Investigating Mobile Payment Usage in Saudi Arabia PDF

electronics Article Investigating the Effect of Perceived Security, Perceived Trust, and Information Quality on Mobile Payment Usage through Near-Field Communication (NFC) in Saudi Arabia Mohammed Amin Almaiah 1,2,3, * , Ali Al-Rahmi 4 , Fahad Alturise 5 , Lamia Hassan 6 , Abdalwali Lutfi 6 , Mahmao...

electronics Article Investigating the Effect of Perceived Security, Perceived Trust, and Information Quality on Mobile Payment Usage through Near-Field Communication (NFC) in Saudi Arabia Mohammed Amin Almaiah 1,2,3, * , Ali Al-Rahmi 4 , Fahad Alturise 5 , Lamia Hassan 6 , Abdalwali Lutfi 6 , Mahmaod Alrawad 6,7 , Salem Alkhalaf 5 , Waleed Mugahed Al-Rahmi 8 , Saleh Al-sharaieh 3 and Theyazn H. H. Aldhyani 1 1 Department of Computer Networks, College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia 2 Faculty of Information Technology, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan 3 King Abdullah the II IT School, Department of Computer Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan 4 Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia 5 Department of Computer, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 52571, Saudi Arabia 6 College of Business, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia 7 College of Business Administration and Economics, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an 71111, Jordan 8 Self-Development Skills Department, College of Common First Year, King Saud University, Citation: Almaiah, M.A.; Al-Rahmi, A.; Alturise, F.; Hassan, L.; Lutfi, A.; Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia * Correspondence: [email protected] Alrawad, M.; Alkhalaf, S.; Al-Rahmi, W.M.; Al-sharaieh, S.; Aldhyani, T.H.H. Investigating the Effect of Abstract: This study aims to investigate the perceptions of near-field communication (NFC) usage for Perceived Security, Perceived Trust, mobile payments in Saudi Arabia. In order to develop a mathematical framework for the acceptance and Information Quality on Mobile of NFC quality of information for mobile payments, researchers have combined the technological Payment Usage through Near-Field acceptance model (TAM) and the idea of perceived risk. An online and physical study of 1217 NFC Communication (NFC) in Saudi portable credit card holders in Saudi Arabia was conducted. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses Arabia. Electronics 2022, 11, 3926. were utilized to analyze the factor structure of the measurement items, and Smart PLS 2.0 from https://doi.org/10.3390/ structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the theories and hypotheses that had been electronics11233926 put forth. The results show that (1) social influence, perceived element of risk, and subjective norms Academic Editors: Claudiu George each have a negative influence on preconceptions of trust in online payment methods using NFC; Bocean, Adriana Grigorescu (2) social influence, perceived element of risk, and social norms all have a positive effect on satisfaction and Anca Antoaneta Vărzaru with the security of electronic payment using NFC; (3) perceived ease of use has a negative effect Received: 1 November 2022 on perceived confidence in digital payment using NFC; and (4) perceived ease of use has a negative Accepted: 23 November 2022 effect on perceived trust in online payment using NFC. As a consequence of these findings, users’ Published: 28 November 2022 attitudes regarding the use of NFC and behavioral intentions to utilize NFC mobile payment can be revealed. This study created a unique approach for assessing perceptions, perceived trust, and NFC Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral information quality in mobile payment uptake in Saudi Arabia. As a consequence, banks may find with regard to jurisdictional claims in this research useful as they implement new strategies to attract more customers, such as perceived published maps and institutional affil- iations. security, brand trust, and NFC information quality in mobile payment adaption. Keywords: NFC; TAM; perceived security; perceived trust; NFC information quality; mobile payment structural equation modeling (SEM) Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and 1. Introduction conditions of the Creative Commons Saudi Arabia’s payment methods have changed dramatically during the last 15 years. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) has contributed to the creation and creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ ongoing management of an industrial payment system that promotes the development of 4.0/). Electronics 2022, 11, 3926. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233926 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 2 of 22 the Kingdom’s economy. It achieves this with the help and guidance of financial companies. As a result of their close working relationship, banks and their customers have reaped major rewards in the form of a cost recovery system that is efficient, shared, and built on the most promising strategies now used in banking. Customers have profited from the ease of use and connectivity of modern payment methods such as credit cards, while banks have avoided making expensive competitive investments. In the past, shopping was frequently coupled with the payment of cash or a credit card. New types of payment have arisen within the digital payment theme as mobile phones become more advanced. “Payments for products, services, and bills via a mobile device such as a mobile phone, smart phone, or personal digital assistant by utilizing wireless as well as other communication technologies” is the general definition of mobile payment (MP). MP is viewed as a viable alternative to the typical credit card, regardless of definition. As mobile commerce becomes more widespread, MP will become more important in enabling payments between customers and sellers. Because typical MP solutions are currently constrained, this paper considers mobile credit cards (MCCs) as a new form of MP. MCC refers to a rapid credit card payment performed using a smartphone using near-field communication (NFC) technology in this context. There is no need for a real link between the customer and the terminal reader in this situation because transactions may be performed with a simple touch or wave. Despite the fact that MCC adoption provides convenience and benefits to customers, it is still a minority activity. Given the low adoption rate, there has been very little study on MP solutions from the perspective of NFC. The electronic card consists of a credit card linked to a local banking institution, as well as a debit card linked to a local institution. According to certain writers, differences in key measurements such as age, gender, career, and financial status have been shown to contribute to variances in users’ tendency to use a checking account [6,7]. Because of the benefits that card payments give, users prefer them to alternative payment methods such as electronic cash, e-money, or credit payments. Users who are intelligent are worried not only about the advantages of having money in the bank, but also about the risk of financial loss [9,10]. Numerous empirical studies have also revealed that social groupings, such as families, friends, and coworkers, significantly affect customers’ purchasing intentions [11–13]. Numerous studies show that a major obstacle to using e-services