The Self From Various Perspectives PDF

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Understanding the Self by Prof. Malaya Lara produced as a response to the models of us Notes created by Althea Guansing from AB ELS 1-2 offered to us by other people. PART 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES...

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Understanding the Self by Prof. Malaya Lara produced as a response to the models of us Notes created by Althea Guansing from AB ELS 1-2 offered to us by other people. PART 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES | PSYCHOLOGY Different Perspectives (Lesson 1-5) The scientific study of the human mind and its PHILOSOPHY functions, especially those affecting behavior in The mother of all disciplines a given context. Study of acquiring knowledge through rational The mental characteristics or attitude of a thinking and inquiries that involves in person or group. answering questions regarding the nature and The mental and emotional factors governing a existence of man and the world we live in. situation or activity. The original meaning of the word philosophy A SELF IN PSYCHOLOGY comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning A set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and “love” and -sophos, or “wisdom.” motives that identifies an individual. The pursuit of wisdom Personality is the essence of who we are and is The rational investigation of questions about the embodiment of one’s physical, existence and knowledge and ethics. psychological, cognitive, affective and spiritual A belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as self. authoritative by some group or school. - Therefore, when we speak of the self, A SELF IN PHILOSOPHY we will describe it in personality “A unified being, essentially connected to terms. consciousness, awareness and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of rational choice). PSEUDO-PSYCHOLOGY The essence of a man’s being. The term ‘pseudo’ means ‘false’ or ‘pretend.’ Refers to a psychological practice that is false or SOCIOLOGY unfounded. The study of social life, social change, and the Many of the practices that fall under the social causes and consequences of human umbrella or pseudo-psychology are quite behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure popular and enjoy a wide following of believers. of groups, organizations, and societies and how BARNUM EFFECT people interact within these contexts. Also called the Forer effect A SELF IN SOCIOLOGY A common psychological phenomenon whereby A relatively stable set of perceptions of who we individuals give high accuracy ratings to are in relation to ourselves, others, and to social descriptions of their personality that systems. The self is socially constructed in the supposedly are tailored specifically to them, sense that it is shaped through interaction with that are in fact vague and general enough to other people. apply to a wide range of people. - This effect can provide a partial ANTHROPOLOGY explanation for the widespread Study of what makes us human. acceptance of some paranormal A broad approach to understanding the many beliefs and practices, such as different aspects of the human experience, astrology, fortune telling, aura which is called holism: Archeology, Biological reading, and some types of Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, and personality tests. Linguistic Anthropology Basically, a study of a person in relation to GRAPHOLOGY groups and cultures. The analysis of the physical characteristics and A SELF IN ANTHROPOLOGY patterns of handwriting claiming to be able to The self of which we are aware is not something identify the writer, indicating the psychological innate within us, it is a model of our self state at the same time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics.  It is generally considered a pseudoscience. - The actions to which they prompt, Self-seeking and ON THEORIES AND STUDIES Self-preservation. Theories generally see self and identity as mental constructs, created and recreated in memory. Current researches point to the frontal lobe of CARL ROGERS the brain associated with the processes of Believed that humans have one basic motive, concerning the self. that is the tendency to self-actualize - i.e., to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest WILLIAM JAMES level of ‘human-beingness’ we can. James’ theory of the self divided a person’s Self-actualization occurs when a person’s “ideal mental picture of self into two categories: the self” (i.e., who they would like to be) is “Me” and the “I.” congruent with their actual behavior - The “Me” can be thought of as a (self-image). separate object or individual a person SELF WORTH refers to when describing their Self-esteem, value or with an individual places personal experiences; of themselves. - He further divided the “Me” part of SELF IMAGE self into” a material, a social, and a Individuals’ mental representation of spiritual self themselves, shaped by personal experiences The “I” is the self that knows who they are and and interactions with others. what they have done in their life. IDEAL SELF - For James, the “I” part of self was the The ideal self is the version of oneself that an thinking self, which could not be individual aspires to become. further divided. He linked this part of INCONGRUENCE the self to the soul of a person, or May result into dissatisfaction, unhappiness, what is now thought of as the mind. anxiety. He called the “Me” part of self the “empirical CONGRUENCE me” and the “I” part “the pure Ego.” Signifies psychological health. The Empirical Self or Me. Therefore, as per Rogers, one of the goals of - A man’s Self is the sum total of all that therapy is to help people bring their real self he CAN call his, not only his body and and ideal self into alignment, enhancing their his psychic powers, but his clothes self-esteem and overall life satisfaction. and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his GEORGE HERBERT MEAD’S SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM reputation and works, his lands and Social interaction and group affiliation are vital horses, and yacht and bank account. factors in creating our self concept. Three parts: Its constituents; According to his theory, the self has two sides 1. The material Self; (Physical or phases: ‘me’ and ‘I.’ appearance, body and flesh, blood) - The ‘me’ is considered the socialized 2. The social Self; (Social skills, and the aspect of the individual. The ‘me’ recognition which he gets from his represents learned behaviors, mates) attitude, and expectations of others 3. The spiritual Self; (Most intimate and and of society. important part of the self, includes - The ‘I’ represents the individual’s the person’s motives, emotions, identity based on response to the values, consciousness, and moral ‘me.’ behavior.) SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY - The feelings and emotions Is a sociology theory that seeks to understand they arouse, Self-feelings; humans relationship with their society by  focusing on the symbols that help us give Self awareness also presents us with at least meaning to the experiences in our life. three other self schema: Under the theory of symbolic interactionism, 1. The “actual” self - is who you are at Mead argued that the self is created and the moment. developed through human interaction. 2. The “ideal” self - is who you like to be. Basically, there are three reasons why self and 3. The “ought” self - is who you think identity are social products: you should be. - We do not create ourselves out of Self awareness may be positive or negative nothing. depending on their circumstances. In other - We need others to affirm and instances, self awareness can be too much. reinforce who we think we are. