EIPA Study Guide PDF

question answer The early detection of hearing loss is critical It allows deaf and hard of hearing students to because develop language that is more age-appropriate...

question answer The early detection of hearing loss is critical It allows deaf and hard of hearing students to because develop language that is more age-appropriate when compared with their hearing peers True or false: the majority of deaf and hard of true hearing students are born to hearing families who may not provide them access to a fluent language early in development From age 6 to 11 what two things happen? 1.​ Students develop notions about their ability to achieve (industry vs. inferiority) 2.​ Students develop the capacity to work and cooperate with others How does inferiority develop? Negative experiences at home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence True or false: as a student matures False interpreters should increase the amount of support they provide. What period is important to identify The period of adolescence formation? Why do young people experience identity Weak sense of trust, autonomy or initiative confusion and may be unprepared for the challenges of adulthood? True or false: the interpreter should respond False, an interpreter should consider the the same way to a student’s attentiveness student’s level of maturity (why) Which approach assumes that cognitive A piagetian approach to cognitive development is independent from language development development? True or false : it is more important to have False interpreters with better skills are high skill for older children (why?) needed with younger students who are still developing language skills and are less capable of repairing an interpreter’s errors How should an interpreter understand the Interpreters should review a student’s IEP student’s level of functioning? with other members of the team True or false: students do not bond with False they do but the interpreter needs interpreters professional boundaries True or false: the gender of the interpreter False does not matter Why would peers view a student to be The student does not have age-appropriate socially awkward? pragmatic skills Social and cognitive development throughout Peer relationships the school years is gained through what? What does cognitive development mean? The student’s understanding of concepts and ability to think and reason True or false: students who are deaf or hard True of hearing have the same capability for cognitive development as do students with normal hearing A skilled educational interpreter must not only Be able to handle the complex task of using understand the concept of cognitive language to communicate concepts that are development but also must what? new, abstract, or difficult What helps students develop cognitive skills? The ability to interact with others while using language Information enters the mind to stimulate Sound, visual information, speech, and touch cognitive development through the perceptions of what 4 things? Cultural background affects cognition by What we know, what is important, how we helping to define what 4 things? approach new tasks, how we interact True or false: teacher’s questions can require True different levels of abstraction in terms of cognitive skills What is the level of abstraction in terms of Taxonomy: Demonstration of knowledge, cognitive skills? comprehension, application. Analysis, synthesis, evaluation What may help a student organize the text Organizing a text spatially cognitively? What does cognitive organization do? Helps students store and remember concepts Providing students with repetition allows them Patterns, parallels, comparisons, and to see what 4 things? similarities True or false: in terms of cognitive True development, students learn when there is a conflict between what they think and new information that they receive What does a student do when conflict They learn and accommodate, or modify a between what they think and new information new cognitive scheme, based on the new that they receive? information What is a cognitive scheme Cognitive structure that organizes information, making sense of experience. Students develop schemes in many different domains: motor, language, thinking, social, etc. How are cognitive schemes developed? On previous experiences How do students interpret the world and Cognitive schemes experiences? What is contextualization? Breaking down concepts True or false: a student’s ability to repeat a False. Students can memorize language concept means the student understands it without understanding what it really means True or false: understanding a concept and True being able to talk about a concept often being able to talk about a concept are not the helps a student understand it same The goal of education is for students to do Acquire thinking skills, not to just memorize what? facts How are students like little scientists? Trying to explore and figure out how the world works based on what they see, do, and hear True or false: students learn a great deal from True exploration, making mistakes, and self-correction Behavioral approaches to learning propose positive that positive behavior can be increased by the use reinforcers How can negative behavior be decreased? The use of punishment or withdrawal of privileges What does strict behaviorism not recognize? The active cognitive construction on the part of the student The interpreter needs to know the student’s Language skills both expressive and what? receptive, the student’s cognitive potential and the educational goals as outlined in the student’s IEP Who should conduct a language evaluation? Professional who has training specific to language and students who are deaf or hard  of hearing What stimulates cognitive