as intended is the sense of risk [14–17]. Similar to this, many individuals consider the perceived risk while deciding whether or not to use credit cards [18–23]. The impact of perceived risk on consumers’ desire to use credit cards was either significantly positive, significantly negative, or had no effect, according to conflicting findings [24–28]. Credit cards are a type of technology that can be used to carry out the two basic functions of payment and credit on electronic devices [29–32]. Credit cards could be used to buy items and then use the bank’s guarantee to pay for them later [33–36]. As a result, the financial institution pays the biller on behalf of the account holder, and the account holder is responsible for ensuring that all payments are returned in a timely and full manner [37–40]. Credit cards are becoming more commonly accepted and used in modern transactions around the world [41–43]. As a consequence, a conceptual approach with testable assump- tions has been built, along with methods and data from Saudi customers. NFC is thought to be the direction in which MP services will evolve in the future [44–46]. The payment mechanism was initially used by the VISA and MasterCard PayPass programs [47–50]. NFC is an elevated wireless communication technique that can transmit files in both passive and active modes, according to. The operating range is 10 cm in passive mode and 20 cm in active mode [52–54]. As a result, NFC technology has made it possible to conduct transactions by simply placing a phone within range of an NFC scanner. Thus, the U.S., Canada, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan have all adopted the technology [55–58]. Therefore, this research develops a new model that measures perceived security, perceived trust, and NFC information quality in mobile payment adoption in Saudi Arabia. Mobile payments are still in their infancy in Saudi Arabia. NFC technology has become one of the most exciting technologies in recent years due to the economic potential of its usage for mobile phones and the reliance on important features in the immediate term Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 3 of 22 beyond mobile payment [59–61]. M-commerce (mobile commerce) apps and new business models, such as mobile payments, are now flourishing [62–65]. On the market, there are a variety of solutions that use diverse approaches and technologies. They all utilize near- field communication (NFC), which is also known as contactless payment. As a result of this study’s goal of building a new model of the acceptance of mobile payments and NFC information quality, users in Saudi Arabia must find them compatible with their system and must show acceptance toward their usage and a behavioral intention to use NFC mobile payment methods. Based on the above, this study aims to fulfil the following objective: To investigate users’ perceptions of near-field communication (NFC) usage for mobile payment in Saudi Arabia. 2. Literature Review Near-Field Communication (NFC) Technology Near-field communication (NFC) devices are developed based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology combined with wireless communication; hence, NFC is considered as a subset of RFID technology. NFC based on RFID consists of several frequency bands, including ultra-high frequency, high frequency, and low frequency. Although NFC is a subset of RFID, NFC can use two-way communication between two devices, with effective security and confidentiality. In recent years, NFC tools have achieved remarkable development in many fields, such as mobile payment, mobile banking, financial payment analysis, and others [66–69]. In addition, NFC technology is a promising tool for financial services, such as mobile payments with wireless connection, and fast and contactless data transfer [70–73]. NFC technology is now widely utilized in daily life and has become a great prospect for commercial applications using smartphone sensing [74–77]. NFC, with fast wireless communication and data transmission, offers new benefits for mobile payment, such as dynamic responses and real-time monitoring for financial transactions. NFC has been widely used for information transmission in mobile and smartphone devices. Moreover, NFC sensors can be utilized without batteries, unlike Bluetooth, which encourages their usage and adoption among clients in the mobile payment field. Based on the above motivations, this study aims to investigate the perceptions of near-field communication (NFC) usage for mobile payment in Saudi Arabia. 3. Research Model and Hypothesis Development According to the literature review, there are several models that have been designed to analyze user intentions, actual behavior, and acceptance towards new technologies, such as UTAUT, TAM, TRA, DL&ML, and others. For example, a study conducted in used the UTAUT model to study the adoption of mobile payment services. The study revealed that perceived trust is the primary factor motivating users to use mobile banking services. In the same way, a study found that there is a positive relationship between perceived trust, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness with the adoption of mobile banking services in Spain. A study conducted in the UK sought to investigate the impact of cybersecurity factors on mobile banking usage among users by extending the UTAUT model. They revealed that risk issues and privacy had significant effects on mobile banking usage. Therefore, the adoption of mobile payment services needs to be approached considering the security and trust factors. To assess the usage and acceptance of mobile payment technology, several researchers have used the UTAUT model [81–85]. UTAUT has been considered as a comprehensive model for understanding the adoption of mobile payment, as well as having strong predic- tive power compared with other models. Several studies have employed the UTAUT model to understand the main factors that impact the acceptance of mobile payment [87–90]. The UTAUT model has been employed in various fields, such as e-banking, e-commerce, and others, for which it can explain around 70% of the users’ adoption and usage.  sive model for understanding the adoption of mobile payment, as well as having strong predictive power compared with other models. Several studies have employed the UTAUT model to understand the main factors that impact the acceptance of mobile pay- ment [87–90]. The UTAUT model has been employed in various fields, such as e-banking, Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 e-commerce, and others, for which it can explain around 70% of the users’ adoption 4and of 22 usage. 