Urban Search & Rescue Field Operation Guide PDF

Urban Search & Rescue Field Operation Guide 1|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Contents 1. Planning Procedures.........................................................................

Urban Search & Rescue Field Operation Guide 1|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Contents 1. Planning Procedures................................................................................ 4 1.1 Deliberate Operations Planning Procedure.......................................... 4 1.2 Immediate Operations Planning Procedure.......................................... 5 2. Appreciation Of Situation......................................................................... 6 3. INSARAG................................................................................................. 6 3.1 What is INSARAG................................................................................ 7 3.2 Region................................................................................................ 8 3.3 Response Cycle................................................................................... 9 3.4 5 Components................................................................................... 10 3.5 ASR 1 - 5........................................................................................... 11 3.6 Triage Category................................................................................. 12 3.7 INSARAG Marking............................................................................. 13 3.8 INSARAG Signalling........................................................................... 20 4. Physical Search...................................................................................... 21 5. Technical Search.................................................................................... 23 6. Technique In Concrete Breaching........................................................... 30 6.1 Dirty Cut........................................................................................... 30 6.2 Clean Cut.......................................................................................... 32 7. Shoring.................................................................................................. 34 7.1 Dead Shore....................................................................................... 34 7.2 Lace Post.......................................................................................... 35 7.3 Horizontal Shore............................................................................... 36 7.4 Raker Shore...................................................................................... 37 7.5 Double Raker Shore.......................................................................... 38 7.6 Window Shore.................................................................................. 39 8. Cribbing Techniques............................................................................... 40 8.1 Two By Two...................................................................................... 40 8.2 Three By Three.................................................................................. 41 2|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch 9. Knots And Lines..................................................................................... 43 9.1 Half Hitch.......................................................................................... 43 9.2 Clove Hitch....................................................................................... 43 9.3 Round Turn 2 Half Hitches................................................................. 44 9.4 Overhand Knot................................................................................. 44 9.5 Reef Knot.......................................................................................... 45 9.6 Figure Of 8........................................................................................ 45 9.7 Double Figure Of 8............................................................................ 46 9.8 Figure Of 8 Loop................................................................................ 47 9.9 Bowline............................................................................................ 48 9.10 Fisherman Knot............................................................................... 48 9.11 Double Fisherman Knot................................................................... 49 9.12 Sheet Bend..................................................................................... 50 9.13 Alpine Butterfly Knot....................................................................... 51 10. Height Rescue...................................................................................... 52 11. Hand Signals........................................................................................ 54 12. Rescue Operations Planning………………………………………………………………….57 3|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  PLANNING PROCEDURES Deliberate Operations Planning Procedure 1. Receipt and issue of 8. Support Plan by warning order respective Staff Officer 2. Conduct of Preliminary 9. Approval of Ops plan Planning by higher level 3. Attend orders group at 10. Compilation of Order higher level 11. Issue of Order 4. Analysis of Assigned Task 12. Approval of Subordinate 5. Commander’s Planning Commander’s Plan Guidance 13. Final Coordination 6. Preparation for the Planning process 7. Planning Process 4|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  PLANNING PROCEDURES Immediate Operations Planning Procedure 1. Receipt of Warning Order 2. Planning Guidance 3. Planning Process 4. Approval of Plan 5. Issue of Order 6. Approval of Subordinate Commander’s Plan 5|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  APPRECIATION OF SITUATION Appreciation of Situation 1. Area of Operations – Sectorisation 2. Extent of Damage 3. Casualties Status 4. Presence of Potential Dangers 5. Need for Special Equipment / Specialist Unit 6. Expected Duration 6|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG What is INSARAG? 