development? language True or false: language development in ASL True parallels the development of spoken languages What impacts a student’s ability to learn new A student’s language level, their world concepts? knowledge, and vocabulary skills Why do DHH students have language Environmental limitations for language delays? access How is academic language different than Academic language is generally more conversational language? complex in terms of vocabulary and syntax. It provides students with fewer contexts to understand the topic. It has less turn taking with longer monologues Deaf students are learning language while An interpreter may need to include an learning concepts in school. How do explanation of a concept in the interpretation interpreters accommodate this? in order to facilitate learning True or false: communicating concepts that true are easy, or used often, are different than concepts that are new, abstract, or difficult What happens when young students make They continually make the error since it often errors? What should adults do? goes unnoticed. Adults should model proper language and not expect an immediate fix Gestures are useful in communication and no used with adults and children. Is gesture linguistic When do students begin to produce their first Around 1 year words? When do students begin to combine two Around 2 years words or signs into a sentence? When do students begin to produce complex Around 3 years language? When are hearing students able to use Around 3-4 years English morphology correctly most of the time? When are deaf students learning ASL for their Around 3-4 years deaf families able to use verb agreement correctly much of the time? True or false: during the early elementary True years, students are still learning to use language What is decontextualized language? Language that refers to people and events that are not in the here and now What is the first form of decontextualized The ability to talk about past events in one of language? the earliest forms of decontextualized language In early language development children talk The here and now about what? How do young students use prosody in To help determine how to segment language language? at the word and sentence level. Prosody also communicated a great deal of information about the speaker’s intention, which may particularly benefit students in the process of learning language When do language demands increase in 3rd grade. Students who were able to read textbooks? first and second grade textbook may experience more difficulty at this level How does classifier use develop? Slowly, children continuously make errors until around 8 or 9 True or false: making mistake while learning false. hearing students mispronounce words language is abnormal and DHH misproduce signs How does a teacher’s understanding of a Students learn best when a teacher student's knowledge affect their learning? understands what they know and what they don’t True or false: deaf and hard of hearing False learn from reading students who have ASL as their first language typically learn english from fingerspelling True or false: hearing and DHH students do False. Hearing students do not need to be not need to explicitly be taught language taught language except in special circumstances. However deaf and hard of hearing students may need specific and explicit instruction in learning english How do students learn new words Multiple exposures to the word - not from just the definition True or false: learning sign language will false interfere with a student’s ability to learn speech How do students learn linguistic rules? By internalizing it, using it, and then metalinguistic instruction. Deaf students often do not get this explicit metalinguistic ASL instruction Do students correct their peers' language? No. it gives children a chance to be less How does this affect development? inhibited with language use (when adults are not around) Does having an adult present during peer to Yes because the pragmatics of interacting peer interactions affect the interaction? with your peers is different than the pragmatic of interacting with adults What affects our language, especially in Our cultural background terms of the rules of interaction, how much we may talk with other students and adult, and what we believe is the role of communication in our daily lives Why is the early detection of hearing loss It allows deaf and hard of hearing students to critical? develop language that is ore age appropriate when compared with their hearing peers True or false: the majority of deaf and hard of false hearing students are born to hearing families who will provide them access to a fluent language early in development How can interpreting change when the It may mean student is receiving some of the students has a cochlear implant teacher’s spoken message as well as the interpreted message True or false: students who had a hearing false loss before learning language are the same as students who learned speech and language and then experienced a hearing loss What causes most DHH students to be Environmental factors delayed in language development A student’s language use at home and the This may affect the student’s classroom language use at school may differ - how does performance and his ability to see this affect the student? connections between home and school Why would peers view a student as socially If a student does not have age-appropriate awkward pragmatic skills What are sign systems? Does the adult deaf Signs systems designed to represent english community use them? were developed by educators and are not naturally developed languages - no What happens when interpreters “invent” They make the student’s linguistic system signs unique from that of other peers, interpreters, and deaf