject to vibrations and shock or very high temperature of the deserts or very low temperature of the mountains or extreme rains - These embedded systems have to be capable of sustaining the environmental conditions it is designed to operate in **4. DISTRIBUTED** - The term distributed means that embedded systems may be a part of a larger system. These components are independent of each other but have to work together for the larger system to function properly. Ex. An automatic vending machine is a typical example for this. The vending machine contains a card reader (for pre-paid vending systems), a vending unit, etc. Each of them are independent embedded units but they work together to perform the overall vending function. - Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) contains a card reader embedded unit, responsible for reading and validating the user's ATM card, transaction unit for performing transactions, a currency counter for dispatching/vending currency to the authorized person and a printer unit for printing the transaction details. This can visualize these as independent embedded systems. But they work together to achieve a common goal **5. SMALL SIZE AND WEIGHT** - An embedded system that is compact in size and has light weight will be desirable or more popular than one that is bulky and heavy. - Ex. Currently available cell phones. The cell phones that have the maximum features are popular but also their size and weight is an important characteristic **6. POWER CONCERNS** - It is desirable that the power utilization and heat dissipation of any embedded system be low. If more heat is dissipated then additional units like heat sinks or cooling fans need to be added to the circuit - Ex. The production of high amount of heat demands cooling requirements like cooling fans which in turn occupies additional space and make the system bulky. Nowadays ultra low power components are available in the market - Select the design according to the low power components like low dropout regulators, and controllers/processors with power saving modes. Also power management is a critical constraint in battery operated application. The more the power consumption the less is the battery life **QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS** - Quality attributes are the non-functional requirements that need to be documented properly in any system design - If the quality attributes are more concrete and measurable, it will give a positive impact on the system development process and the end product. The various quality attributes that needs to be addressed in any embedded system development are broadly classified into two, namely - Operational Quality Attribute - Non-Operational Quality Attribute **RELEVANT TOOLS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM** Embedded systems, universal in modern devices from smartphones to i ndustrial automation, rely on a foundation of specialized hardware components. These components, i ncluding microprocessors, i ntegrated circuits (ICs), and microcontrollers, play pivotal roles in f unctionality systems **MICROPROCESSOR: THE BRAIN OF THE OPERATION** - A microprocessor is often referred to as the \"brain\" of an embedded system. It\'s a complex integrated circuit that executes instructions to perform tasks. Microprocessors are designed for general purpose computing and can handle a wide range of applications. They typically have a high clock speed, multiple cores, and large memory capacities. **INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC): THE BUILDING BLOCK OF ELECTRONICS** - An IC, or chip, is a small electronic circuit packed into a single unit. It\'s composed of transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other electronic components interconnected to perform specific functions. ICs can range from simple logic gates to complex microprocessors. They are the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices - An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs integrate into a small chip ![](media/image2.png) **MICROCONTROLLER: A SPECIALIZED MICROPROCESSOR** - A microcontroller is a specialized type of microprocessor designed for embedded systems. It integrates a processor core, memory (ROM, RAM), input/output (I/O) peripherals, and other components onto a single chip. Microcontrollers are optimized for low power consumption, small size, and real-time control applications. They are commonly used in devices like appliances, automotive systems, and IoT devices

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