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As of March As of March 2012, there were were 2012, there moremore than than 44 mobile telephone 44 mobile designs telephone on the designs market on the market with NFC with NFCtechnology, technol- with overover ogy, with 20 more planned 20 more planned in the in thecoming coming months. months.ItItwaswas discovered discovered that, in incontrary contrary to the initial to the initialTAM, TAM,perceived perceivedappropriateness appropriatenesswas wasthethe primary primary factor factor motivating motivating usersusers to to adopt adopt mobile mobile payment payment services services.. Because Because NFCNFCpayment payment is a cutting-edge is a cutting-edge mobilemobile tech- technology nology that that is expected is expected to become to become a global a global trendtrend in a fewin ayears, few years, personalpersonal factorsfactors may havemay have an impact on the expected use of NFC payments, in addition an impact on the expected use of NFC payments, in addition to the purported value and to the purported value and ease-of-use. ease-of-use. SeveralSeveral research research methodologies methodologies havebuilt have been beenover builttime overtotime to analyze analyze client client intentions and actual behavior. One of the most well-known theories is the theorytheory intentions and actual behavior. One of the most well-known theories is the of per-of perceived ceived riskrisk (TPR)(TPR).. It investigates It investigates how how customers’ customers’ fears fears of potential of potential losseslosses impactimpact their their purchasing decisions in a variety of situations. In contrast, theories such as the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), the hypothesis of intent action , the technology acceptance model (TAM) , the hypothesis of planning behavior , and others assert that consumers are logical and risk-averse. Numerous studies on how consumers envision the use of e-services combine these ideas. Therefore, in the current research, ten factors involved in NFC mobile payment adaption, via perceived security, perceived trust, and NFC information quality in mobile payment in Saudi Arabia, were analyzed. As shown in Figure 1, behavioral intention to utilize NFC mobile payment in Saudi Arabia includes perceived utility, perceived ease of use, social influence, perceived danger, subjective norms, perceived security, and perceived trust. Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 5 of 22 3.1. Social Influence A customer’s belief that influential people perceive that they can or cannot engage in a given activity is referred to as social influence. Consumers must examine their credit card details carefully, and they grow irate when their friends and coworkers frequently discuss them. Amin claims that customers frequently internalize and mimic the economic attitudes of their relatives. Furthermore, readily available media have helped to raise consumers’ knowledge of credit cards. An empirical study found that a person’s propensity to use credit cards is influenced by the judgments of their social groups. According to , the social effect solely affects the planned use of credit cards due to their perceived utility and simplicity of use. A person’s decision to use a mobile credit card will be positively influenced by social influence, a psychology science concept, according to. Social impact is expected to favorably influence a consumer’s willingness to adopt NFC due to its popularity. 3.2. Perceived Usefulness Perceived utility measures the extent to which a person believes that employing a method would strengthen their position. Credit cards can be used for both personal credit and non-cash purchases. Consumers choose bank cards over cash because of the risk involved with storing cash or access to special discounts from well-known companies. They rely on traditional credit cards as a source of lines of credit. If necessary, they can use debit cards to withdraw money. Customers favor the simplicity of a credit card as a result, and they are more likely to use them for regular purchases. For MCC to be accepted, it must offer more benefits than cash or credit card payment. One of the advantages of MCC, according to , is that it allows for faster checkout because no signature is necessary. Similarly, because the purchase is closed with a phone wave, the time-consuming step of inputting payment card information is removed. 3.3. Perceived Ease of Use Perceived ease of use is defined as the degree to which a person believes that using a system is straightforward. This perception is generated by a sophisticated sys- tem of perceived control. Customers can quickly and simply register a bank card, according to. According to , numerous electronic devices accept bank cards. Furthermore, because the card payment method is so simple to understand and regularly use, consumers do not have to invest much effort. Multiple surveys demonstrate that credit card users value them and want to use them frequently as a result. Because MCC actions are carried out with a single wave, the previous MP’s limitations would be removed. Customers are likely to favor MCC if they perceive that it requires less mental effort to use. According to , location-based mobile services (such as NFC) may be difficult to use when moving about due to personalized dialogues. Because they lack the knowledge, skills, and capacity to use a technology when it is still in its early stages of development, the majority of customers may choose not to adopt it, according to. A customer’s perception of how convenient NFC mobile payments will be is the main aspect of TAM’s perceived ease of use component. 3.4. Perceived Risk A user’s own expectation of financial loss in the event of an incident is referred to as perceived risk. Users are given a credit line with which to transmit money, but in order to use it successfully, they must invest a great deal of time and. There are occasionally operational or technological problems that cause payments to fail. Users may be apprehended until the authorities establish stakeholder duties because private information and network security are perceived to be in danger. People are consequently less likely to use credit cards when they are worried about their future prospects. A customer’s impression of the dangers associated with utilizing a payment method has little influence Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 6 of 22 on their adoption, according to numerous studies. Despite their reservations regarding the unexpected consequences of utilizing PayPal as a payment method, many use credit cards due to banks’ marketing campaigns. According to , public perception is the most crucial aspect in determining whether or not to use mobile phones for commercial activities such as purchasing in Australia. As a result, technological failure might have monetary or psychological ramifications. Moreover, 63% of American consumers are concerned about financial troubles as a result of MCC adoption. Perceived risk is the degree to which a potential client views mobile payment to be dangerous. When deciding whether to adopt a developing technology, a potential user will compare the level of (perceived) danger vs. the convenience that it delivers. In our research, consumers’ security, privacy, and trust concerns have an influence on perceived risk. Customers’ readiness to embrace new technologies is harmed as a result of this. Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of identity theft and hackers, raising concerns about the security of NFC mobile payments. Potential customers may be hesitant to use a new payment method whose security has yet to be established. 3.5. Subjective Norms Because SN is active in new technology adoption studies, MCC adoption is likely to be influenced. Image, on the other hand, refers to the extent to which an invention may improve a user’s social standing. By evaluating normative views, which are defined as a person’s conviction that those who are significant to them believe that they should use a particular system or take a particular action, this method provides social context. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significance of the connection between normative beliefs and the desire to use a technology. The significance of the connection between subjective norms and beliefs regarding the use of mobile apps has also been shown in an additional study. 3.6. Perceived Security Because perceived security is so essential in consumers’ technology-linked activities, researchers have attempted to identify the factors that impact perceived security. According to a study, perceptions of security and privacy issues, as well as credit cards’ “mobile payment” capabilities, are all obstacles to Internet-based transactions. In terms of security concerns, the network security of digital payments and that of payment options such as credit cards is very similar. More importantly, recent cryptographic advances have enabled all modern payment services, such as digital payments and smart credit/debit cards, to provide a better degree of financial safety , which is often supported by standard systems engineering security criteria. 3.7. Perceived Trust Consumers’ trust is crucial to a company’s success, and a bank’s high status is key to its position in the market. It demonstrates that clients have faith in banks. Many consumers are intrigued by the possibility of using credit cards. Customers have faith in the financial industry because of the benefits that it delivers and because banks adhere to a set of norms. Trust and commitment, on the other hand, have an influence on client loyalty, particularly when banks’ products and services are trusted. On the other hand, unfavorable views of banks have a detrimental effect on how customers regard them, which lowers consumer loyalty and trust. Thus, employing TAM and the full theory, the authors of created a model to ascertain whether a person’s trust in mobile payments is likely to be impacted by his or her well-founded faith in Internet online payments. The model also looked at how these trust perceptions interact with both a customer’s positive and negative attitudes to affect their uptake of mobile banking services. This model might account for 44.2% of the variation in intention to use digital payments. Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 7 of 22 3.8. NFC Information Quality The excellent quality of NFC information during transactions might be considered as both a reward for using NFC and a reason to use NFC to manage transaction-related data. Visitors’ judgments of the perceived benefits associated with NFC are based on the perceived achievements after using NFC, and the efforts required before using NFC define the perceived value of NFC. According to previous studies, the higher the perceived value of knowledge, the higher the perceived worth. Because information quality is a measure of a product’s or service’s worth, when customers are passionate about a product’s or service’s information-related benefits, its value is seen to be higher. As a result, the higher the value of NFC, the higher the quality of the information that it provides, and the more people it attracts. Information quality may also be used as a criterion for measuring an information system’s performance as an external motivation. The quality of information is an important factor in determining enjoyment. The two components of NFC technology are the initiator, which initiates and sustains data and communication transfer, and the receiver, which responds to requests. According to various studies, this technology can offer enhanced functionality and transfer data to a user’s bank via a chip, a cellular SIM card, or even a memory stick [146–148]. 3.9. Attitudes towards Using NFC Researchers have found that all of the aforementioned advantages are essential for maintaining NFC technology commitment. Users’ ongoing concerns about the pri- vacy and security of their financial and personal information while using new mobile payment technology have a negative effect on their willingness to use the service. Several studies [150–152] have employed a variety different subjective criteria to explain users’ initial behavioral intentions and ongoing intentions regarding mobile payment systems. According to , there must be a connection between group norms and specific user suggestions in order for people to intend to use mobile payment services in the future. When examined how normative views affected mobile payment services, they found that it was a critical element in determining how likely consumers were to use mobile payments in the long run. Furthermore, examined 323 US mobile payment users and discovered that social influence was the most critical element determining customers’ propensity to continue using the service. The TAM model, which was the first to propose perceived benefits as a construct, has subsequently become the most commonly utilized construct in many technology acceptance theories. Consumer attitudes and actions are influenced by perceived usefulness. On the other hand, high perceived utility may influence consumer behavior and encourage the use of a service, such as mobile payments. 3.10. Consumer Intention to Use NFC for Credit Card Based on the analysis of consumer habits and earlier studies on the intention to use credit cards, this paper proposes a theoretical model of intended credit card use. Customers’ desire to continue using mobile payment services is positively and significantly correlated with perceived usefulness, according to. These trust-based ecosystems encourage long-term technological engagement and influence willingness to use services such as contactless banking. Perceived risk has long been acknowledged by researchers as an important factor in influencing users’ behavioral intentions and influencing their pre- or post-purchase behavior. According to research, consumers’ expected credit card usage is impacted by perceived utility. Regarding perceived risk, among the different approaches that employ perceived risk to assess consumers’ intended usage of technology study are perceived danger and security, as well as privacy problems. Consumer acceptance of e-services is generally viewed as a major barrier to the core idea of TPR, i.e., perceived risk. It has been demonstrated that e-services negatively affect behavioral intentions. Peers’ perceptions of the utility and ease of use of modern electronic services such as e-banking, e- shopping, and e-payment have been linked to customers’ intentions to use them. According to empirical studies, perceived utility, which serves as a mediator between perceived Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 8 of 22 usefulness and perceived ease of use, influences credit card usage intentions directly or indirectly via perceived usefulness and ease of use. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that social groups directly affect customers’ behavior and intentions. 4. Methodology This section includes the details of the study technique, such as the preparation of the measurement apparatus, the data collection procedure, sample characteristics, and data analysis methods. In order to assess theoretical models and assumptions, quantitative methods have been created. For this work, a quantification survey was used. The mea- surement scales was developed after performing extensive research and were intended to cover every step of the building process. The use of mobile payment systems based on NFC has been promoted by numerous organizations all over the world, including in Saudi Arabia. How closely connected a group of objects is can be determined by Cronbach’s alpha, a measure of internal consistency. It is frequently used as a scale accuracy indicator. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to be 0.914 using standardized items. According to the correlation value (Cronbach’s alpha) for both the pilot and final test designs, all variables were confirmed to be correct and sufficient. For more details, see Table 1. Table 1. Pilot and final test values for all variables. No Factors Code Pilot Test Final Test 1 Social Influence SI 0.704 0.856 2 Perceived Usefulness PU 0.732 0.804 3 Perceived Ease of Use PEU 0.801 0.890 4 Perceived Risk PR 0.711 0.881 5 Subjective Norms SN 0.782 0.889 6 Perceived Security PS 0.716 0.865 7 Perceived Trust PT 0.786 0.864 8 NFC Information Quality NFCQ 0.792 0.927 9 Attitude towards Using NFC ANFC 0.809 0.824 10 Intention to Use NFC INFC 0.708 0.874 4.1. Measurement Instrument The questions chosen in this study are based on research conducted with the con- ceptual method; to ensure the instrument’s validity, each variable in the proposed model must be stated. The bulk of the materials had to be translated into Arabic before being utilized in the Saudi research because they were produced in English. The phrasing was changed in certain cases to fit the Saudi context of digital payment NFC systems. The goal of this study is to propose an initial NFC digital payment acceptance model due to a lack of empirical studies on the technology’s mobile payment service. The measurements of the structures were performed in stages. All figures are based on the specified principles and are based on research. According to , who focused on mobile payment services, the TAM comprises perceived usefulness and ease of use, each with three components. Each of the three questions is used to examine attitudes toward and behavioral intentions to utilize NFC mobile payment. According to research on mobile banking services by the Federal Reserve, perceived security, perceived trust, and perceived risk all have three components. Subjective norms were assessed using three questions from , and social influence was assessed using three questions from. Finally, three criteria were utilized to evaluate the information quality of NFC. Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 9 of 22 4.2. Data Collection and Sample Size The sample size in PLS is decided by one of the following rules. Below, we describe the procedures used in the partial least squares (PLS) approach in this study. (1) Creating a Measurement Model. The latent and visible variables are connected via an ex- terior model called the measurement model. (2) Designing a Structural Model. (3) Creating a Flow Chart. We described the relationship between variables using a flow chart, which can be used to explain a series of causal interactions between concepts from the mathemati- cal framework established in the first stage. (4) Creating an Equation from the Flowchart. University students from Saudi Arabia provided the information. The survey items were scored using a Likert scale with a maximum of seven points (1 being “strongly disagree”, and 7 being “strongly agree”). A brief overview of the NFC mobile banking system was provided on the questionnaire’s first page. Before continuing on to the following page, research participants were advised to read the explanation thoroughly. The 1217 responses were collected from people in Saudi Arabia’s major cities who had access to smartphone services. Male respondents represented 588 of the 1217 legitimate surveys, while female respondents represented 629. In addition, the respondents comprised 268 people between the ages of 26 and 30; 227 people between the ages of 31 and 35; 276 people between the ages of 36 and 40; and 230 people beyond the age of 40. Finally, the monthly average income of 305 respondents was between 3000 and 5000 Saudi Riyal; for 251, it was between 6000 and 8000 Saudi Riyal; for 227, it was between 9000 and 12,000 Saudi Riyal; for 220 (9.2%), it was is between 13,000 and 15,000 Saudi Riyal, and for 214, it was between 16,000 and 16,500 Saudi Riyal. See Table 2 for further information. Table 2. Data collection and sample size. Characteristics Number Male 588 Gender Female 629 22–25 years old 216 26–30 years old 268 Age 31–35 years old 227 36–40 years old 276 More than 40 years old 230 3000–5000 Saudi Riyal 305 6000–8000 Saudi Riyal 251 Monthly Average Income 9000–12,000 Saudi Riyal 227 13,000–15,000 Saudi Riyal 220 More than 16,000 Saudi Riyal 214 5. Results and Analysis Analyzing the structure model (Inner Model), the R-squared (R2 ) test and the relevance test using correlation and path estimations were employed to assess the structural equation model or SEM using PLS. The impact of a latent variable on a dependent latent variable is measured using the R-squared (R2 ) value. reported that the R2 result ranged from 0.487 to 0.762, demonstrating the model’s suitability. Using structural equation modeling, the variables’ dependability and validity were evaluated (SEM). SPSS 23.0 and Smart PLS 2.0 were used to analyze the data. Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 10 of 22 5.1. Reliability and Validity of Measures To evaluate the validity and reliability of each factor’s measurement, coefficient alphas, composite reliabilities, and average variances were used (AVE). The reliability statistic that is most frequently used is Cronbach’s alpha. The first step is to assess internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results were favorable, according to , because the loadings of 30 items were higher than 0.70 and their conver- gent validity varied from 0.862 to 0.953. The validity of the results was demonstrated by the Cronbach’s alpha values, which varied from 0.824 to 0.927. R-squared values ranged from 0.487 to 0.762, while AVE values were between 0.675 and 0.872. Table 3 summarizes the findings. Table 3. Factor analysis and factor loadings. Factors Items Factor Loadings Composite Reliability Cronbach’s Alpha AVE R-Squared ANFC1 0.862 Attitude towards ANFC2 0.919 0.895 0.824 0.741 0.649 Using NFC ANFC3 0.798 SI1 0.898 Social Influence SI2 0.880 0.912 0.856 0.775 0.000 SI3 0.862 INFC1 0.890 Intention to Use INFC2 0.887 0.922 0.874 0.798 0.487 NFC INFC3 0.903 PR1 0.901 Perceived Risk PR2 0.898 0.926 0.881 0.808 0.000 PR3 0.896 PEU1 0.846 Perceived Ease PEU2 0.868 0.876 0.890 0.702 0.000 of Use PEU3 0.799 SN1 0.834 Subjective SN2 0.868 0.876 0.889 0.703 0.000 Norms SN3 0.813 PU1 0.865 Perceived PU2 0.905 0.885 0.804 0.720 0.000 Usefulness PU3 0.770 PS1 0.857 Perceived PS2 0.792 0.862 0.865 0.675 0.731 Security PS3 0.816 NFC NFCQ1 0.939 Information NFCQ2 0.938 0.953 0.927 0.872 0.762 Quality NFCQ3 0.924 PT1 0.871 Perceived Trust PT2 0.917 0.917 0.864 0.786 0.621 PT3 0.871 5.2. Measurement Construct Validity The extent to which constructs express the idea for which they were developed is known as construct validity. This was found after carefully examining a number of issues in the research that had obtained a great deal of confirmation. Table 4 shows the components that were included in the made-to-measure structure, as well as their corresponding loadings. Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 11 of 22 Table 4. Loadings and cross-loadings of items. Factors Items ANFC SI INFC PR PEU SN PU PS NFCQ PT Attitude ANFC1 0.862 0.539 0.599 0.617 0.522 0.543 0.630 0.716 0.657 0.670 towards ANFC2 0.919 0.565 0.614 0.603 0.538 0.611 0.599 0.694 0.687 0.707 Using NFC ANFC3 0.798 0.544 0.477 0.507 0.372 0.437 0.366 0.549 0.586 0.572 SI1 0.584 0.898 0.579 0.496 0.476 0.508 0.465 0.502 0.504 0.556 Social SI2 0.613 0.880 0.557 0.516 0.426 0.509 0.429 0.535 0.570 0.539 Influence SI3 0.461 0.862 0.518 0.439 0.341 0.418 0.328 0.371 0.462 0.425 INFC1 0.592 0.537 0.890 0.657 0.566 0.602 0.624 0.584 0.528 0.576 Intention to INFC2 0.541 0.517 0.887 0.558 0.509 0.532 0.533 0.528 0.554 0.527 Use NFC INFC3 0.628 0.625 0.903 0.680 0.530 0.623 0.548 0.607 0.599 0.605 PR1 0.631 0.532 0.668 0.901 0.532 0.604 0.625 0.764 0.650 0.609 Perceived PR2 0.568 0.503 0.620 0.898 0.538 0.583 0.577 0.706 0.667 0.588 Risk PR3 0.612 0.452 0.623 0.896 0.518 0.556 0.573 0.665 0.587 0.582 PEU1 0.401 0.362 0.510 0.436 0.846 0.508 0.467 0.436 0.408 0.414 Perceived PEU2 0.511 0.446 0.539 0.530 0.868 0.608 0.632 0.617 0.517 0.512 Ease of Use PEU3 0.484 0.381 0.453 0.503 0.799 0.647 0.434 0.495 0.423 0.484 SN1 0.526 0.434 0.540 0.504 0.635 0.834 0.592 0.555 0.448 0.484 Subjective SN2 0.560 0.518 0.622 0.569 0.599 0.868 0.571 0.570 0.548 0.594 Norms SN3 0.473 0.423 0.487 0.554 0.543 0.813 0.424 0.536 0.561 0.527 PU1 0.517 0.319 0.510 0.544 0.521 0.546 0.865 0.658 0.478 0.528 Perceived PU2 0.595 0.485 0.611 0.580 0.577 0.617 0.905 0.669 0.505 0.506 Usefulness PU3 0.483 0.397 0.495 0.559 0.474 0.432 0.770 0.563 0.390 0.405 PS1 0.815 0.574 0.628 0.704 0.511 0.576 0.555 0.857 0.824 0.808 Perceived PS2 0.508 0.417 0.482 0.609 0.492 0.565 0.668 0.792 0.464 0.449 Security PS3 0.489 0.300 0.440 0.632 0.550 0.483 0.650 0.816 0.529 0.494 NFC NFCQ1 0.695 0.588 0.605 0.633 0.484 0.548 0.494 0.703 0.939 0.787 Information NFCQ2 0.729 0.557 0.580 0.702 0.566 0.608 0.523 0.768 0.938 0.793 Quality NFCQ3 0.675 0.497 0.576 0.645 0.467 0.581 0.503 0.679 0.924 0.798 PT1 0.643 0.550 0.545 0.555 0.374 0.472 0.426 0.594 0.735 0.871 Perceived PT2 0.695 0.470 0.611 0.564 0.527 0.569 0.503 0.643 0.792 0.917 Trust PT3 0.679 0.535 0.543 0.638 0.596 0.658 0.580 0.734 0.729 0.871 5.3. Measurement Validity of Construct Discriminant validity describes differences between a set of concepts and related metrics. The study hypothesized that values greater than 0.50 and significance at p = 0.001 would support the discriminant validity of both concepts. According to , the correlations between elements inside the constructs should be less than the AVE square root shared by concepts that represent a single notion; see Table 5. Table 5. Discriminant validity. No Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Attitude towards Using NFC 1.000 2 Intention to Use NFC 0.659 1.000 3 NFC Information Quality 0.750 0.628 1.000 4 Perceived Ease of Use 0.561 0.599 0.542 1.000 5 Perceived Risk 0.672 0.710 0.707 0.589 1.000 6 Perceived Security 0.764 0.643 0.768 0.626 0.794 1.000 7 Perceived Trust 0.758 0.639 0.848 0.566 0.661 0.742 1.000 8 Perceived Usefulness 0.628 0.636 0.543 0.619 0.659 0.745 0.569 1.000 9 Social Influence 0.636 0.629 0.586 0.477 0.553 0.543 0.583 0.470 1.000 10 Subjective Norms 0.621 0.658 0.620 0.706 0.648 0.660 0.640 0.632 0.549 1.000 5.4. Model Measurement Fit As a result, the retrieval of five external factors, three mediator variables, and two endogenous variables was successful. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 12 of 22 factor analysis (EFA), as established by , were used to verify the multi-item scales’ reliability, concurrent validity, and divergent validity. Despite the relevance of the chi- square value, these statistics were sensitive to the sample and model complexity (2.55). For evaluating the model’s fit, other statistics such as the GFI (0.943), CFI (0.964), IFI (0.966), NFI (0.972), and RMSEA (0.051) are preferable. 5.5. The Analysis of the Structural Model The structure model’s global adjustment goodness-of-fit measurements were utilized to verify the model employed in this investigation. Since they had appropriate values for the absolute measures of adjustment determined during the model evaluation, such as GFI (0.934), CFI (0.955), IFI (0.951), NFI (0.959), RMSEA (0.959), and RMR (0.048), they were considered good according to the literature. Electronics 2022, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW The study’s assumptions were evaluated and correlations were established13using of 23 Smart PLS 2.0. Figure 1 depicts the proposed theory, Figure 2 shows the results of the path coefficient, and Figure 3 shows the T-values. Figure Figure 2. 2. Results Results of of path path coefficient. coefficient. Table 6’s findings show that seventeen hypotheses were confirmed, while one was rejected. The research model analyzes ten main factors and 30 research items. The first factor was the relationship between social influence and perceived security (0.063), and social influence and perceived trust (0.193); thus, both hypotheses were accepted. Due to the correlation between usefulness and trust (0.321) and perceived value and perceived security (0.321), both hypotheses were accepted (0.075). For the third component, the correlation between perceived ease of use and security was accepted (0.077), but the correlation between perceived ease of use and usefulness trust (0.044) was disregarded. Due to the fourth factor, which was the association among risk and perceived safety (0.453) and evaluated risk and brand trust (0.453), both hypotheses were confirmed (0.072). Both hypotheses were accepted because of the association between subjective norms and experienced security (0.074) and trust (0.182) in the fifth factor. The sixth factor was the relationship between perceived security and perceived trust (0.489), and perceived security and NFC information quality (0.308), as well as perceived security and attitude towards use Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 13 of 22 NFC (0.460); the three hypotheses were accepted. The seventh factor was the relationship between perceived trust and intention to use NFC (0.217), and perceived trust and NFC information quality (0.620); thus, both hypotheses were accepted. The eighth factor was the relationship between NFC information quality and attitude towards use NFC (0.396), and NFC information quality and intention to use NFC (0.168); thus, both hypotheses were accepted. Finally, the relationship between attitude towards using NFC and intention to Figure use NFC 2. Results (0.368) of waspath coefficient. accepted. Figure 3. Figure 3. T-value T-value results. results. Table Table 6’s of 6. Testing findings show that seventeen hypotheses were confirmed, while one was hypotheses. rejected. The research model analyzes ten main factors and 30 research items. The first factor Links Path was the relationship between social influence and perceived security (0.063), and No Hypotheses Mean S.D. S.E. T-Value Results Coefficient social influence and perceived trust (0.193); thus, both hypotheses were accepted. Due to 1 Social Influence → Perceived Security 0.063 0.071 0.091 0.091 0.694 Accepted 2 Social Influence → Perceived Trust 0.193 0.171 0.117 0.117 1.650 Accepted 3 Perceived Usefulness → Perceived Security 0.321 0.330 0.107 0.107 2.999 Accepted 4 Perceived Usefulness → Perceived Trust 0.075 0.080 0.127 0.127 0.592 Accepted 5 Perceived Ease of Use → Perceived Security 0.077 0.098 0.117 0.117 0.658 Accepted 6 Perceived Ease of Use → Perceived Trust 0.044 0.051 