1. International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) 2. Global network of more than 90 countries under the United Nations (UN) umbrella 3. Deals with Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) related issues 4. Aims to establish minimum international standards for USAR activities 7|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG Region 1. Americas 2. Africa/Europe/Middle East 3. Asia/Pacific 8|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG Response Cycle An international USAR response has the following phases: 9|P ag e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG 5 Components 1. Management 2. Search 3. Rescue 4. Medical 5. Logistics 10 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG ASR 1 – 5 Assessment, Search and Rescue (ASR) Levels: Level 1 – Wide Area Assessment Level 2 – Worksite Triage Assessment Level 3 – Rapid Search and Rescue Level 4 – Full Search and Rescue Level 5 – Total Coverage Search and Recovery 11 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG Triage Category Triage Categories Expected Duration of Operation A Confirm Live Less than 12hrs B Confirm Live Longer than 12hrs C Possible Live Not assessed D Deceased Only Not assessed 12 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG INSARAG Marking Essential tool used in USAR operations to display and share key information: 1. General Area Marking (optional) 2. Structure Orientation (optional) 3. Cordon Markings (optional) 4. Worksite Triage Marking (required) 5. Victim Marking (required) 6. RCM (optional) 13 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG 1. General Area Marking 14 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG 2. Structure Orientation 15 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG 3. Cordon Markings 16 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG 4. Worksite Triage Marking 1. Worksite ID (40cm) 2. Team ID / ASR Level / Date (10cm) 3. Rectangle Box (1.2m X 1.0m) 4. Hazard (top), Triage Category (bottom) 5. Arrow Marking (direction of site) 6. Horizontal Line (completion) 17 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG 5. Victim Marking 18 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG 6. Rapid Clearance Marking (RCM) 19 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  INSARAG INSARAG Signalling Evacuate (3 short signals, 1 second long) Cease Operations – Quiet (1 long signal, 3 seconds long) Resume Operations (1 long + 1 short signal) 20 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Physical Search Line andHAND Hail SIGNALS The line and hail method offer a structured and systematic approach to ensure that all areas of the site are searched. Its main objective is to locate live victims who may be trapped below the surface of the rubble and able to respond verbally. Its best to apply on an area of 20m (L) x 20m (W). Line and hail starting position 21 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Physical Search HAND SIGNALS Line and hail team calling Identifying the position of a trapped victim 22 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Technical Search HAND SIGNALS Technical Equipment Using acoustic or seismic sensors connected to a base unit for readings to locate victim: 1. Acoustic sensors effective range (7-9m) 2. Seismic sensors effective range (10m) 3. Single line method 4. Grid method 23 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Technical Search HAND SIGNALS Single Line Method Technical With the sensors in place and activated Search for listening, initiate a response from the victim while viewing the bar graph. Look for the sensor with the strongest signal. HAND SIGNALS 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sensor #4 receives the strongest signal. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 24 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Technical Search HAND SIGNALS Single Line Method Technical Once the strongest signal is identified, Search in this case from sensor #4, reconfigure the weakest sensor #1 close to sensor #4 and the other sensors chain in a circular pattern around HAND the strongest sensor but do not move SIGNALS the strongest sensor. It is recommended that the sensors be moved to approximately half the distance of the original placement. The following example shows the placement of sensors around sensor #4. 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 25 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Technical Search HAND SIGNALS Single Line Method Gradually move the perimeter ofTechnical the sensors inward Search towards the original strongest sensor. Ideally, the signals from the perimeter sensors should increase as they are moved closer HAND the to the original strongest sensor indicating SIGNALS location of the victim. If this is not the case, reconfigure the sensors and repeat the process. 2 1 3 4 5 6 26 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Technical Search HAND SIGNALS Grid Method With the sensors in place and activated Technicalfor listening, Search initiate a response from the victim while viewing the bar graph. Look for the sensor with the strongest signal. HAND SIGNALS 24m 2 4 6 16m 8m 1 3 5 8m 2 4 6 2 4 6 1 3 5 1 3 5 Sensor #4 receives the strongest signal. 27 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Technical Search HAND SIGNALS Grid Method Once the strongest signal is identified, in this case Technical from Search sensor #4, reconfigure the sensor placement to the strongest sensor but do not move the strongest sensor. HAND sensors It is recommended that the non-strongest SIGNALS be moved to approximately half the distance of the original placement. The following example shows the placement of sensors around sensor #4. 2 4 6 1 5 1 3 5 Sensor #4 receives the strongest signal. 