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS. - Our self-concept is shaped by what is Identified two types of self that we can be important in our social and historical aware of context. - Private self - your internal standards According to him, there are three activities and private thoughts and feelings. develop the self: LANGUAGE, PLAY, and GAMES. - Public self - public image commonly 1. LANGUAGE geared toward having a good - We learn to understand and presentation of yourself to others. respond to others through symbols, gestures, words, SELF-ESTEEM IN THE SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY and sounds. Initially proposed by Leon Festinger - Language helps us to People with high self-esteem are commonly understand others’ attitudes described as outgoing, adventurous, and and opinions. adaptable. - We convey emotions They may also dismiss other activities that do through language. not conform to their self-concept or boost their 2. PLAY self-esteem. - We take on different roles, They may also be bullies and experiment on pretend, and express abusive behaviors with drugs, alcohol, and sex. expectations of others. Baumeister, Smart, and Boden (1996) suggest - Role-playing helps us that self-esteem boosting programs should develop self-consciousness reward good behavior and achievements, not and understand others’ just make children feel better or appease them. perspectives. In the attempt to increase or maintain - We learn how others feel self-esteem, some people become narcissistic. about themselves and There are thin lines between high self-esteem others in various social and narcissism. situations. - There are a lot of tests and 3. GAMES measurements for self-esteem like - We learn to understand and Rosenberg scale. follow rules in structured Also entails what is called self-evaluation activities. maintenance theory. - We develop a sense of self In this case we usually react in three ways: by understanding the need 1. Distance ourselves from that person to abide by rules for success. or redefine our relationship with them. CHARLES CARVER AND MICHAEL SCHEIER 2. We may also reconsider the important Self-awareness of the aspect of skill in which you - Conscious knowledge of one’s own were outperformed. character, feelings, motives, and desires.  3. We may also strengthen our resolve to off than themselves in order to feel improve that certain aspect of better about their self or personal ourselves. situation, they are making a Social comparison theory states that individuals downward social comparison. determine their own social and personal worth - Research has suggested that social based on how they stack up against others they comparisons with others who are perceive as somehow faring better or worse. better off or superior, or upward Since its inception, the initial framework has comparisons, can lower self-regard, undergone several advances. whereas downward comparisons can - Self-evaluation - According to Thorton elevate self-regard. and Arrowood, self-evaluation is one Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) of the functions of social comparison. - The theory posits that two people in a Each individual’s specific goals will relationship each aim to keep influence how they engage in social themselves feeling good comparison. For self-evaluation, psychologically through a comparison people tend to choose a comparison process to the other person (we feel target that is similar to themselves. threatened when someone - Self-enhancement - Individuals may outperform us, specially if the person also seek self-enhancement, or to is close to us) improve their self-esteem. They may - Abraham Tesser created the interpret, distort, or ignore the self-evaluation maintenance theory in information gained by social 1988. comparison to see themselves more - The self-evaluation maintenance positively and further their model assumes two things: that a self-enhancement goals. They will also person will try to maintain or increase choose to make upward (comparing their own self-evaluation, and themselves to someone better off) or self-evaluation is influenced by downward (comparing themselves to relationships with others. someone worse off) comparisons, depending on which strategy will WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT further their self-enhancement goals. A study of the person or groups of persons in They may also avoid making relation to the culture which is dominant in comparison period, or avoid making where you live (i.e. east or west) certain types of comparisons. One of the ways in which our social relationship affects our self-esteem is through social comparison. - Social comparison theory states that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others they perceive as somehow faring better or worse. Upward and downward social comparisons - Thomas A. Wills introduced the concept in 1981. A SELF IN WESTERN OR EASTERN - Downward social comparison is a The identity and self-concept of an individual is defensive tendency that is used as a interwoven with the identity and status of means of self-evaluation. When a his/her community or culture. person looks to another individual or group that they consider to be worse SELF IN EASTERN THOUGHT (Collectivist Culture) SELF CONFUCIANISM To speak of the self in Buddhism is a Founded by Confucius in the 6th century BCE. contradiction in itself. Confucius’ Golden Rule: “Do not do unto others - Any construction of the self, including what you would not have them do unto you.” that of the true self in Hinduism, is In Confusian thought, the ultimate purpose of rejected. life is self-realization - From this doctrine of no-self (or The chun-tzu (man of virtue or noble character; no-soul), it follows that the notion of commonly translated as “gentleman” or “owning” one’s self is nothing but an “superior man”) is, above all, a man of illusion. self-cultivation. Among the virtues essential for self-cultivation SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT (Individualistic Culture) are li (propriety) and cheng (sincerity). The SELF WESTERN former refers to prescriptive rules for proper Focus on the individual and self development conduct; the latter to unwavering devotion to Competitive. the good. Straightforward and Forceful in communication The self in Confucianism is a subdued self. Values fairness/equality. It is trained to react to views of social duties Has individualistic culture. and expectations rather than its own wants and Have a loose loyalty to groups or associations. goals. In Confucian thought, the ultimate purpose of life is self-realization. Undergoes self-cultivation. It is conditioned to respond to perceptions, not of its own needs and aspirations, but of social requirements and obligations. SELF TAOISM Taoist disdain the Confucian affinity to social convention, hierarchical organization, and governmental rule by the scholar class. To them, the good life is the simple life, spontaneous, in harmony with nature, unencumbered by societal regulation, and free from the desire to achieve social ascendancy - in short, a life lived in accordance with the Tao. Taoists are champions of individuality and individual freedom. Unlike Confucianism, Taoism does not regard the self as an extension of, and defined by, social relationships. Rather, the self is but one of the countless manifestations of the Tao. (Centers on selflessness) SELF BUDDHISM At the heart of Buddhism is the metaphysical position that denies the ontological reality of the self. The belief in oneself is seen as an illusion. Self is the source of all sufferings. It is Nirvana. They rejects the ideas of Hinduism. BIOLOGICAL SELF PART 2: UNPACKING THE SELF | Biological Self (Lesson 6-11) THE PHYSICAL SELF The body, tangible, can be directly observed examined. THE SEXUAL SELF Aspects of human sexuality–including gender, sexual orientation, sexually transmitted diseases, and behaviors. THE MATERIAL AND ECONOMIC SELF We are what we have and what we posses. THE SPIRITUAL SELF Moral sensibility and conscience, faith and religion. THE POLITICAL SELF Who we are in relation to being a Filipino and our political identity. THE DIGITAL SELF Who we are in the digital world (e.g. social media) PART 3: MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE SELF (Lesson 12-14) Learning to be a better student Setting goals for success Taking charge of one’s health LESSON 1 - THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE (GROUP 1) SOCRATES He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in a systematic questioning about the nature of the self. He believes that “an unexamined life is not worth living.” Introduced the idea that every man is composed of both body and soul. For him, reality is dualistic, which is made up of two realms. 