adults. In addition, this may offend and alienate the deaf community Does iconicity make sign language easier to no learn? Why are sign systems used? Educators who use sign systems believe that exposure to visual English will facilitate English development, although this has not been proven to be the result for all deaf or hard of hearing students. They also believe that english signing is easier for hearing people to learn What is IDEA It is a federal law that protects the rights of students with disabilities. IDEA mandates that all students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate education How can schools make sure an interpreter is EIPA written and expressive qualified? What is an IEP? A legal document detailing each student’s developmental program - Individual education plan Who develops an IEP? The student’s educational team, including a qualified interpreter - also includes the student’s family, the general classroom teacher, a speech-language pathologist, the audiologist, an administrator, a deaf education, and the student when appropriate Is the interpreter an essential member of the Yes - he or she must help ensure that IEP team? language and communication needs of the student are met, including opportunities for direct communication and instruction in the student’s identified language and communication mode What additional services may be on an IEP Occupational or physical therapy, counseling, note-taking, tutoring, training in the use of assistive technology and help learning to work with an interpreter What does LRE mean Least restrictive environment - it allows students to be educated in the most appropriate environment for that student Will the LRE for all DHH students be the No it may differ depending on the student’s same? skills and abilities, as well as the availability of opportunities for interacting with other students How often does IDEA require IEPs to be annually reviewed DHH students must have what done annually Comprehensive communication assessment. for their IEP Assessments must be conducted in the student’s native language and desired mode of communication True or false: classroom curriculum will be the False. Some students need modifications. same for DHH students as hearing students The educational interpreter should work with the IEP team to understand the modifications that are being made What does an interpreter do when Use the context of the educational team and interpreting for multiple DHH students? may include strategies from experienced educational interpreters from outside the immediate team Interpreters should work with who to The IEP team understand the student’s current level of functioning and how this should guide their interpreting True or false: direct interpretation of False. A decision may be made to modify classroom content is always used in interpreting in order to support a student’s educational interpreting learning How do school districts typically try to resolve Keeping it in the district and having the aid of conflicts with families? What happens if there the educational team. They can request an is no resolution? independent review by a hearing Who should understand the roles and All the members within a classroom, responsibilities of the interpreter, and how to teachers, and students interact within the interpreted classroom True or false: professionals working with True students are required by law to report any suspicion of student abuse How should tutoring be handled by the Interpreters should receive additional training interpreter in order to tutor. The classroom teacher or teacher of the deaf should supervise all  tutoring Who has the responsibility for educational The classroom teacher planning, teaching, and evaluation for all students in the classroom? True or false: only teachers who work in a False. All staff public school have the responsibility for behavior management and student safety What is the chain of command in schools Local schools to the district - district to state department of education How is the education of deaf and hard of A combination of local tax-funding as well asl hearing students funded? state and federal funding that is specific for students with disabilities A school districts financial resources are Income level of the surrounding community typically related to the what All students with disabilities are entitled to A free and appropriate education, even if that what requires an interpreter What is the SEA and what does it do? The State Education Agency has a regulatory role in the education of students in terms of credentialing teachers, establishing minimal standards for curriculum, requiring annual achievement tests What is the LEA and what does it do The local education agency is responsible for complying with state and federal requirements. They are responsible for staffing, placement, and delivery of services Who determines qualifications for interpreters The SEA and if they does have any then the LEA can make their own What is the interpreter’s role for standardized Often the instructions can be interpreted, but educational assessments not the actual test. It may be appropriate for an interpreter to interpret a test if the goal of the test is to assess content knowledge and not literacy What are standardized educational tests used Knowing how much progress a student has for mase - achievement tests are used to determine a students improvement in reading, writing, and other content subjects What is a problem related to DHH students A major problem with most standardized tests and standardized tests? is that they have been developed and standardized with hearing students. Often,  some items may not be appropriate for students who are deaf or hard of hearing and may not reflect their underlying abilities What