28 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Technical Search HAND SIGNALS Grid Method Gradually move the perimeter ofTechnical the sensors inward Search toward the original strongest sensor. Ideally, the signals from the perimeter sensors should increase as they are moved closer HANDthe to the original strongest sensor indicating SIGNALS location of the victim. If this is not the case, reconfigure the sensors and repeat the process. 2 4 6 1 3 5 Sensor #4 receives the strongest signal. 29 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  TECHNIQUE IN CONCRETE BREACHING Dirty Cut 700mm Dimension of 700mm x 700mm for ease of moving stretcher in and out Chip off concrete materials, exposing the re-bars 30 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  TECHNIQUE IN CONCRETE BREACHING Dirty Cut Cut re-bar, leaving at least 6 inches from the edge 6 inches Use a hammer to bend the re-bars inwards 31 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  TECHNIQUE IN CONCRETE BREACHING Clean Cut 1) Mark area of concrete to cut. 12 cm 15mm overcut diameter hole 80 cm 2. Drill a hole using a 15mm drill bit for insertion of anchor bolt at the centre of the triangle. 3. Secure a tripod over the triangle and connect the anchor bolt to the tripod using a RALF. 32 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  TECHNIQUE IN CONCRETE BREACHING Clean Cut 4. Cut along the marking while spraying the blade periodically to reduce dust by-product. 5. Lift off the triangle slab once it dislodges from the cast. 33 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  SHORING Dead Shore 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 Step 1: Use 4 x (4” x 4”) to erect 2 x vertical posts and 2 x horizontal beams Step 2: Wedge the 2 x vertical posts using 2 x (4” x 2” x 12”) Step 3: Attach the 4 x ½ gussets (6” x 12”) plywood and 2 x (4” x 2”) braces 34 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  SHORING Lace Post 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 Step 1: Fabricate 2 sets of V-2 and each V-2 set, uses 1 x (4”x 4”) to erect 2 x vertical post (4“ x 4”) secured with 1 x ½” gusset plywood (6” x 12”), 1 x horizontal brace (4”x 2”) and 1 x top diagonal brace (4” x 2”). Step 2: Install both sets of V-2 on top of the sole plate (4” x 4”) and wedge the shore into place. Step 3: Secure the horizontal braces followed by the diagonal braces to both shores. Step 4: Secure each V-2 Shore with 3 x gusset plywood (1/2”) and 1 x bottom diagonal brace (4” x 2”) 35 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  SHORING Horizontal Shore 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 1 4 2 1 3 4 2 2 2 1 3 Step 1: Use 5 x (4” x 4”) to erect 2 x vertical posts and 3 x horizontal beams Step 2: Attach 4 x (4” x 2”) cleats and 3 x (4” x 4”) wedges to keep the posts and beams in place Step 3: Wedge the 3 x horizontal beams using 3 x (4” x 2” x 12”) on one side Step 4: Secure the beams to the posts using 2 x (4” x 2”) cleats (centre right and top left) and 2 x (4” x 2”) for diagonal braces 36 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  SHORING Raker Shore 2 3 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 Step 1: Use 3 x (4” x 4”) to erect 1 x wall plate, 1 x sole plate and 1 x raker Step 2: Attach 2 x (4” x 2”) cleats and wedge 1 x (4” x 2”) at the sole plate Step 3: Secure the shore using 4 x (12”x 12”) gussets and 2 x (6” x 12”) ½ gussets and 2 x (4” x 2”) for midpoint braces 37 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  SHORING Double Raker Shore 2 1 2 1 2 Step 1: Construct 2 x raker shores Step 2: Secure the shores using 4 x (4” x 2”) braces to enhance the strength 38 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  SHORING Window Shore 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 Step 1: Use 4 x (4” x 4”) to erect 2 x vertical posts and 2 x horizontal beams Step 2: Wedge the 3 x corners using 4 x (4” x 2” x 12”) Step 3: Attach 4 x (4” x 2”) cleats and nail them in place 39 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  CRIBBING TECHNIQUES Two by Two 40 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  CRIBBING TECHNIQUES Three by Three 41 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  CRIBBING TECHNIQUES 42 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Half Hitch Clove Hitch 43 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Round Turn 2 Half Hitches Overhand Knot 44 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Reef Knot Figure of 8 45 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Double Figure of 8 46 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Figure of 8 Loop 47 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Bowline Fisherman Knot 48 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Double Fisherman Knot 49 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Sheet Bend 50 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  KNOTS AND LINES Alpine Butterfly Knot 51 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  Height Rescue Offset System What is the meaning of offset? ▪ Offsets are add-on rope systems that serve to change the original fall line of the main line package. ▪ Useful in overcoming obstacles. Types of high angle offset ▪ 2 Rope system ▪ Deflected line ▪ Guiding line ▪ Tag line ▪ Tracking line ▪ Twin tensioned tracking line ▪ English reeve ▪ Norwegian reeve ▪ Skate block ▪ Skate block system tracking line Types of low angle offset ▪ Low Angle Tracking Line ▪ 4-Men Bearer Low Angle Rescue 52 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  TRACKING LINE 53 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS 54 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS 55 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS HAND SIGNALS 56 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  RESCUE OPERATIONS PLANNING 57 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  NOTES 58 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch  NOTES 59 | P a g e Courtesy of Singapore Civil Defence Academy USAR Branch