1. One realm is changeable, transient, and imperfect, (The physical world in which we live-comprising all that is subject to the 5 senses) 2. The other realm is unchanging, eternal, immortal. (It is only the ideal forms themselves that are perfect, unchanging, and eternal) For him, our bodies belong to the physical realm: They change, they’re imperfect, they die. Our souls however, belong to the ideal realm: They are unchanging and immortal, surviving the death of the body. PLATO He is Socrates’ student, added that there are three components of the soul: Rational, Spirited, and Appetitive. He took Socrates’ Metaphysical Scheme and developed it. MAIN ISSUE: If the soul is so incapable of change, then why do we grow (emotionally and intellectually)? He kept the body but further divided the soul into three parts. RATIONAL SOUL Forged by reasons and intellect that govern the affairs of the human person. It is the part of us that thinks, analyzes, looks ahead, rationally weighs options, and tries to gauge what is best and truest overall. SPIRITED SOUL In charge of emotions. It is the part of us that loves to face and overcome great challenges, the part that can steel itself to adversity, and that loves victory, winning, challenge, and honor. Hot blooded part, i.e., the part that gets angry when it perceives (for example) an injustice being done. “Spirited” in the same sense that we speak of a high-spirited horse, for example, one with lots of energy and power. This element of the soul is represented by the noble white horse. APPETITIVE (APPETITE) SOUL In charge of base desires (eating, drinking, sleeping, and pleasure) They can be in conflict with each other (other components).  When this ideal state is attained, then the human person’s soul becomes just and virtuous. Includes all our myriad desires for various pleasures, comforts, physical satisfactions, and bodily ease. This element of the soul is represented by the black horse. NEOPLATONISM PLOTINUS A Roman philosopher named Plotinus (205-270 c.e.) breathed new life into Plato’s ideas, spearheading an intellectual movement that came to be known as Neoplatonism. He based his views on Plato’s core concepts. He had a profound impact on Saint Augustine. This extraordinary and far-reaching influence was the result of Augustine integrating the philosophical concepts of Plato with the tenets of Christianity. The central idea of Neoplatonism is the existence of an ultimate, unknowable source called ‘The One’ that emanates levels of reality, with each level being more material and less perfect than the previous. This hierarchy consists of: 1. The One - The absolute, unknowable source 2. Intellect (Nous) - The first emanation, identical to The One but distinct 3. World Soul - The collective spiritual force behind the material world 4. Matter - The most imperfect and least real level He had a profound impact on Saint Augustine. METAPHYSICAL SCHEME AS BASES FOR CHRISTIANITY AUGUSTINE He infused the view of Plato with the new found doctrine of Christianity. Augustine agreed that man is of a bifurcated nature. The body is bound to die on earth while the soul is to anticipate the living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God. He considers the body as a “slave” to the soul. He ultimately came to view the body as the “spouse” of the soul. Plato’s vision of immortal souls striving to achieve union with this eternal realm through intellectual enlightenment became transformed into immortal souls striving to achieve union with God through faith and reason. The transient, finite nature of the physical world described by Plato became in Christianity a proving ground for our eternal destinies. Plato’s metaphysical framework thus provided philosophical justification for Christian beliefs. Like Plato and Plotinus, he believed that the physical body was both radically different from and inferior to its inhabitant, the immortal soul. Early in his philosophical development, he describes the body as a “snare” and a “cage” for the soul. He considers the body a “slave” to the soul. - As his thinking matured, he sought to develop a more unified perspective on body and soul. He ultimately came to view the body as the “spouse” of the soul. SYNTHESIS OF ARISTOTLE AND CHRISTIANITY THOMAS AQUINAS He said that man is composed of two parts; matter and form 1. Matter or Hyle - in Greek refers to “common stuff that makes up everything in the universe” [man’s body] 2. Form or Morphe - in Greek refers to “essence of a substance or thing” [soul] He believes that life begins with the inseparable union of form and matter, gradually giving rise to the conscious self as we know it. This unified self cannot be separated into discrete entities, unlike Plato’s (and Augustine’s) dualistic soul and body. According to him, ‘what makes a human person a human person is his soul, his essence.’ The soul is what animates the body; it is what makes us humans.  Rather than beginning life with a self comprised of a material body and an immaterial soul, as the Platonists contend, Aquinas believes that life begins with the inseparable union of form and matter, gradually giving rise to the conscious self as we know it. The Latin for “soul” is ‘anima’ – he believes that every living thing has a soul since the soul is the principle of life–that is, what distinguishes a living (animate) thing from a nonliving (inanimate) thing. RENE DESCARTES Father of Modern Philosophy, conceived of the human person as having a body and a mind. There is so much that we should doubt. The only thing that one cannot doubt is the existence of the self. Even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a doubting self, a thing that thinks and therefore, that cannot be doubted. A combination of two distinct entities, the cogito, the thing that ‘thinks’, which is the mind, and the extenze or extension of the mind, which is the body. In his view, the body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind. DUBITO, COGITO ERGO, SUM – means ‘I think, Therefore I am.’ - Is also the keystone of his concept of self. - The person is made up of a body and a mind. He was convinced that we need to use our own thinking abilities to investigate, analyze, experiment, and develop our own-well reasoned conclusions, supported with compelling proof. - Contrasts the process of learning to construct knowledge by thinking independently with simply absorbing information from authorities. He is convinced that committing yourself to a wholesale and systematic doubting of all things you have been taught to simply accept without question is the only way to achieve clear and well-reasoned conclusions. - It is the only way for you to develop beliefs that are truly yours and not someone else’s. - Thus, the fact that a person doubts and thinks proves that there is a self. Doubting of all that you have been taught requires great personal courage. - Calling into question things like your religious beliefs, cultural values, and even beliefs about your self can be a very disruptive enterprise. - It may mean shaking up your world, questioning the beliefs of important people in your life, perhaps challenging your image of yourself. Your self-identity is dependent on the fact that you are capable of being aware you are engaging in these mental operations while you are engaged in them. If you were consistently not conscious of your mental operations, consistently unaware of your thinking, reasoning, and perceiving processes, then it would not be possible for you to have a self-identity. MIND AND BODY MIND Our conscious awareness Represented by the charioteer who is guiding (or who at least should be guiding) the horses and chariot. The part of us that thinks, analyzes, looks ahead, rationally weighs options, and tries to gauge what is best and truest overall. PLENTY OF SOULS JOHN LOCKE All knowledge originates in our direct sense experience. Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self. But there are many moments when we are not consciously aware. During those lapses, we can’t be sure if we were the same person, the same substance, the same soul. For him, all knowledge originates in our direct sense experience. (Empiricist View) Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self.  - You have a coherent concept of your self as a personal identity because you are aware of your self when you are thinking, feeling and willing. - You have memories of times when you were aware of your self in the past, in other situations–at the party two weeks ago, or your high school graduation several years ago. - But there are many moments when we are not consciously aware of our self when we are thinking, feelings, and willing–we are simply, unreflectively, existing. - There are also many past experiences that we have forgotten or have faulty recollections of. - During those lapses, when we were not aware of our self, or don’t remember being aware of our self, we can’t be sure if we were the same person, the same substance, the same soul. - Therefore, we have no way of knowing if our personal identity has been existing in one substance (soul) or a number of substances (souls). THERE IS NO SELF DAVID HUME Empiricism Men can only attain knowledge by experiencing. If one tries to examine his experiences, he finds that they can all be categorized into two: IMPRESSION and IDEAS. “A bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement.” He continued in the empiricist tradition of John Locke. - In Locke’s view, your self is not ties to any particular body or substance, and it only exists in other times and places because of our memory of those experiences. - Using the same empiricist principles as Locke, Hume ends up with an even more startling conclusion–if we carefully examine our sense experience through the process of introspection, we discover that there is no self! The self is simply a collection of experiences within a particular person. The self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions. - Categorized experiences into two: 1. Impressions: basic objects of our experience or sensation (ice cube is cold, cold sensation is an impression) 2. Ideas: copies of impressions (imagining being in love for the first time) WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF KANT AND RYLE From Kant’s perspective, our “self” is what makes us have the ability to comprehend the intangible world. He was alarmed by David Hume’s notion. - If Hume’s views proved true, then humans would never be able to achieve genuine knowledge in any area of experience: scientific, ethical, religious, or metaphysical, including questions such as the nature of our selves. Our minds actively sort, organize, relate, and synthesize the fragmented, fluctuating collection of sense data that our sense organs take in. - The unity of consciousness is a phrase invented by Kant to describe the fact that the thoughts and perceptions of any given mind are bound together in a unity by being all contained in one consciousness–my consciousness. - That’s precisely what makes your world intelligible to you: It’s your self that is actively organizing all of your sensations and thoughts into a picture that makes sense to you. According to him, this meaning-constructing activity is precisely what our minds are doing all of the time: taking the raw data or experience and actively synthesizing it into the familiar, orderly, meaningful world in which we live. - We each have fundamental organizing rules or principles built into the architecture of our minds. These dynamic principles naturally order, categorize, organize, and synthesize sense data.  - We didn’t have to “learn” these a prior ways of organizing and relating the world–they came as software already installed in our intellectual operating systems. Example: When we observe an object such as a pen, our mind doesn’t merely see a formation of colors and shapes. Instead, it organized these sensory inputs into a coherent concept of a tree, complete with attributes like its size, type, and the context of its surroundings. Gilbert Ryle was a philosopher who believed that the ‘self’ is not separate from our actions or something special within us like a mind or soul. He claims that the important thing was the behavior that a person exhibits on their normal day to day life. The “Ghost in the Machine” dualism, or what is considered to be Ryle’s metaphor for the spiritual and incorporeal ghost that resides and controls the body. But Ryle did not believe there to be a discarnate mind separate from the body, and therefore denies the concept of a soul. He asserts that the “self” is not an entity that someone can discern and study. THE SELF IS MULTITIERED FREUD AND CHURCHLAND PAUL CHURCHLAND Physicalism is the philosophical view that all aspects of the universe are composed of matter and energy and can be fully explained by physical laws. SIGMUND FREUD His philosophical view of the self was divided among the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. The concept of the unconscious forms the central core in Freud’s theory of the structure and dynamics of the human personality. THE MIND AND BODY ARE ONE MERLEAU-PONTY He argued that the mind-body bifurcation or also known as mind-body dualism that is it is futile invalid. All experiences are embodied and that the body is his opening toward his existence to the world. He also disregarded cartesian dualism, most famously defended by Decartes, arguing that it’s a misunderstanding of the living body, thoughts, emotions, and experiences. Philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty articulated the phenomenologist position in a simple declaration: “I live in my body.” By the “lived body,” Merleau-Ponty means that the mind and body are so intertwined, they cannot be separated. SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE LESSON 2 - THE SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE (Group 1) INTRODUCTION Across time and history, many philosophers have debated and discussed what the self signifies. In the 1800s, people ended the speculating debates about the relationship between the body and the soul, which was later renamed as the body and mind. This resulted in many human thinkers becoming tired of the two human aspects of a person causing them to shift to another locus of discussion. The relationship between the self and the external world is an important relationship analysis axis. ABSTRACT THE SELF This lesson examines the self in the views of an individualist and a social constructivist. The self is encapsulated and singular in its beliefs and self, which may endure for durations. The social constructivist, on the other hand, disagrees, considering the self to be dynamic and fluidic. The self is complex and fluid: molded by the continuous dialectical process between personal identity and external reality. Therefore, this view of the self, as a constructionist. FREUD Freud’s view of the self was multitiered, divided among the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. The concept of the unconscious forms the central core in Freud’s theory of the structure and dynamics of the human personality. PRECONSCIOUS/SUBCONSCIOUS The contents of the conscious mind includes all of the things that you are actively aware of. Contains all of the things that you could potentially pull into conscious awareness. Gatekeeper between the conscious and unconscious. CONSCIOUS Consists of everything inside of our awareness. Includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feelings, and fantasies inside of our current awareness. UNCONSCIOUS Basic instincts and urges are contained in the unconscious mind. Things that the conscious mind wants to keep hidden from awareness are repressed into the unconscious mind. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. - While we are unaware of these feelings, thoughts, urges, and emotions, Freud believed that the unconscious mind could still have an influence on our behavior. Things that are in the unconscious are only available to the conscious mind in disguised form. - Freudian Slips (slips of the tongue) and dreams. He later developed a structural model of the mind that divided it according to a mental functions: the id, the ego, and the superego. ID Primitive and instinctive component of personality. Consists of all the inherited (i.e., biological) components of personality present at birth, including the sex (life) Engages in primary process thinking, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented. Operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920) which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences. - When the id achieves its demands, we experience pleasure when it is denied we experience ‘unpleasure’ or tension. EGO  Develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable. Operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. Considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave. Has no concept of right or wrong; something is good simply if it achieves its end of satisfying without causing harm to itself or the id. If the ego fails in its attempt to use the reality principle, and anxiety is experienced, unconscious defense mechanisms are employed. The ego engages in secondary process thinking, which is rational, realistic, and orientated towards problem-solving. SUPEREGO Incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others. Consists of two systems: 1. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt, 2. The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a member of society. 3. If a person’s ideal self is too high a standard, then whatever the person does will represent failure. Function; - To control the id’s impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. - Persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection. THE SELF IS HOW YOU BEHAVE (BEHAVIORISM) GILBERT RYLE “Ghost in the machine” dualism (Ryle’s central metaphor) in which the “self”is thought to be a spiritual, immaterial ghost rattling around inside the physical body. He completely disregarded the concept of a soul and instead believed that what truly mattered is the behavior a person manifests in his day to day life. THE SELF AND CULTURE According to Mauss, the self is composed of two components, Moi and Personne. Moi - refers to a person’s sense of identity. Personne - composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who you are, your role in society. THE SELF AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL OF THE SOCIAL WORLD “No man is an island.” We are active participants in developing and shaping ourselves. “Language as both a publicly shared and privately utilized symbol system is the site where the individual and the social make and remake each other” (Schwartz, White, and Lutz 1993). MEAD AND VYGOTSKY People grow and learn primarily through language and social interactions. SELF IN FAMILIES Family is one of the first stages where a child will get to know themselves. Family is one the biggest contributors to a child’s development. Child is born with certain givenness, disposition derives from the parent’s genes, the general condition of life, and the impact of one’s family is still deemed how they perceive themselves. We are all born helpless and need constant nurture from our parents which is why our dependency period is longer than animals. Learning is the most essential stage for every human being  Family is the most important part of a person. A human being learns the way of living, which their selfhood starts within the family. A newborn is born to observe their environment, this is how we all started to learn. There is no denying that the majority of people who have grown up and developed without learning basic manners are unable to integrate into the society as a result of their parents’ or families’ failure to initiate them. GENDER AND THE SELF A part of our self that can be reshaped, modify and develop. Is distinguishable from biological sex. While “sex” refers to biological differences (chromosomes, hormones and reproductive organs), gender is seen as a social construct that deals roles, behaviors and identities that society associates with being male or female. Even in today’s day and age our gender determines our role in the world and how we perceive ourselves. In most cases, there are men who prefer a woman to be more “lady-like”, expecting them to be more modest with their clothes and more acquainted in the kitchen. Placing high expectations towards younger women. Meanwhile men, in the periphery of their peers, undergo teachings about how to behave like a man. This mostly involves concealing their emotions, being fatalistic, dauntless and giving them a sense of admiration towards hard physical labor. The gendered self is then shaped in a specific temporal and spatial setting. The concept of self that is being taught ensures that an individual fits into a specific setting. Gender has to be personally acknowledged and chosen and not dictated by culture and the society. PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF (From PPT ni Prof) BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES Individuals who are having accessory reproductive structures that do not match their gonads. TRUE HERMAPHRODITES Individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues. PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS Directly involved in human reproduction. SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS Indirectly involved in human reproduction. PUBERTY Encompasses ages 12 to 19. Transition period between childhood & adulthood; time of rapid physical development, signaling the end of childhood and the beginning of sexual maturity. Time of tremendous change and discovery in physical, emotional, and intellectual areas. May begin at different times for different people, but by its completion girls and boys without any developmental problems will be structurally and hormonally prepared for sexual reproduction. Speed at which adolescents sexually mature varies but eventually everyone catches up. Hormones are responsible for the development of both primary sex characteristics (structures directly responsible for reproduction) and secondary sex characteristics (structures indirectly responsible for reproduction) At the onset of puberty, the pituitary gland stimulates hormonal changes throughout the body, including in the adrenal, endocrine, and sexual glands. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY By Charles Darwin - Evolution by natural selection - Process that results in the adaptation of an organism to its environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in its genotype, or genetic constitution - Ultimate goal: survival of the species Biology (physical constitution) influences sexual preference and behavior - Why are men attracted to large breasts? - Why are men attracted to wide hips? - Why are men attracted to “gentle” females? - Why are women attracted to more muscular and taller men? - Why are women attracted to men with deeper voice? Beauty is more than just a cultural standard. It is primarily an evolutionary standard for attracting the best partner. Secondary sexual characteristics are important in that they facilitate attraction. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY Ancient Greece (with some exceptions; Sparta) Men assumed the dominant role.  - The male symbol was viewed as the symbol of fertility. - Women were considered objects to be possessed. - Women has no legal rights. Middle Ages - Church decreed that all sexual acts which do no lead to procreation are evil. - Women were labeled either as a temptress (Eve) or a woman of virtue Protestant reformation of the 16th Century. - Believed that sexuality is a natural part of life and that priests would be able to marry. - Sexual intimacy strengthens the bond between couple. 17th to 18th Century - Puritans rallied for religious, moral, and societal reformation. - Premarital Sex was considered immoral. Victorian Era - Homosexuality and prostitution were considered to be threats to social order. - Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory become famous - Belief that women should not enjoy sexual intercourse - Belief that ejaculation more than once a month weakens the man. In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey and his associates discovered that sexual orientation exists along a continuum. Prior to Kinsey’s research into the sexual habits of United States residents, experts generally believed that most individuals were either heterosexual or homosexual. Today’s theories of sexual orientation fall into biological, psychological, social, and interactional categories. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY LUST Testosterone Estrogen ATTRACTION Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin ATTACHMENT Oxytocin Vasopressin LOVE HURTS The exact hormones which regulate lust, attachment and attraction has some bad side effects. John Lee’s Styles of Love: - Eros - sexual and emotional - Ludus - love is just a game - Storge - love-related friendship - Mania - obsessive and possessive - Pragma - practical lovers - Agape - altruistic and selfless KEY CONCEPTS GENDER ROLES Cultural behavioral expectations for males or females GENDER TYPING Process by which people learn gender roles GENDER IDENTITY Sense of being male or female (influenced by both biology and environment) THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SIDE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY: GENDER Gender is defined as the psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine and is influenced by culture, individual personality, and self-identity BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES Sexual characteristics of the genitals, hormonal differences, and possible differences in brain structure and processing. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Parental influences and cultural expectations to adhere to gender roles. CULTURE Individualistic/non traditional versus collectivistic/traditional role adoption. SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS Has sexual motivations - Vital for the continuation of any species - Our sexual motivations are complex - like hunger, sex is motivated by both biological and psychological factors. There are many questions and feelings that you may want to sort out before you actually get “in the heat of the moment.” Ask yourself: - Am i really ready to have sex? - How am i going to feel after i have sex? - Am i doing this for the right reasons? - How do i plan to protect myself/my partner from sexually transmitted infections or pregnancy? - How am i going to feel about my partner afterwards? The best way to prepare for the decision to have sex is to become comfortable with communicating about your needs. HOW TO COMMUNICATE ABOUT SEX In a romantic relationship, it is important to communicate openly on issues of sex and sexual health. - The decision to enter into a sexual relationship is entirely up to you, and you always have the right to say “no” at any time to anything that you don’t feel comfortable with.  - There are many ways to express love without sex. - If you do decide to become sexually active, there are things about which you do need to communicate. - This is especially important for topics which require logical thinking skills, like safer sex expectations. - Most of us don’t act rationally in the heat of the moment. Think about your boundaries ahead or time, and discuss them with a partner when you are not currently in a sexual mood. What’s to talk about? - Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or Sexually Transmitted Deceases (STDs) Possibility of Pregnancy - Right time for sex - Boundaries (including sexual behaviors) HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Is defined as any activity-solitary, between two persons, or in a group that induces sexual arousal (Gebhard, P.H. 2017) NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS AUTONOMIC SYSTEM Involved in controlling the involuntary responses. Sexual response is dependent on the activity of the nervous system. THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND LIMBIC SYSTEM Believed to be “responsible for regulating the sexual response.” Animal brains has two sexual response patterns: 1. Mounting behavior 2. Mounted behavior One response pattern is dominant and the other latent can still be initiated when suitable circumstances occur. REFLEX SEXUAL RESPONSE Reflex is mediated by the lower spinal cord. The brain can overrule and suppress such reflex activity when an individual decides that a sexual response is socially inappropriate. PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Follows a pattern of sequential stages or phases when sexual activity continued. NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL NATURAL This method do not involve to any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body ARTIFICIAL Any product, procedure or practice that uses artificial or unnatural means to prevent pregnancy. PURPOSE OF CONTRACEPTION To prevent unwanted pregnancy Lower the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) Health Benefits CREATING HEALTHY AND LONG LASTING RELATIONSHIPS MARRIAGE AND SOME OTHER FACTS MATERIAL, ECONOMIC, AND SPIRITUAL SELF MATERIAL, ECONOMIC, AND SPIRITUAL SELF (From PPT ni Prof) SELF William James conceptualized ‘SELF’ as having 2 aspects - the “I” and the “Me.” I - the thinking, acting, and feeling self. ME - the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are. MATERIAL SELF A total of all the tangible things you own: - Your possessions - Your home - Your body Are tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation: “my or mine” Includes all of the people, places, and the things that we regard as ‘ours.’ - Bodily Self - Extracorporeal Self MATERIAL SELF INVESTMENT DIAGRAM 1. BODY Innermost part of our material self is our BODY. Intentionally, we are INVESTING in our body. 2. CLOTHES Herman Lotze’s ‘Philosophy of Dress’: - ‘MICROSMUS’ – any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we invest that object into the consciousness of our personal existence taking in its contours to be our own and making it part of the self. (Watson 2014) - James believed that clothing is an essential part of the material self. 3. IMMEDIATE FAMILY Our parents and siblings hold another great important part of our self. What they do or become affects us. - When an immediate family member dies, part of our self dies too. - When their lives are in success, we feel their victories as if we are the one holding the trophy. - In their failures, we are put to shame or guilt. When they are in disadvantage situation, there is an urgent urge to help like a voluntary instinct of saving one’s self from danger. We place HUGE INVESTMENT in our immediate family when we see them as the nearest REPLICA of our self. 4. HOME Is the earliest nest of our selfhood. Our experiences inside the home were recorded and marked on particular parts and things in our home. Is an extension of self, because in it, we can directly connect our self. INVESTMENT Collections in different degree of investment of self, becomes part of the self. James (1890) described self: “A man’s self is the sum total of all what we CAN call his.” Possessions then become a part or an extension of the self. WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE Russel Belk (1988) – “We regard our possessions as part of ourselves.” WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE AND WHAT WE POSSESS. - Identification of the self to things started in our infancy stage when we make a distinction among self and environment and others who may desire our possessions. - Material possessions gains higher vale in our lifetime if we use material possession to find HAPPINESS, associate these things with significant events, accomplishment, and people in our lives. SPIRITUAL SELF Rebecca Stein (2011), RELIGION:  - Definition of RELIGION: “A set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes some of all basic characteristics.” CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION: 1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural beings. (Spirits/Gods) 2. Focus on sacred supernatural, a feeling of reverence and awe. 3. Presence of supernatural power/energy found in supernatural beings and physical beings/items. 4. Performance of ritual activities, manipulation of sacred objects for communication with supernatural beings to influence events. 5. Articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives. 6. Provides creation, maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of social control in a community. Also, provides explanation for the unknown and a sense of control for individuals. RITUAL Performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or sacred law. Specific, observable mode of behavior by all known societies. Three fundamental characteristics of rituals according to Penner: 1. Feeling of respect, awe, fascination, dread in relation to the sacred. 2. Dependence on a belief system expressed in myth. 3. Symbolic in relation to its reference. SOME WORLD RELIGIONS; BELIEFS AND PRACTICES BUDDHISM One of the world’s largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India. Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or ‘nirvana.’ BELIEFS (IN BUDDHISM) Life is not easy, there is suffering, pain, and frustration. The reactive cycle of wanting and hating, like and dislike, etc. Breaking the reactive cycle through meditation, acquiring wisdom, deeper understanding, and acceptance. CHRISTIANITY An Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teaching of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world’s largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.4 billion followers representing one-third of the global population. BELIEFS (IN CHRISTIANITY) Triniatrian God, one God in three persons: 1. Father (Creator) 2. Son (Savior) 3. Holy Spirit (Sustainer) Eternal life after death through faith in Jesus Christ Died on the cross for the sins of humanity. Resurrected after death. HINDUISM AN ancient religion originating from the Indian subcontinent. Characterized by its diverse range of beliefs, rituals, and practices. Encompasses a belief in reincarnation, karma, and spiritual liberation through devotion, knowledge, and righteous action. BELIEFS (IN HINDUISM) No single founder/leader. Existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Karma, reincarnation dependent on the past life. The Vedas, sacred scripture of the Hindus. Mahabharata and Ramayana, two other important texts of Hindus. ISLAM A monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century CE by the Prophet Muhammad. Its central belief is the oneness of Allah (God), and its followers (Muslims), adhere to the teachings of the Qur’an and strive to live according to its principles of faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage. BELIEFS (IN ISLAM) Islam means “willing submission to God.” Allah, their “One God.” Ummah, the strong sense of community. Quran, the Holy Book of ISlam, recited in Arabic. JUDAISM Is an ancient monotheistic religion that originated in the Middle East over 3,000 years ago. It is based on the covenant between God and the Jewish people, as outlined in the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh), and encompasses a rich tradition of rituals, ethical teachings, and communal practices. BELIEFS (IN JUDAISM) God of Abraham, who liberated the Hebrew slaves from Egypt to Canaan through Moses, later Joshua. The coming of Messiah, the Savior. Torah, the sacred scripture of the Jews. LOGOTHERAPY & VIKTOR E. FRANKL INSIDE THE NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMPS (1942), Frankl and family were sent to Theresienstadt, where his father perished. (1944), the Frankls were taken to Aushchwitz, where his mother died. Later his wife dies in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. FRANKL’S LEGACY MAN’s SEARCH FOR MEANING - Written in 1946, now being used as textbook in high school and in related college courses. THE DOCTOR AND THE SOUL - Originally wrote in 1959, revised and translated in 1963, an introductory work into ‘Logotherapy.’ VIKTOR FRANKL INSTITUTE - Created in 1992, devoted to “connect colleagues and acquaint the public with the work of Dr. Frankl.” LOGOTHERAPY Introduced by Dr. Frankl and is considered the Father of Logotherapy. Considered as the ‘third school’ of Viennese psychotherapy after the first school of Freud and the second school of Adler. Main belief is that “man’s primary motivational, force is the search for [their life’s] meaning.” MEANING THROUGH: Work or deeds Experience or encounters Your attitude LOGOTHERAPY ASSUMPTIONS: 1. HUMANS - are entities consisting of body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). Frankl states the body and mind are what we have, the spirit is who we are. 2. LIFE - his meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. Representing an order beyond human laws. 3. PEOPLE - have a will to meaning. When we see meaning, we are ready for any type of suffering. 4. FREEDOM - to activate the will to find meaning. Deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate. 5. DEMAND - of quality is put on life so people must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. It is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. 6. UNIQUE - are all individuals. Deals with sense of meaning, enhanced by realizing that we are irreplaceable. POLITICAL SELF THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING FILIPINO (from ppt ni prof) CITIZENSHIP A treasured right conferred on those whom the state believes are deserving of the privilege. It is a “precious heritage, as well as an inestimable acquisition,” that cannot be taken lightly by anyone - either by those who enjoy it or by those who dispute it. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Aristotle (sometime in 384 to 322 B.C.) - “Citizen” - refers to a man who shared in the administration of justice and in the holding of an office. - “State” - composed of such persons who would be adequate in number to achieve a self-sufficient existence. Concept grew to include one who would both govern and be governed, for which qualifications like autonomy, judgment and loyalty could be expected. Citizenship was seen to deal with rights and entitlements, on the one hand, and with concomitant obligations, on the others. In its ideal setting, a citizen was active in public life and fundamentally willing to submit his private interests to the general interest of society. 18TH CENTURY Concept was limited to civil citizenship, which established the rights necessary for individual freedom, such as rights to property, personal liberty and justice. 19TH CENTURY Meaning expanded to include political citizenship, which encompassed the right to participate in the exercise of political power. 20TH CENTURY Next stage of the development of social citizenship, which laid emphasis on the right of the citizen to economic well-being and social security. SPANISH COLONIAL TIME No such term as “Philippine Citizens” during the Spanish regime but “subjects of Spain” or “Spanish subjects.” SPANISH LAWS ON CITIZENSHIP Traced back to the Novisima Recopilacion, promulgated in Spain on 16 July 1805. - Debate as to whether the law was extended to the Philippines. Three royal decrees were indisputably made applicable to Spaniards in the Philippines. - Order de la Regencia of 14 August 1841, - Royal Decree of 23 August 1868 specifically defining the political status of children born in the Philippine Islands. - Ley Extranjera de Ultramar of 04 July 1870, which was expressly made applicable to the Philippines by the Royal Decree of 13 July 1870. CIVIL CODE OF SPAIN Made effective in this jurisdiction on 18 December 1889. First categorial enumeration of who were Spanish citizens. (a) Persons born in Spanish territory, (b) Children of a Spanish father or mother, even if they were born outside of Spain, (c) Foreigners who have obtained naturalization papers, (d) Those who, without such papers, may have become domiciled inhabitants of any town of the Monarchy. 1898 TREATY OF PARIS Spain was forced to secede the Philippines to the United States. An accepted principle of international law dictated that a change in sovereignty, while resulting in an abrogation of all political laws then in force, would have no effect on civil laws, which would remain virtually intact.  Under Article IX of the treaty, the civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories ceded to the United States would be determined by its Congress. “The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be determined by the Congress.” Upon the ratification of the treaty, and pending legislation by the United States Congress on the subject, the native inhabitants of the Philippines ceased to be Spanish subjects. Although they did not become American citizens, they, however, also ceased to be “aliens” under American laws and were thus issued passports describing them to be citizens of the Philippines entitled to the protection of the United States. The term “CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS” appeared for the first time in the Philippine Bill of 1902, also commonly referred to as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the first comprehensive legislation of the Congress of the United States on the Philippines. - Mass naturalization/En Masse Filipinization THE JONES LAW With the adoption of the Philippine Bill of 1902, the concept of “Philippine citizens” had for the first time crystallized. The word “FILIPINO” was used by William H. Taft, the first Civil Governor General in the Philippines when he initially made mention of it in his slogan, “The Philippines for the Filipinos.” (1916), Philippine Autonomy Act, also known as the Jones Law restated virtually the provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902, as amended by the Act of Congress in 1912. THE 1935 CONSTITUTION (SECTION 1, ARTICLE III) The following are citizens of the Philippines: 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. 2. Those born in the Philippines Islands of foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippine Islands. 3. Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines. 4. Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship. 5. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. THE 1973 CONSTITUTION (SECTION 1, ARTICLE III) The following are citizens of the Philippines: 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines. 3. Those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of nineteen hundred and thirty-five (1935). 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law SECTION 2 of the same article also further provided that: - A female citizen of the Philippines who marries an alien retains her Philippine citizenship, unless by her act or omission she is deemed, under the law to have renounced her citizenship.” THE 1987 CONSTITUTION (SECTION 1, ARTICLE IV) The following are citizens of the Philippines: 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines. 3. Those born before January 17, 1973 of FIlipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. SECTION 2, ARTICLE IV, OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION EXPRESSES:  - The term “NATURAL-BORN CITIZENS,” is defined to include ‘those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire of perfect their Philippine citizenship.” FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS FILIPINO HOSPITALITY Welcome their guests as if they’re their own brother and sister. Warm welcome and thank you. Pasalubong and pabaon. RESPECT FOR ELDERS Filipinos greet their elders by greeting their hand while saying “Mano Po!” and constantly using “Po” and “Opo” in conversations. CLOSE FAMILY TIES Filipinos maintain a tight, relationship with their family regardless if the children are old enough and already have families of their own. CHEERFUL PERSONALITY Smiling has been a coping strategy for Filipinos during trying times and calamities. - Cheerfulness and positivity as a coping mechanism? Filipinos always try to maintain a positive outlook. SELF-SACRIFICE “Sacrifice of oneself or one’s interest for others or for a cause or ideal”. For Filipinos, “LOVE IS SACRIFICE” BAYANIHAN The spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. The Bayanihan spirit shows Filipinos’ concept of helping one another most especially in times of need without expecting anything in return. “BAHALA NA” ATTITUDE Filipino version of the famous line “HAKUNA MATATA.” Originated from the phrase, “BATHALA NA” COLONIAL MENTALITY The internalized attitude of ethnic or cultural inferiority felt by people as a result of colonization. - Feelings of inferiority for being Filipino; - Feelings of shame, embarrassment, resentment, or self-hate about being a person of Filipino heritage; - Denigration of the Filipino body (regarding white physical characteristics are more attractive, advantageous, and desirable than typical Filipino physical traits such as brown skin and flat nose); - Discriminating against less-westernized Filipinos (e.g., making fun of people from the provinces–”PROMDI” – or indigenous peoples and regarding them as “BACKWARD”); and, - Tolerating or minimizing historical and contemporary oppression of Filipinos (because such oppression is accepted as the appropriate cost of civilization). What causes colonial mentality? - The term colonial is because of our Spanish and American colonizers that caused the Philippine country to practice the said colonizers’ culture. MAÑANA HABIT Also described as ‘procrastination’ or simply means ‘mamaya na’ in Filipino, or to do a certain thing in a later time. Manana habit is one of the most negative traits that filipino has. NINGAS KUGON “NINGAS” is a Filipino term for flame and “KUGON” is a Filipino term for cogon grass that easily burns out after it is put into flames. Refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty, just like how fast the fire of a cogon grass burns out moments after being ignited. PRIDE The feeling that the self is better or more important than other people. A sense of the respect that other people have for you, and that you have for yourself. CRAB MENTALITY One resents the achievement of other instead of feeling happy for that person. Crabs in a bucket. FILIPINO TIME Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or parties especially if they are meeting someone close to them. FILIPINO MARKERS PROVERBS/SALAWIKAIN A proverb is most often a phrase of saying that gives advice in a obscure way. ROLE OF PROVERBS IN SOCIETY: - Plays many roles in society. First, possibly, most common role that a proverb plays is to educate. - DAMIANA EUGENIO, the MOTHER OF PHILIPPINE FOLKLORE that classified proverbs into six categories: 1. Proverbs expressing a general attitude toward life and the laws that govern life. 2. Ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices. 3. Proverbs expressing a system of values. 4. Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature. 5. Humorous proverbs 6. Miscellaneous proverbs SUPERSTITION A belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic, or a false conception of causation (Merriam-Webster). MYTHS AND LEGENDS Stories aimed to explain the origin of things, at the same time, teach a valuable reason. HEROES AND ICONS HERO - a person distinguished by exceptional courage, nobility, and fortitude. ICON - a person or thing widely admired especially for having great influence or significance in a particular sphere. EXAMPLES: ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP AND BEING A GOOD FILIPINO BE AN ACTIVE FILIPINO CITIZEN: Loyalty/”Allegiance” Uphold the Constitution, obey the laws and local ordinances. Love your countrymen “SALUS POPULI EST SUPREMA LEX” Be a responsible person Protect our environment STUDY THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY By learning and understanding the PH History, you will learn so much as to why it is so important to love your country with your life. SUPPORT THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY Patronize Filipino products LEARN AND SPEAK THE FILIPINO LANGUAGE By learning and understanding the PH History, you will learn so much as to why it is so important to love your country with your life. BE RESPONSIBLE IN DISSEMINATING INFORMATION Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent. DIGITAL SELF (WHO AM I IN THE CYBERWORLD?) TIM BERNERS-LEE Made the world wide web (WWW) available to the public. The internet ha already become an integral part of everyday life for most of the world’s population. SOCIAL MEDIA USE (2019) report from hootsuite and we are social: - People’s online behavior around the world, said Filipinos spend an average of 10:02 hours a day on the internet — on any advice; - Some 79 million Filipino ages 13 and older are also on social media; - Overall, there are 76 million internet users in the country, and all of them are on some form of social media. Seventy-two million Filipino access them via a mobile device. PERSONAL IDENTITY Interpersonal level of self which differentiates the individuals as unique from others. IDENTITY Categories people use to specify who they are – that is to locate themselves relative to other people. - PARTIAL IDENTITY: A subset of characteristics that make up our identity. ONLINE IDENTITY Actually the sum of all our characteristics and our interactions. - PERSONA: the partial identity we create that represents ourselves in a specific situation. SELF-PRESENTATION The process of controlling how one is perceived by other people. Key to relationship inception and development. SOCIAL IDENTITY The level of self whereby the individual is identified by his or her group memberships. INTERNET What do we like about the Internet? 1. Use for research. 2. Connect with friends and families. 3. Communicate with celebrities or famous people. 4. Posts pictures. 5. Watch videos from all over the world. 6. Learn new skills. 7. Update on news/current affairs and fads. 8. Play online games. 9. ? What harm can the internet do? 1. Prone to deception 2. Exposure to obscene, pictures and videos. 3. Disclosure of private posts, pictures and/or video. 4. Publicize secrets and private details. 5. Giving out/sharing of fake news. 6. Fake identities 7. ? SETTING BOUNDARIES PROPER WAY OF DEMONSTRATING VALUES AND ATTITUDES: DIGITAL SELF DIGITAL SELF (ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS) SOME LAWS RELEVANT TO DIGITAL INTERACTIONS/PRACTICES: Violation of a person’s privacy is sanctioned by different laws: 1. THE 1987 CONSTITUTION (State perpetrated violations) 2. THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (Private persons) 3. THE ANTI-PHOTO AND VIDEO VIDEO VOYEURISM 4. THE CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT 5. THE ANTI-WIRETAPPING ACT 6. ETC. 7. JURISPRUDENCE