0.101 0.101 0.432 Rejected 7 Perceived Risk → Perceived Security 0.453 0.443 0.109 0.109 4.162 Accepted 8 Perceived Risk → Perceived Trust 0.072 0.097 0.160 0.160 0.451 Accepted 9 Subjective Norms → Perceived Security 0.074 0.060 0.113 0.113 0.659 Accepted 10 Subjective Norms → Perceived Trust 0.182 0.176 0.139 0.139 1.309 Accepted 11 Perceived Security → Perceived Trust 0.489 0.489 0.147 0.147 3.321 Accepted 12 Perceived Security → NFC Information Quality 0.308 0.295 0.139 0.139 2.219 Accepted 13 Perceived Security → Attitude towards Using NFC 0.460 0.478 0.127 0.127 3.624 Accepted 14 Perceived Trust → Intention to Use NFC 0.217 0.186 0.215 0.215 1.011 Accepted 15 Perceived Trust → NFC Information Quality 0.620 0.634 0.141 0.141 4.392 Accepted 16 NFC Information Quality → Attitude towards Using NFC 0.396 0.383 0.144 0.144 2.753 Accepted 17 NFC Information Quality → Intention to Use NFC 0.168 0.213 0.245 0.245 0.686 Accepted 18 Attitude towards Using NFC → Intention to Use NFC 0.368 0.357 0.159 0.159 2.321 Accepted Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 14 of 22 6. Discussion and Academic Contribution Mobile payments are still in their infancy in Saudi Arabia. Given that the mobile payment system requires the establishment of agreements among multiple players, this is understandable. Banks, technology companies, credit card companies, phone compa- nies, startups, governments, businesses, customers, and other stakeholders must all work together to create a common interest and synergy. NFC might provide merchants with a means to interact with their consumers directly through products, applications, or mobile payments. When a customer inspects an NFC chip in a package, for example, the customer could send real-time data to the manufacturer, attempting to generate extremely valuable data, because the technology allows manufacturers to track both what happens to their products after they leave the shelves and their customers’ purchasing habits. For these reasons, we chose to investigate this technology. NFC technology has become one of the most exciting technologies in recent years due to the economic potential in its usage for mobile phones and the reliance on important features in the immediate term beyond mobile payment. M-commerce (mobile commerce) apps and new business models, such as mobile payments, are now flourishing. On the market, there are a variety of solutions that use diverse approaches and technologies. They all utilize near-field commu- nication (NFC), which is also known as contactless payment. As a result of this study’s goal of building a new model for accepting mobile payment and NFC information quality, people in Saudi Arabia must find them compatible with their systems and show acceptance toward their usage and behavioral intention to use NFC mobile payment methods. The study’s conclusions have a large impact on the acceptance of NFC mobile payments. This is one of the first studies to look at the factors influencing the consumer adoption of mobile payment services and the quality of NFC data. Based on theoretical consid- erations, we created a study model that outlines key components of behavioral control and attitudes toward usage for NFC mobile payment methods. Based on data from a comprehensive survey carried out in Saudi Arabia, Figure 1 provides empirical support for the proposed model. The most significant factors affecting the perceived safety of the adoption of mobile payments with NFC, according to Figures 2 and 3 and Table 4, are social influence, perceived usefulness, and perceived simplicity of use, risk involved, and subjective norms. The factors that had the greatest impact on people’s perceptions of trust in NFC mobile payments were similar to those in earlier studies: social influence, perceived usefulness, perceived danger, and subjective standards. Although it indicates that perceived ease of use has a negative influence on perceived trust in mobile payments utilizing NFC, this study varies from past research in that it finds that perceived ease of use has a positive impact on this perception. Therefore, emphasizing the simplicity of NFC mobile payment is insufficient for the company’s success; smartphone users must instead be made aware of its advantages. The ease of NFC payment, such as non-swiping cards and automated transactions utilizing short-range wireless technology, appears to be the major focus of NFC providers’ marketing tactics in Saudi Arabia. According to the findings of this study, perceived ease of use without a strong sense of usefulness may be insufficient to drive smartphone users to employ NFC payment and its information quality capabilities. Perceived security also has the greatest impact on perceived trust, NFC information quality, attitudes toward using NFC, and the desire to use NFC for mobile payment. Similarly, perceived trust influences the quality of NFC information, attitudes toward adopting NFC, and willingness to utilize mobile payments with NFC. Finally, opinions toward NFC and the desire to utilize mobile payments with NFC are largely influenced by the quality of NFC information available. People must find mobile payment services and the NFC information quality to be consistent with their existing attitudes toward using NFC and their behavioral desire to use NFC mobile payment methods in order to contemplate adopting them. Acceptance researchers often disregard perceived security, perceived trust, and the caliber of NFC data because these are not addressed in the original TAM. We found that the elements that have the strongest effects on perceived security also have a strong positive and direct impact on perceived trust, the caliber of Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 15 of 22 the NFC information, and attitudes toward adopting NFC in the context of future NFC payment usage. According to the R-squared (R2 = 73%), perceived trust has a significant positive and direct impact on NFC information quality and the desire to use mobile pay- ment methods. The NFC protocol was accepted. NFC information quality has a substantial favorable and direct influence on attitudes toward adopting NFC and intention to use mobile payment methods, according to the R-squared (R2 = 62%). The NFC protocol was accepted. NFC information quality has a substantial favorable and direct influence on attitudes toward adopting NFC and intention to use mobile payment methods, according to the R-squared (R2 = 76%). A person’s attitude regarding the use of NFC has a major impact on whether or not they wish to use mobile payment methods. NFC was authorized by the R-squared (R2 = 66%), and the willingness to utilize mobile payment adaption NFC was accepted by the R-squared (R2 = 49%). This research will serve as a foundation for future empirical and conceptual research on mobile payment and NFC data quality. The results presented in this study offer additional research starting points, in addition to its overall contribution of attempting to identify, conceptualize, and operationalize pertinent acceptance drivers of mobile payments. They also offer a perspective on the perceptions of safety and perceived trust for particular intent-to-use factors influencing NFC. This research also looked at the overall acceptability of mobile payment services, as well as the accuracy of NFC data. Furthermore, we chose not to consider or categorize individual NFC-based mobile payment methods. As a