ELT 323 Module 3 PDF

MODULE 3: CREATIVE SPEECH PRODUCTION Learning Outcomes Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:  discuss the procedure and application of these different creative...

MODULE 3: CREATIVE SPEECH PRODUCTION Learning Outcomes Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:  discuss the procedure and application of these different creative speech productions for English language study;  explain the connection of these speech to other macro skills and their contextual situations. Introduction The loftiest aim of public speaking is to inspire. A well-crafted speech when delivered without spirit and enthusiasm may not be appealing to your audience. Thus, as a speaker, you need to deliver your speech in a clear, coherent, and interesting way. Most of the best speakers in the world exude enthusiasm in delivering their best speeches. They are able to sell their ideas in informative or social action messages that have been carefully planned, woven, and written. And, in order to produce a well- crafted speech, setting goals, context, and resources should be considered. IMPROMPTU SPEECH Let’s try how spontaneous you are in answering the following questions. Copy each question on a piece of paper and put them all in a box. Prepare to film yourself while you answer two questions. Each question should be answered in one minute. Be objective in doing this activity. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 39  Self-Analysis Questions: 1. Were you anxious when you were delivering the speech? Rate from 0-5 the level of your anxiety (0= not at all and 5 extreme anxiety). 2. Do you use precise words to express your message? 3. Do you repeat the same words or expressions over and over again? 4. Do you use English expressions or are you translating and using words that resemble words in your native language? 5. Do you speak in a logical, well-organized way that is easy for your listener to follow? 6. Do you know precisely what you want to say or do you get confused? 7. Are you comfortable speaking English aloud? 8. Are you always afraid of making mistakes and being misunderstood? 9. How do you look when you talk? Do you smile and look directly at the camera? Speech Delivery Delivery refers to presenting a speech in public. When you deliver a speech, you merge its verbal and visual components into a presentation before an audience. Scholars have long recognized the importance of delivery for the effective public speaker. Effective delivery brings together all the planning, researching, and organizing you’ve done for your speech. The volume of your voice, your posture, how you manage your time during a speech -all of these and more are aspects of delivery. A. Types of Speech According to Delivery Four types of delivery methods are presented in the table. This provides an overview of these four methods and the best situations in which to use them. When deciding on a delivery style, choose one that enhances the content of your speech and doesn’t distract your audience. METHOD BRIEF ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES TYPICAL DEFINITION SITUATIONS Impromptu Speaking Flexibility, Not researched; Responding without complete can be to audience preparation spontaneity disorganized; questions speaker has little, if any, time to practice Extemporaneous Giving a Allows Researching, Most speech that speaker to organizing, and classroom, has been develop practicing a professional planned, expertise on speech is time- and researched, a topic; consuming community organized, allows preparations and structured practiced spontaneity; allows Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 40  speaker to adjust to audience feedback Manuscript Giving a Allows Speaker uses Political speech that speaker to written rather speeches has been choose each than spoken written out word language; word for precisely and difficult to word time the modify based speech on audience exactly feedback Memorized Giving a Allows Can seem Short speech that speaker to artificial; requires ceremonial has been present intensive speeches committed speech practicing to memory without notes; same speech can be presented many times B. Speaking for Special Occasions On special occasions, such as weddings, funerals, we may be called on to “say a few words.” On these ceremonial occasions, your audience has distinct expectations for what they will hear. So, although the speech plan action steps you have learned will help you prepare your remarks, you also need to understand how the occasion affects the way you should shape your speech. These ceremonial speeches lie somewhere between informing and persuading. You invite listeners to agree with you about the value of a person, object, event, or place special occasion revolves around. These speeches are brief or less than five-minute delivery. The common ceremonial speeches: 1. Speeches of Welcome. A speech of welcome greets and expresses pleasure for the presence of a person, group, or organization. You can welcome someone on your own, but you will usually give a speech of welcome as the representative of a group. You must be familiar with the group that you are representing and the occasion. As you prepare your welcome, you may need to do some research so you can accurately describe your group, circumstances, and occasion to the person or people you are welcoming. A speech of welcome is generally not more than two to four minutes long. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 41  A speech of welcome invited listeners to agree that the occasion is friendly and their attendance is appreciated. Do this by respectfully catching listeners’ attention and, after expressing appreciation on behalf of your group for their presence, providing a brief description of the group and setting to which they are being welcomed. The conclusion should briefly express your hope for the outcome of the visit, event, or relationship. A typical speech of welcome might be as simple as this. Today, I want to welcome John Sheldon, who is joining us from the North Thurston Club. John, as you are aware, we are a newer club, having been established in 2007. At that time, we had only ten members. But we had big hopes. Today, we are 127 members strong, and we raised more than $250,000 last year to support local children’s organizations. We hope that our talks here today will lead to closer cooperation between the North Thurston Club and ours here in Yelm. 2. Speech of Introduction. A speech of introduction introduces the main speacker by establishing a supportive climate, highlighting pertinent biographical information, and generating enthusiasm for listening to the speech. At times, you will be given a résumé or brief biography of the speaker, at other times, you may need to research the speaker’s background yourself. Regardless of what you learn, you should also try to contact the speaker and ask what points in the biography of the speaker would like you to emphasize. Generally, a speech of introduction is not more than three to five minutes long. The beginning of a speech of introduction should quickly establish the nature of the occasion. The body of the speech should focus on three or four things the audience ought to know about the person being introduced. The conclusion should mention the speaker by name and briefly identify the topic and title of the speech. Today, it is my pleasure to introduce our speaker, Ms. Susan Wong, the new president of the finance club. I’ve worked with Susan for three years and have found her to have a gift for organization, insight into the financial markets, and an interest in aligning student organizations with leaders in our community. Susan, as you may not know, has spent the past two summers working as an intern at Salomon Smith Barney and has now laid the groundwork for more college internships for students from our university. She is a finance major, with a minor in international business. Today, she is going to talk with us about the benefits of summer internships. Let’s give a warm welcome to Susan Wong! Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 42  3. Speeches of Nomination A speech of nomination proposes a nominee for an elected office, honor, position, or award. Most speeches of nomination are brief, lasting only about two to four minutes. The goal of a speech nomination is to highlight the qualities that make this person the most credible candidate. To do so, first clarify the importance of the position, honor, or award by describing the responsibilities involved, related challenges or isues, and the characteristics needed to fulfill it. Second, lisy the candidate’s personal and professional qualifications that meet those criteria. Doing so links the candidate with the position, honor, or award in ways that make him or her appear to be a natural choice. Finally, formally place the candidate’s name in nomination, creating a dramatic climax to clinch your speech. A speech of nomination could be as simple and brief as this: I am very proud to place in nomination for president of our association the name of one of our most active members, Ms. Adrienne Lamb. We all realize the demands of this particular post. It requires leadership. It requires vision. It requires enthusiasm and motivation. And, most of all, it requires a sincere love for our group and its mission. Adrienne Lamb meets and exceeds each one of these demands. It was Adrienne Lamb who chaired our visioning task force. She led us to articulate the mission statement we abide by today. It was Adrienne Lamb who chaired the fund-raising committee last year when we enjoyed a record drive. And it was Adrienne Lam who acted as mentor to so many of us, myself included, when we were trying to find our place in this association and this community. This association and its members have reaped the benefits of Adrienne Lamb’s love and leadership so many times and in so many ways. We now have the opportunity to benefit in even greater ways. It is truly an honor and a privilege to place in nomination for president of our association Ms. Adrienne Lamb! 4. Speech of Recognition. A speech of recognition acknowledges someone and usually presents an award, a prize, or a gift to the individual or a representative of a group. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 43  You have probably watched speeches or recognition given as lifetime achievement awards on the Academy Awards or the Grammy Awards. Speeches of recognition may be a bit longer depending on the prestigious nature of the award, but are more commonly quite brief (fewer than three minutes long). Recount the nature and history of the award, as well as the recognition criteria and how the recipient met them. If the recognition is based on a competition, this might include the number of contestants and the way the contest was judged. If the person earned the award through years of achievement, you will want to describe the specific milestones that the person passed. Ordinarily, the speech begins by describing what the recognition is for, then states the criteria for winning or achieving the recognition, and finally describes how the person being recognized won or achieved the award. I’m honored to present this year’s idea of the Year Award to Ryan Goldbloom from the installation department. As you may remember, this is an award that we have been giving since 1985 to the employee who has submitted an idea that resulted in the largest first-year cost savings for the company. Ryan’s idea to equip all installation trucks with prepackaged kits for each type of job has resulted in a $10,458 savings in the first twelve months. And in recognition of this contribution to our bottom line, I am pleased to share our savings with Ryan in the form of a check for $2,091.60, one fifth of what he has saved us. Good work, Ryan. 5. Speeches of Acceptance. A speech of acceptance aknowledges receipt of an honor or award. The goal is to sincerely convey your appreciation for the honor. You should briefly thank the person or group bestowing the honor, acknowledge the competition, express gratitude about receiving the award, and thank those who contributed to your success. To be effective, the speech should be brief, humblr, and gracious. Remember that your goal is to convey appreciation in a way that makes the audience feel good about you receiving the award. Generally, however, accepatance speeches are no longer than one to two minutes. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 44  I would like to thank the hospital for hosting this beautiful luncheon today. It is absolutely lovely! Thank you, too to the chef, cooks, and wait staff. You have really made this event memorable in so many ways. In all honesty, I must admit I am a bit stunned and also truly honored to be recognized today as this year’s Volunteer of the Year. As I look out at all of you here today, I am humbled to think of the countless hours you all spend giving freely of your time and your love for the hurting children in our community. I am grateful to count myself among such amazing, selfless servant leaders. Each one of you deserves this trophy. I want to also thank my husband, Terry, for encouraging me to join Big Hearts, Big Hands and for supporting me when I became involved as a volunteer. You are my rock and I love you! Thank you, again, for this award. I will treasure it forever. 6. Speeches of Tribute. A speech of tribute praises or celebrates a person, a group, or an event. You might be asked to pay tribute to a person or persons on the occasion of their birthday, wedding, anniversary, oath of office, retirement, or funeral. There are many special types of speeches of tribute based on the specific special occasion they are meant for. The goal in any of them, however, is to invite listeners to truly appreciate the person, group, or event by arousing their sentiments. This is achieved by focusing on the most notable characteristics or achievements of the person, group, or event with vivid stories, examples, and language that arouses sentiments. Speeches of tribute can vary from brief to lengthy depending on the naure of the occasion. Let’s take a closer look at three types of tribute that you are likely to be asked to give at some point in your life. A. Toast A ceremonial speech offered at the start of a reception or meal that pays tribute to the occasion or to a person. B. Roast An event where guests provide short speeches of tribute about the featured guests that are developed with humorous stories and anecdotes. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 45  C. Eulogy A ceremonial speech of tribute during a funeral or memorial service that praises someone’s life and accomplishments. D. Commencement Address A speech of tribute praising graduating students and inspiring them to reach for their goals. E. Commemorative Address A speech of tribute that celebrated national holidays or anniversaries of important events. F. Keynote Address A ceremonial speech that both sets the tone and generates enthusiasm for the topic of a conference or convention. G. Dedication A speech of tribute that honors a worthy person or group by naming a structure, monument, or park after them. H. Farewell A speech of tribute honoring someone who is leaving an organization. I. Speech to entertain A humorous speech that makes a serious point. Argumentation and Debate Everyone has made an argument before. If you’ve ever persuaded your parents to let you out of the house late, or convinced your teacher to raise your grade, you already know the basics of building an argument. In debate, argumentation is the foundation of every speech. In order to be successful at debate, developing the skills to make a persuasive, organized argument is key. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 46  Argumentation as one Example of Persuasive Speech There are several ways on how we deliver a speech based on our purpose. We may want to inform, to actuate, to entertain, or to persuade. Argumentation is one example of persuasion. According to Dr. martin Luther King’s speech, an argument does not have a negative connotations. Arguments support persuasive speakers’ positions on questions of fact, value, or policy. Argument forms the foundation of persuasion. Successful speakers formulate arguments effectively and present them well. Elements of an Argument An argument makes a claim and backs it up with evidence and reasoning. In public speaking, a claim is the position or assertion a speaker wants the audience to accept, and evidence refers to the supporting materials-narratives, examples, definitions, testimony, facts, and statistics-that the speaker presents to reinforce the claim. Reasoning is the method or process used to represent the claim and arrive at the argument’s conclusion. Guidelines: 1. Using claims effectively. Claims go beyond facts and other supporting materials to propose conclusions based on the evidence presented. Stated conclusions and premises are two types of claims. The conclusion is the primary claim or assertion a speaker makes. A premise gives a reason to support a conclusion. Both premise and conclusion are claims, but premises are smaller claims that lead up to a conclusion—the central claim or position the speaker promotes Example: Premise 1: Climate change is real. Premise 2: Protecting the global climate is necessary. Premise 3: All forms of energy have problems. Conclusion: Nuclear power should continue to be part of the solution to climate change. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 47  *For audience members to agree with the conclusion, they must agree with all the premises leading up to it. If they find fault with one premise, they’re highly unlikely to support the conclusion. Think of the relationship between premises and conclusions in this way: Because (premise 1), because (premise 2), and because (premise 3), therefore (conclusion). 2. Using Evidence Effectively. A claim answers the question “What is the speaker asserting?” Evidence answers the question “What is the speaker’s support for the assertion?” Evidence provides the foundation for your claims. In presenting evidence to support a claim, the persuasive speaker relies on some combination of the four types of appeals. APPEAL BRIEF DEFINITION EXAMPLE Logos Logical Proof Verifiable facts and statistics Ethos Speaker’s Credibility References to own expertise on topic Pathos Emotional proof A humorous quote or story Mythos Cultural Beliefs and A well-known fable Values a. Logos. Logical appeals or logos can be a particularly persuasive type of appeal when presented well. The nature of logical appeals is data driven and stems from the world of science and rationality. Audiences expect qualified public speakers to use logical appeals in their speeches for most topics. The power of logical appeals therefore relies on the audience believing that the information presented by the speaker is truthful, reasonable, and supported by good evidence (valid facts, statistics, definitions, and testimonies). b. Ethos. The effectiveness of appeals to speaker credibility, or ethos, rests in the degree to which the audience perceives the speaker as competent, trustworthy, dynamic, and likeable—the speaker’s ethos. As you develop your argument for a persuasive speech, remember that it is the audience’s perceptions of your credibility that matters. c. Pathos. Emotional appeals or pathos rely on emotional evidence and the stimulation of feelings to influence at audience. Speakers typically use Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 48  human interest stories, personal examples, and human testimony when appealing to our emotions. Emotional appeals alone seldom work to convince an alert audience, yet when used in conjunction with other types of appeals they can win over even skeptical listeners. These appeals are especially effective when they tap into the audience’s beliefs and needs. Telling a story channels emotion and makes it persuasive (a touching story, heartwarming tale, etc). d. Mythos. Telling original stories allows speakers to connect with listeners by arousing their emotions. But retelling existing stories can be very persuasive, too. Appeals to cultural beliefs, or mythos, rely on values and beliefs embedded in familiar cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience. Cultural myths can be verifiably true or fictional. Guidelines for using Evidence in Argument: 1. Keep your evidence relevant to your topic. 