are criterion-referenced tests They use target skills that a student is expected to have mastered by a given age What are intelligence tests? What is a They are an attempt to measure the cognitive problem with these related to DHH students? abilities and processing strategies of a student. Intelligence tests that use language often underestimate the intelligence of a deaf or hard of hearing student What is a problem with classroom checklists They standard for checking them off is not for expected skills? standardized What is the top goal for an educational An interpreting product that is accessible to interpreter? the student True or false: interpreting a concept makes it false accessible If a student is watching the teacher instead of Continue interpreting the interpreter what does the interpreter do? When working with a HH student will the Transliterating product typically be interpreting or transliterating? What is a major goal of general education? Literacy because it serves as the foundation for learning throughout life. Students use what they know about the world to help them read, and read to learn about the world What is a major goal of Deaf education To help a student acquire sufficient language skills to participate in the general curriculum What is curriculum A curriculum specifies what a student should learn and the sequence in which it should be taught What should the interpreter do with the Ask to see it and ask the teacher about their curriculum philosophy of the curriculum so they can understand the teacher’s expectations True or false: when schools have a small False large number of signers causes typical number of students and adults who sign development fluently typical development is more likely to be fostered Deaf adults generally agree that students Free and open communication who are deaf or hard of hearing should be educated in an environment that allows what Bilingual education for deaf and hard of ASL hearing students involved what as the first language What is a self-contained deaf education Typically a classroom within a public school, classroom? but only for deaf and hard of hearing students What is mainstreaming? What is another When a deaf or hard of hearing student name for it? receives his or her education within a general education classroom, often with the use of an interpreter. Inclusion is another name for it What students may need an interpreter in Hard of hearing order to access all information in the classroom even though they can obtain some information without an interpreter In order to interpret foreign languages, tech, Get specialized training physics, etc. interpreters may need to Technically, what occurs when an interpreter interpreting conveys information following the conventions of American sign language (ASL) and english True or false: educational interpreting is false simply standing in the front of the classroom relaying information from the teacher to the student and vice versa What are the roles of the educational Facilitates all communication in the interpreter classroom, adapts his or her signing level to the communication needs of the student, interprets at school functions as needed and prepares for content and message delivery. He or she also assists students and professionals in understanding the role of the interpreter, ensures appropriate logistics and provides clever and appropriate information for substitute interpreters Who does the interpreter work for The interpreter is working for the whole class, including the teacher and all the students What is the interpreter’s role on the IEP team His or her role on the team is to provide consultation regarding strategies to promote student independence, encourage direct communication across various interactions  and interpret content and non-content areas Who is also responsible for promoting student The interpreter participating in classroom discussions and activities, addressing discipline problems and procedure, as well as concerns related to a student;s needs, and education others regarding the implications of hearing loss what does the role of tutor for interpreter Reinforces concepts and class content under entail the direction of a certified teacher-included preparing for content, implementing instructional strategies as identified by the IEP team, reinforcing and supervising practice of skills with individual and small groups, assisting the student and other professionals in understanding the role of the tutor and providing clear and appropriate information for the substitute Understanding process models of interpreting Analyze breakdowns in his or her own can help the interpreter do what interpreting There are multiple levels or layers to Lexical, phrasal, sentential, and discourse analyzing a message including what 4 things What is the key or goal of interpretation or Message equivalency transliteration The student does not have equal access to consistently the classroom content is message equivalency isn’t achieved how often They are factors that influence message The interpreter’s language ability and content equivalency. What are 6 factors knowledge, the speaker’s rate of delivery, discourse organization, communicative intent, register, etc. How can the teacher provide information that Relaying the goal of the lesson, expectations will help the interpreter improve the message for student mastery equivalency True or false: not all language has a function false Transition and relational words and phrases ASL and english in what languages When there is not message equivalency They may not learn the intended content or between the source text and the interpreting concept product what happens to the student True or false: encoding is message false equivalency The interpreter must know what 4 things Their language