result, a future study might expand on this structural model, adapting it to specific payment systems and NFC quality of information in turn, considering attitudes toward usage and behavioral control in using NFC mobile payment methods. Furthermore, the scope of our empirical study is restricted to the Saudi Arabian population. It will be intriguing to see if the findings are replicated in other countries. This would enable the data reported here to be examined for their worldwide generalizability and allow cultural aspects relevant to mobile payment acceptability to be investigated. This research has significant implications for mobile payment. It is one of the first of its type, delivering an experimental study to understand customers’ behavior in the adoption of NFC mobile payments, due to the early stages of NFC mobile payment. Saudi Arabia has been a pioneer of NFC mobile payments, while the rest of the world lags behind. The mobile phone industry around the world is interested in whether Saudi consumers will adopt the new payment option. Because Saudi Arabia has a high and rapid acceptance rate for new technology such as smartphones and mobile internet, NFC mobile payment is projected to be successful. According to the conclusions of the present study, it is vital to underline the importance of employing marketing tools to establish targeted campaigns aimed at educating consumers on the benefits of mobile contactless payments, particularly those that use technologies such as NFC. Advertisements should also show how the new system can be integrated into their daily lives. It should also show that the instrument is safe for financial transactions by displaying perceived security, perceived trust, and NFC information quality safeguards such as security seals or even links to well-known financial security brands such as Visa or PayPal. Research Contributions and Implications This study makes several contributions to the mobile payment adoption literature. First, this work contributes to the body of knowledge on mobile payment adoption by establishing a new model that includes the important and significant drivers of the adop- tion of mobile payments among clients in Saudi banks. Second, this research will become a reference for many researchers for future empirical research on mobile payment adop- tion. Third, our findings can offer additional research starting points, in addition to our study’s overall contribution in attempting to identify, conceptualize, and operationalize pertinent acceptance drivers of mobile payment. Fourth, they also offer a perspective on the importance of some factors related to perceived risk, perceived security and perceived trust, information quality, and subjective norms, and their effects on clients’ intention to use mobile payments using NFC. Fifth, this work proves that the TAM model is a powerful tool Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 16 of 22 to predict the factors influencing users’ adoption of mobile payment technology. Finally, the results of this research can assist Saudi banks in better understanding the security and privacy procedures of mobile payment using NFC. 7. Conclusions and Future Works Identifying the factors that affect perceived security and trust, as well as how they affect NFC information quality, attitudes about utilizing NFC, and behavioral intentions to utilize NFC mobile payment, was the main objective of this study. The study’s findings confirmed the associations that were expected, demonstrating that normative beliefs, value perception, usefulness and ease of use, perceived danger, and social power all significantly improve perceptions of security in the use of NFC mobile payments. Additionally, socializing, potential value, perceived danger, and subjective criteria all have a beneficial influence on perceptions of NFC and confidence in mobile payments. The one factor that seriously undermines confidence in near-field mobile payments is the perceived simplicity of use. The study’s findings also unambiguously validated the connections between the perception of security, brand trust, and the quality of the NFC information, all of which significantly influenced Saudi Arabians’ attitudes toward utilizing NFC and their behavioral intention to use NFC mobile payment. The study’s conclusions have a variety of ramifications for academics investigating the application of NFC mobile payment technologies. Firstly, this research adds to our understanding of the aspects that determine NFC information quality, such as perceived danger, perceived security, and perceived trust, as well as its impact on attitudes toward NFC and behavioral intentions to use NFC mobile payment. The study’s findings have significant theoretical significance for managers and practitioners developing mobile payment acceptance strategies in order to boost mobile payment acceptability and proliferation. Regarding the use of mobile payments, service providers should first thoroughly examine the risk, security, trust, and NFC information quality. Service providers should implement a strong security system while providing mobile payment services to customers in order to manage the potential risk, security, trust, and NFC quality of information associated with contactless banking. When completing operations that need authenticity and confidentiality, service providers should use a portable, cryptographically signed instruments and extremely secure passwords. It is crucial to educate consumers about safety each time they conduct a digital payment, before using NFC mobile payment technologies, or to provide prospective users with training and testing services. The second requirement is that users obtain a positive user experience. Mobile payments must be dependable, devoid of technological flaws, and extremely responsive to any problems that can arise as a result of the adoption of NFC mobile payments. Every study is certain to have issues. Firstly, this study only considers the perceived security and trustworthiness of mobile payment adoption NFC-related aspects that are theoretically linked to technology acceptance; other driving factors for mobile payment adoption are not included. Furthermore, because this study is based on information from only one Middle Eastern country, its generalizability is constrained. As a result, extrapolating these findings to a different culture should be performed with caution, and additional, prospective, cross- cultural research should be conducted to investigate the adoption of mobile payments utilizing NFC. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.A.A. and A.A.-R.; methodology, F.A. and L.H.; soft- ware, A.L.; validation, M.A. and S.A.; formal analysis, W.M.A.-R., S.A.-s. and T.H.H.A. investigation, M.A.A. and A.L.; resources, M.A.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.A.; writing—review and editing, M.A.A.; visualization, M.A.A.; supervision, M.A.A.; project administration, M.A.A.; fund- ing acquisition, M.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was funded by King Faisal University (Project GRANT NO. 1972). Acknowledgments: This work was supported through the Annual Funding track by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (Project GRANT NO. 1972). Electronics 2022, 11, 3926 17 of 22 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Achsan, W.; Achsani, N.A.; Bandono, B. 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