2. Draw your evidence from highly credible sources. 3. Select evidence from diverse sources. 4. Incorporate evidence addressing multiple types of appeals. 3. Using Reasoning Effectively. Reasoning is the method or process speakers use to link their evidence with their claims. Claims answer the question “ What is the speaker asserting?” and evidence answers the question What is the speaker’s support for the assertion?” Reasoning answers the question “How are the support and assertion connected?” Reasoning provides the bridge between the claim and evidence, indicating to the audience why the evidence presented should be accepted as support for the claim. TYPE BRIEF DEFINITION STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Deductive From general Relies on Invalid premises principle to established leading to false specific case formal logic conclusions Inductive From specific Visualizes and Lack of examples to personalizes representation, general principle argument sufficiency, relevance Causal One event Useful for Incorrect cause- causes another explanation and effect link prediction Analogical Draw similarities Links the Ignores key between two unfamiliar with differences distinct cases the familiar Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 49  a. Deductive reasoning relies on formal logic and most commonly follows this pattern: major premise (general condition), minor premise (specific instance), and conclusion. Major Premise: All accredited colleges and universities must go through a rigorous Assessment process for certification. Minor Premise: My college is accredited. Conclusion: My college went through a rigorous assessment process. Major Premise: Reducing stress helps students get good grades. Minor Premise: Playing video games reduces stress. Conclusion: Playing video games helps students get good grades.  The speaker may be able to find evidence supporting the major and minor premises. And for some audience members, the conclusion may also hold true. But for others, playing video games wastes time that could be spent preparing for tests or doing other things that help ensure good grades. Therefore, the conclusion is not proven. In persuasive speaking, there are two keys to applying deductive reasoning when linking claims to evidence: 1. The speaker must have sufficient supporting evidence to convince the audience that the major and minor premises are correct or true. 2. The speaker must have sufficient supporting evidence to show that the conclusion is the correct one based on the premises. b. Inductive reasoning relies on the principle of probability—that the evidence they present in their argument leads to conclusion that is probably correct. Inductive reasoning depends on the quality of the evidence presented and the way speakers make sense of it. Speakers use this reasoning when they support a claim with specific instances or examples. This works best speakers use multiple diverse, and relevant examples. c. Causal reasoning is used by a speaker who argues that one action or event brought about another action or event. This is done in four ways: c.1 to explain why something happened, c.2. to identify who’s responsible for something, c.3. to determine whether people can control an event, and Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 50  c.4. to predict what might occur in the future. Example: You argue that recent increase in crime on Indian reservations in the Southwest was caused by: a. Dramatic spike in unemployment (Premise) b. Social stress increases when people lose their jobs and that employment opportunities on Indian lands have been hit especially hard. (Premise) Thesis: The government should provide intensive new work programs for these areas. d. Analogical reasoning is a comparison between two things. Analogies work well when the things being compared share clear points of relevance. Speakers use this type of reasoning when they compare similar objects, processes, concepts, or evens and suggest that what holds true for one also holds true for the other. Two things being compared must have enough similarities to make the comparison believable. Example: Alcohol and marijuana are similar, so the latter should be legalized. The audience must be convinced that the two are truly similar. Now that you have learned the elements of an argument, let us apply this in the context of debate. Making strong arguments is a key tool for every debater. In a debate, judges need to weigh the debate through the positive (argumentation) and negative (refutation) material you bring to the round. In any debate, you need to create a series of arguments as to why you support your side of the motion. Neglecting to make strong points can make a huge impact on the round. What is Debating? A debate is a structured argument. Two sides speak