skills both expressive and about the student receptive, the student’s cognitive potential, and the educational goals as outlined in the student’s IEP True or false:the interpreter’s input regarding false the student’s language use and comprehension shouldn’t be part of the discussion of the educational team regarding modifications made in how the interpretation is to be conducted What happens when interpreters invent signs They make the students' linguistic system unique from that of other peers, interpreters, and deaf adults. In addition, this may offend and alienate the deaf community Attending to classroom visual stimuli and Dual attention attending to the interpretations required what True or false: interpreting a lesson makes it false accessible Interpreting for older and younger students younger require different skills however which students may need better skills What do younger students need more skilled They are still developing language skills and interpreters are less capable of repairing an interpreter’s errors True or false: it is impossible to produce an true interpretation or transliteration product that reflects 100% message equivalency True or false: all classroom information is False there are times when interpreters need important to determine what information in the classroom is informative or may be distracting to the student as extraneous visual noise What should provide information that will Systematic assessment assist in determining where interpreting errors occur and provide guidance in skill development What does annual assessment do It can help other professionals view the interpreter as a professional and understand the importance of being qualified to be an  interpreter for students. It can verify skills What does the helper model look like Involves the concepts of pity, dependency, and paternalism What are the outcomes of the helper model Dependency, inhibit independence and identity development in students, and alienate deaf and hard of hearing students from communicating directly with their hearing peers What does the conduit or machine model An interpreter conveys information from one mean language to another without a personal / cultural context Doing what between both english and ASL is Cognitive processing required by the interpreter for semantic equivalence in a bilingual-bicultural model of interpreting What is the Ally model of interpreting Decisions regarding interpreting are made within the social and political culture surrounding deaf and hard of hearing adults How do class materials help interpreters Understand the concepts cognitively organize the content learn any new vocabulary What can be included in each interpreter’s Local RID chapters, the internet, workshops, professional development plan conferences, etc. How do ties to the deaf community help Language skill development and professional interpreters development What health issues can come up from Involving repetitive motion injury, stress, interpreting long periods of time without cognitive fatigue assistance What are interpreter breaks good for Physical breaks, plan for future lesions, read textbook assignments, to research, learn new vocabulary What is linguistics Systematic study of language What is language A rule-governed system composed of symbols that is shared by a group of people What is the linguistic form? Linguistic Sentence, meaning function? What are the rules for a language Productive meaning that users can produce an infinite number of new sentences and a  community of language users share a common set of rules. Languages vary geographically. Languages have 3 major dimensions : form, function, and use How are words best learned In the context of discourse True or false: language has the same rules False think about storytelling vs. interview for all discourse levels Are language, speech, and communication no the same What is register Refers to variations in language based on whom we are taking with and in what setting What is syntax Refers to rules that govern how we organize words into sentences What is pragmatics A person's ability to use a language for different functions. It refers to the rules that govern how we use language with other people What is form The grammatical structure of language What is ASL morphology The internal structure of the word What is english morphology Uses the order of words to structure the sentence What is phonology Speech sounds or the individual parts of a sign What is modality Refers to where a language is spoken, written, or signed What is prosody How a language stresses words and phrases and uses intonation to communicate meaning and grammatical concepts. It also indicates sentence boundaries and discourse shifts. Prosody in signed languages involved facial expression, rhythm of signing, the size of signs, and body movement. Prosody in ASL and sign systems should be very similar What are classifiers Grammatical structures that provide information about 1. How something looks 2. How we hold and manipulate things and 3. How people and things are positioned and moved through space What are iconic signs Signs that look like what they are referring to What are arbitrary signs Signs that are chosen or determined at random with no particular resemblance to the word they refer to Are there more ASL arbitrary or iconic signs arbitrary True or false: iconic signs are easier for false students to learn What is metalinguistic knowledge of language Means you can discuss and think about language Do deaf students have the opportunity to gain Deaf and hard of hearing students rarely metalinguistic knowledge of sign language have the opportunity to gain metalinguistic knowledge of sign language How are facial expressions used in ASL Represent grammatical information, such as questions. Show