ELS-Lesson-2 PDF - Bioenergetics and Cell Structure

Bioenergetics  Bioenergetics is the branch of biochemistry that focuses on how cells transform energy, often by producing, storing or consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Bioenergetic processes, such as cellular respiration or photosynthesis, are essential to most aspects of cellular me...

Bioenergetics  Bioenergetics is the branch of biochemistry that focuses on how cells transform energy, often by producing, storing or consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Bioenergetic processes, such as cellular respiration or photosynthesis, are essential to most aspects of cellular metabolism, therefore to life itself.  What is the basic unit of life? PART OF THE CELL Animal Cell Plant Cell  Nucleolus Nucleolus - is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved n controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction. Nuclear membrane - protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles. Chromosomes - play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum - involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins. Golgi bodies - are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell.  Nucleolus Ribosome - are the protein synthesisers of the cell. Mitochondrion - is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency. Lysosomes - protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in cell renewal. Therefore, they are known as the cell’s suicide bags. Chloroplasts - are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called chlorophyll. Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell. process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protists use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen In plants and algae, which developed much later, photosynthesis occurs in a specialized intracellular organelle—the chloroplast. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis during the daylight hours. The immediate products of photosynthesis, NADPH and ATP, are used by the photosynthetic cells to PHOTOSYNTHESIS Firm-Up Cellular Respiration A biochemical pathway by which livings cells obtain energy from the chemical bonds of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Product: ATP Waste: CO2 Firm-Up Eukaryotes Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane- bound organelles. There is a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae. Eukaryotes may be either single-celled or multicellular. Firm-Up Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells; in addition to the absence of a nucleus, their genomes are less complex and they do not contain cytoplasmic organelles or a cytoskeleton Firm-Up Eukaryotes