alternately for and against a particular contention usually based on a topical issue. Unlike the arguments you might have with your family or friends however, each person is allocated a time they are allowed to speak for and any interjections are carefully controlled. The subject of the dispute is often prearranged so you may find yourself having to support opinions with which you do not normally agree. You also have to argue as part of a team, being careful not to contradict what others on your side have said. Why debate? It is an excellent way of improving speaking skills and is particularly helpful in providing experience in developing a convincing argument. Those of you who are Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 51  forced to argue against your natural point of view realize that arguments, like coins, always have at least two sides. The Basic Debating Skills Style Style is the manner in which you communicate your arguments. This is the most basic part of debating to master. Content and strategy are worth little unless you deliver your material in a confident and persuasive way. Speed It is vital to talk at a pace which is fast enough to sound intelligent and allow you time to say what you want, but slow enough to be easily understood. Tone Varying tone is what makes you sound interesting. Listening to one tone for an entire presentation is boring. Volume Speaking quite loudly is sometimes a necessity, but it is by no means necessary to shout through every debate regardless of context. There is absolutely no need speak any more loudly than the volume at which everyone in the room can comfortably hear you. Shouting does not win debates. Speaking too quietly is clearly disastrous since no one will be able to hear you. Clarity The ability to concisely and clearly express complex issues is what debating is all about. The main reason people begin to sound unclear is usually because they lose the “stream of thought” which is keeping them going. It is also important to keep it simple. While long words may make you sound clever, they may also make you incomprehensible. Use of notes and eye contact Notes are essential, but they must be brief and well organized to be effective. There is absolutely no point in trying to speak without notes. Of course, notes should never become obtrusive and damage your contact with the Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 52  audience, nor should they ever be read from verbatim. Most people sketch out the main headings of their speech, with brief notes under each. When writing notes for rebuttal during the debate, it is usually better to use a separate sheet of paper so you can take down the details of what the other speakers have said and then transfer a rough outline onto the notes you will actually be using. Eye contact with the audience is very important, but keep shifting your gaze. No one likes to be stared at. Content Content is what you actually say in the debate. The arguments used to develop your own side’s case and rebut the opposite side’s. The information on content provided below is a general overview of what will be expected when you debate. The final logistics of how long you will be debating, how many people will be in your group, and how the debate will unfold. Here is an example of the case outline: “The media exert more influence over what people think than the government does. This is true for three reasons. Firstly, most people base their votes on what they see and hear in the media. Secondly, the media can set the political agenda between elections by deciding what issues to report and in how much detail. Thirdly, the media have successfully demonized politicians over the last ten years so that now people are more likely to believe journalists than politicians.” All of the arguments in this case outline are debatable (almost immediately you can see the counter-arguments), but they give the case a wide range which cover all kinds of issues. The trick is not to come up with a watertight case, but a well-argued one. Think: “Can I argue that?” What is British Parliamentary debating? British Parliamentary debating is a game/hobby/sport that asks four teams of two people to argue about a topic which they have had fifteen minutes to prepare for, in front of one or more judges who will decide who has won. Fundamentally, the difference between BP and many other kinds of debating is in the kinds of speeches given. When you think of debates, you might think of dramatic speeches given in illustrious chambers, filled with high-minded rhetoric and formality. There is some of that in BP, but at the core of the game is the idea that the team that wins is the Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 53  one that presents the best logical analysis as to why the motion (the topic being debated) should be supported or defeated. How does it work? BP derives a lot of its rules and formalisms from the traditions of the British Parliament. The basics are these: 1. You have a motion to be debated, in the format “This House …”, e.g. “This House would ban zoos” or “This House believes that university education should be free”. This will often be abbreviated as “THW” or “THBT”. a. The motion can be on anything, from law and justice, to politics, to ethics or economics or art. There are no limits on what can be set, but some topics will come up more often than others. 