the beginning and ends of linguistic units, such a sentences and topics How is space used in asl Compare and contrast concepts. Show spatial relationships How young can deaf students learn 2 years old. no fingerspelling? At that age do they understand the connection to english? How much can Hard of hearing students hear Depends on the setting, hearing aids only amplify sound Do colds and ear infections affect hearing yes ability How should the interpreter learn about the An interpreter should as the deaf educator, child’s hearing loss speech pathologist, or audiologist to explain each student’s audiogram and how well the student can use his hearing to learn What causes most hearing aid issues Dead batteries, clogged ear molds, or other minor problems What are examples of different sign systems? American sign language (ASL), manually coded english (MCE), and pidgin sign english (PSE) Who made sign systems that are used to Educators not naturally developed encode english True or false: if an english sign system is false used with an interpreter then it can be used with a deaf adult or student What do hearing people think the advantages It will be easier for hearing people to learn. It of english sign systems are will help facilitate english language (not proven) English sign systems were invented to Words or morphemes that are not in ASL represent what True or false: all sign systems have borrowed True elements from ASL, such as prosody, fingerspelling, some elements of the use of space, and some grammatical markers that appear on the face True or false: interpreters may have more true knowledge of and skills in the use of ASL than a licensed teacher of the deaf Where should an interpreter get assistance Local and national resources. Classroom tutoring instruction teacher in terms of goals, timelines, and outcomes How is it decided if tutoring services are IEP team and/or classroom teacher needed True or false: tutoring within a subject matter true area does not directly address language, communication or problems with interpretation How does a student show that they When a student can answer questions understand a concept spontaneously about the concept, or can show the interpreter that they understand, the interpreter has better evidence that the student has learned What does confidentiality mean for a Interpreters must maintain confidentiality student/interpreter relationship? about issues surrounding interpreting for a student. Information can be shared freely with the student’s educational team. Discussion of abuse, suicide, drug use, weapons, threats, needs to be shared with the school’s administration. Interpreter should inform student of their responsibility to report Interpreters should not teach formal ASL They have had specialized training classes unless what Who is responsible for developing the Classroom teacher philosophy of behavior management and communication with parents True or false: meeting minimum requirements false established by a state or organization does mean that you can qualified to interpret in every situation Why does the deaf community not like the It implied that they are broken and need to be term “hearing impaired” fixed rather than simply being deaf The deaf community doesn’t view themselves Linguistic minority are handicapped group rather a what How does the deaf community view cochlear As a medical model which views deaf and implants?? hard of hearing students as needing to be fixed and become hearing What does culture change In order to represent and integrate new experiences of its members as the needs and interesting of its members change What is the sum of total attainments of a culture community of people, included share language, social norms, art forms, literature, beliefs, customs, traditions, and other related attainments Cultural identity is an important contributing Self esteem and self awareness, and serves factor relations to what as a resource for decision making How do deaf students develop their identity Learning about other deaf and hard of as a deaf or hard of hearing person hearing people and deaf culture Who requires states to provide a relay system Federal government in which hearing and deaf people can telephone each other, using a third party An important aspect of deaf culture is making Equal access about news and events sure that everyone has what What is a problem with CC for deaf students Depending on the student’s ability to read, they may or may not be able to access the content. Also, watching a program and reading captions simultaneously is more difficult than listening to the text and view the movie The what is an organization of deaf youth that Junior National Association of the deaf sponsors an annual conference for all deaf and hard of hearing adolescents What are the appropriate attention-getting Gently tapping someone, waving a table, strategies in the deaf community tapping a table True or false: deaf people do not typically false create name signs based on a physical characteristic or personality trait What are ways for language play in ASL ABC poem, number poem, fingerspelling poem, etc. When should interpreter negotiate logistics of Before the assignment the interpreting environment Who can be an important resource for public Deaf adults schools, providing information about sign language, social opportunities, identity, resources for technology, and strategies for being a successful deaf or hard of hearing adult Interpreters who work with students from Intercultural and intracultural conflicts diverse cultures need strategies for dealing with what Interpreters need to develop multicultural The implications of acculturation and competencies so they can understand what enculturation, and assimilation processes for individual and cultural groups