2. There are two sides: Proposition (or Government) and Opposition. The Proposition side speaks in support of the motion, arguing that it should be passed; the Opposition team (as you would expect) speaks against the motion, arguing that it should not be passed. a. There is not one, but two teams on each side. You have Opening Government, Opening Opposition, Closing Government, and Closing Opposition. b. Each team has two speakers. 3. The team that wins is the one that presents the most compelling argument for their side: that the motion should either be passed or defeated. 4. All teams are randomly assigned their positions prior to the debate, and they have fifteen minutes once the motion is revealed to prepare their cases. This means that you may well end up defending something you don’t believe in or have very little idea about – this is normal. a. No digital devices are allowed in preparation (except dictionaries for speakers who do not have English as their first language), and access to the internet is prohibited. Paper resources (colloquially known as “casefiles”) are allowed. b. You prep with your partner, not with all of the other speakers on your side. You have to beat the other team on your side of the Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 54  bench too. From your perspective, they are just as much an opponent as anyone else in the room. 5. Each speaker has either five or seven minutes to speak, depending on the format of the debate. When they stand to speak, everyone in the room will either clap or bang the table (don’t worry, you’ll get used to it). a. The first and last minutes of their speech are called “protected time”. During this time, no Points of Information (POIs) can be offered. Between these times, speakers from other teams can stand to offer POIs. These are short questions or statements of no more than 15 seconds that challenge the speaker. b. Speakers do not have to take any POIs, but are strongly advised to take at least one in their speech. A lot of the point of BP is in “engagement” – trying to make your material “clash” with the other teams’ – and taking and dealing with POIs demonstrates this. 6. Speeches alternate between sides, like this: Introduction to British Parliamentary Style 3rd 5 min 1st 5 min 5 min 2nd 5 min 4th 5 min Opening Government Opening Opposition 7th 5th 6th 8th 5 min 5 min Moderator 5 min 5 min Closing Government Closing Opposition Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 55  7. The debate has one or more judges. These are people who are also debaters, who have the job of listening to the entire debate and deciding who has won, who has come second, who was third, and who came fourth (last). a. The judges usually have fifteen minutes once the debate is finished come to a decision. b. They decide the positions of the teams by ranking them against each other, bringing each team’s material into interaction with other teams’ and deciding whose was stronger in each instance. This means they weigh up OG’s material against OO, CG and CO. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 56  1st Gov: Prime Minster 2 1st Opp: Leader of the Opposition (LO) 1 (PM)  Set up the debate by  Contest model/definitions is unfair  Clash with arguments from PM providing a clear model and  Clarify your team’s stance definitions  Develop 2+ arguments  Clarify your team’s stance  Accept 1-2 POIs  Develop 2+ arguments  Accept 1-2 POIs 2nd Gov: Deputy Prime Minster (DPM) 4 2nd Opp: Deputy Leader of the 3  Rebuild partner’s arguments  Clash with LO’s arguments Opposition (DLO)  Rebuild partner’s arguments  Clarify your team’s stance  Clash with LO’s arguments  Develop 1+ new argument  Clarify your team’s stance  Accept 1-2 POIs  Develop 1+ new argument  Accept 1-2 POIs 3rd Gov: Member of Government 6 3rd Opp: Member of Opposition (MO) 5 (MG)  Clarify your team’s stance  Clarify your team’s stance  Develop 1+ arguments (called an  Develop 1+ arguments extension) (called an extension)  Explain how extension is different  Explain how extension is from opening government and is different from opening important government and is important  Accept 1-2 POIs  Accept 1-2 POIs  Clash with DPM and PM  Clash with DLO and LO 4th Gov: Government Whip (GW) 8 4th Opp: Opposition Whip 7  Clarify team’s stance  Summarize the debate in a (OW)  Clarify team’s stance way designed to favour your  Summarize the debate in a way team’s extension(s) designed to favour your team’s  Clash with all major ideas in extension(s) the round, especially MO  Clash with all major ideas in the  Rebuild extension round  Accept 1-2 POIs  Rebuild extension  Accept 1-2 POIs In order to understand how this type of debate is done, you may click this link and watch these videos. These videos illustrate how debaters build their cases and arguments. Pay attention to the procedure and the structure of their speeches. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUt1IVr7gjg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlmcNs3rBYs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0S_-Ck-0Y2M Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 57  Watching how debaters give their arguments and POI (point of information) and how they work on their emotions, you come to realize how matter, manner, and method are so important. Matter refers to your arguments and building a case in just 15 minutes prior to the debate requires great stock knowledge, readings, and experiences. A debater should listen and respond well. He should also have a focus and a prepared outline. Based on these observations, explain how this type of activity enhances a learner’s speaking, writing, listening, reading skills, and cultural awareness? Read the research article, Using Debate in EFL Classes: Debate and Technology to Develop English Skills. You can access the material from this link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331407246_Using_Debate_in_EFL_Classe s_Debate_and_technology_to_develop_English_skills Macro Skills How debate enhances the skill ( https://www.shoutmeloud. com/best-websites- improve-english-writing.html https://blog.gurock.com/q a-speaking-skills/ https://www.negotiations.c om/articles/listening-skills/ Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 58  https://www.123rf.com/pho to_109624339_stock-vector- smart-kid-learning-by- reading-book-while- standing-vector-illustration- design-template-spark- idea-abs.html https://www.careeraddict. com/develop-cultural- awareness Creating Arguments *This is a formative task in preparation for the complete speech that you will be delivering in your exam. Let us practice the procedures in constructing claims (premises and conclusion), evidences, and reasoning. Choose one controversial issue on the use of English as a medium of instruction and follow the directions below. Topic 1: Foreign students should/should not use English dictionaries in examinations. Topic 2: Teaching in English takes/does not take away students’ identity and culture. 1. Create three premises and a conclusion of your chosen topic. Premise: ________________________________________ Premise: ________________________________________ Premise: ________________________________________ Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 59  Conclusion: ______________________________________ 2. Research on evidences that you may use as support for each premise or claim you have stated above. You may use any of the appeals given earlier (pathos, ethos, logos, mythos). Each evidence can be stated in one or two sentences. Do not forget to cite your references or sources. Premise: Evidence/s: 1. 2. Premise: Evidence/s: 1. 2. Premise: Evidence/s: 1. 2. Conclusion: Evidence/s: 1. 2. 3. Finally, get one premise or claim with its evidences and apply one method of reasoning (inductive, deductive, causal, or analogical). Write in one complete paragraph. Observe principles in spelling, subject-verb agreement, grammar, and mechanical correctness. 4. For CBL students, copy and accomplish the template on a separate sheet. Label and save the file as ARGUMENT_FAMILY NAME on the OTG. 5. For OBL students, copy and accomplish the template on a separate sheet or Word Document. Submit the file (PDF) named ARGUMENT_FAMILY NAME via Google Classroom. 6. Your output will be scored using the criteria below: Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 60  Completeness: 10 Quality of Research: 10 Grammar and mechanics: 5 TOTAL: 25 points References Alasmari, A. & Ahmed, S. (2013). Using debate in EFL Classes: Debate and technology to develop English skills. English language Teaching, 6 (1). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331407246_Using_Debate_in_EFL_Classes_Debate_and_tec hnology_to_develop_English_skills Coopman, S. J. &Lull, J. (2015) Public speaking: The evolving art. USA: Nelson Education LTD. Khoo, M. Y. & Abidin, M. J. (2014). The use of public speaking in motivating ESL learners to overcome speech anxiety. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 2 (1) 127-135. https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijsell/v2-i11/16.pdf Kidd, A. (2002). The oxford union rough guide to debating. The English Speaking Union. Retrieved from http://www.britishdebate.com/resources/hb_oxfordguide.htm Squirrel, T. (2010). British parliamentary debating. Static Squarespace.com. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58970e4cd1758e28994b5bf8/t/5b6aeaf9758d4610026a2585/15 33733633615/British+Parliamentary+Debating+for+Beginners.pdf Verderber, K. S., Sellnow, D.D. & Verderber, R. F. (2015). Speak. USA: Nelson Education, Ltd. Verderber, K. S., Sellnow, D.D. & Verderber, R. F. (2015). The challenge of effective speaking in a digital age. USA: Nelson Education, Ltd. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 61