Egyptian Architecture PDF

8/18/2018 B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Egyptian...

8/18/2018 B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Egyptian STONE‐ Abundant building material except on temples and pyramids. SOFT STONE‐(Limestone,Sandstone,Alabaster) Architecture HARD STONE‐(Granite,Quartzite,basalt,Porphyry) SAND DRIED BRICKS‐ made up clay and chopper stone for 5000 B.C.‐ 1ST CENTURY A.D. pyramids and temples. MUD BRICKS‐ for Houses DATE PALM‐ for roofing’s PALM LEAVES‐ for roofing materials. ACACIA‐for their boat SYCAMORE‐Mummy cases PAPYRUS‐ The stem of the papyrus was used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans to make sheets of paper like writing material. OBJECTIVES: PAPYRUS ‐To determine the influences that affect development of Egyptian Architecture. ‐To know the Architectural character of Egypt. ‐To identify the architectural examples of Ancient Egypt. A. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE EGYPT‐ “Land of Pharaoh” and “Desert Land” Nile River‐ was the means of communication, highway and lifeline. The fertile soil was Egypt’s greatest wealth. ANCIENT EGYPT C. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Egypt has only two seasons: SPRING and SUMMER. The climate is warm, snow is unknown. Rain is rare. Structures have no downspout, drainage, gutters due to absence of rain. No windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm. 1  8/18/2018 D.RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Pyramids were built because they believe in “ Life and Death” and for the preservation of the dead body. Pharaoh is not only king but also “God” both political and religious ruler, when he dies he becomes “OSIRIS”, god of dead. They’re “ Monotheistic” in theory and “Polytheistic” in practice. 2  8/18/2018 Intestine EGYPTIAN GODS 3 8/18/2018 4 8/18/2018 5  8/18/2018 E.HISTORICAL INFLUENCE 30 DYNASTIES‐Started from 3rd Millennium B.C. to Roman Period. Egypt was part of Persian Empire for 2 Centuries, before the invasion of “ Alexander the Great” 1. ANCIENT KINGDOM (1st‐10th Dynasty) Development of two types of tombs A. MASTABA‐ was built above a burial tomb and contained a chapel and statue of the dead. B. PYRAMID 6  8/18/2018 2. MIDLE KINGDOM (11TH‐17TH dynasty) 3. NEW EMPIRE (18TH ‐30TH dynasty) Important Personalities Important Personalities a. Mentuhetep II‐ developed the 3rd type of tomb “rock‐cut a. Thotmes I‐ began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, tomb”. Kharnak. b. Senusrets‐ erected the earliest known “ OBELISK” at b. Hatshepsut‐ Queen of egypt, famous for her Funerary Temple Heliopolis. at Mt. Der‐El‐Bahari. c. Amenemhat I‐ founded “Great temple of Ammon Kharnak” c. Thotmes IV‐ the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand grandest of all temples. from the “SPHINX” 7  8/18/2018 C. The Ptolemaic Period d. Amenophis III‐ erected the “Colossi of Memmon”, one of the wonders of the world. Important Personalities a) Ptomely II‐ built the Pharaohs or the “Light House” e. Rameses I‐ began the construction “Great Hypostyle Hall” at b) Ptomely III‐ founded the “Greatest Serapeum” at Alexandria. Kharnak f. Rameses II‐ finished the construction of the “Hypostyle Hall” F. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE and erection of the “Rock Temple at Abu‐Simbel”, and the “Remission”, Thebes. a) Monarchy‐ form of government b) Pharaoh‐ King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest in Egypt c) Son of Pharaoh‐ normal successor to the throne d) Vizier‐ King’s most powerful official e) Chancellor‐ he controls the royal treasuries, granaries and supervises the census f) Chief Steward‐ in charge of the King’s personal estate and household 8  8/18/2018 SOCIAL RANKS 2. Hieroglyphics‐ use as ornaments, pictures and 1. Noble Families‐ royal throne with his family writing from the walls. 2. Soldiers, Viziers, Chancellors, Chief Stewards‐ ‐ It is pictorial representation of religious ritual, next to leaders historical events and daily pursuits 3. Fishermen, Farmers, Craftsmen, Merchants‐ ordinary Egyptians 4. Slaves‐ lowest form G. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER STRUCTURES 1. TOMBS‐ use to secure the preservation of the body a) Simplicity after death till that time should have past when, according to their belief in mortality of the soul b) Monumentality would once again return to the body. c) Solidity or Massiveness TYPES OF TOMBS H. SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION A. MASTABA‐ an ancient Egyptian rectangular, flat topped funerary mound, with battered (slopping sides) Post and Lintel covering a burial chamber below ground. Columnar or Trabeated Feature of Egyptian Architecture Mastaba of Thi 1. Batter Wall‐ inclination from base to top of THI‐(Royal Architect in Egypt) the facade. 9  8/18/2018 THREE IMPORTANT PARTS OF MASTABA 1. OUTER CHAMBER‐ Where offerings were placed. 2. SERDAB‐ Inner chamber containing the statues of the deceased member of the family. 3. CHAMBER CONTAINING THE SARCOPHAGUS (COFFIN)‐ Can be reached by an underground shaft. B. ROYAL PYRAMIDS‐ evolved from mastaba; with 2. BENT OR BLUNT PYRAMID‐ 2 degrees of four sides facing the four cardinal points, they were inclination of slope. made by 100,000 men for 100 years. e.g. PYRAMID OF SENEFERU THREE TYPES OF PYRAMID 1. STEP PYRAMID‐ Evolved from mastaba e.g. PYRAMID OF KING ZOSER OR ISER‐ Built by Imhotep, oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world.  The step pyramid of Zoser at Sakkara is the world’s first large scale monuments in stone. It has been changed no less than five times.  SCALE: 545.60m x 278m or 151,676.8 sqm. 10  8/18/2018 3. SLOPE PYRAMID THREE FAMOUS PYRAMIDS AT GIZEH built by the 4th Dynasty successor of Seneferu PARTS OF THE SLOPE PYRAMID a. KING’S CHAMBER b. QUEEN’S CHAMBER c. SUBTERRANEAN CHAMBER d. GRAND GALLERY e. AIRSHAFT 1. GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS or KHUFU  Largest and famous pyramid in Egypt  146.4m (480ft. Height) and 230.6m (756ft) square on plan with an area of 13 hectares; two times the area of the famous St. Peter Basilica in Rome.  Equilateral triangles and make an angle of 51’52’ with the ground.  With 3 separate internal chamber.  The entrance is 7.3m (24ft off center of the North side, and 17m (55ft) above ground level  Before the Queen’s chamber was entirely completed, the approach was sealed off the ascending corridor extended. QUEEN CHAMBER GRAND GALLERY THE ENTRANCE 11  8/18/2018 2. PYRAMID OF CHEPHREN or KAFRA C. ROCK‐CUT or ROCK‐HEWN TOMBS‐ cut deep  The second of the three at Gizeh into the mountain rock  216m (708 ft) side and 143m (470ft) high, 52’20’ e.g. Tombs of the kings, Thebes steep slope Valley of the Kings 3. PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS or MENKAURA 2. TEMPLES‐ they were sanctuaries that only  Smallest of the three pyramids at gizeh kings and priests can penetrate.  109m (365ft) square and 66.5m (218ft) high with TWO TYPES OF TEMPLES sides sloping at 51’ 1. MORTUARY TEMPLE‐ built in honor of the Pharaoh; for ministration of defied pharaohs; chapels for the royal mastabas and pyramids Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatsepsut By Royal Architect Senemut PARTS OF PYRAMID COMPLEX b. Cult Temple‐ built for the worship of the  Elevated Causeway ancient and mysterious gods; only high priest can enter in both of temples  Offering chapel  Mortuary ‐ At the end of the court was pavilion  Valley bldg. comprising vestibule and sanctuary ‐ Walled open court with colonnades around leading to a covered structure 12  8/18/2018 Example of Temples Great Temple of Abu Simbel‐ entrance forecourts leads to an imposing façade formed by pylon carved with four colossal seated statues of Ramses Temple of Isis, Memphis Temple of Philae Parts of the Egyptian Temple Great Temple of Ammon, Kharnak‐ the most grandest temple in Egyptian planning and was commenced by 1. Entrance Pylon‐ massive sloping towers fronted by obelisks; known to be the gateway in Egyptian Temple Amenemhat I, occupying an area of 1,200 ft x 360 ft 2. Hypaethral Court‐ large outer court open to the sky 3. Hypostyle Hall‐ a pillared hall in which the roof rests on columns 4. Sanctuary‐ usually surrounded by passages and chambers used in connection with the temple service 5. Avenue of Sphinx‐ lastly located in the temple Other terms: Cella‐ main body of classical temple Dromos‐ avenue leading to temples Temple of Ammon, Der‐El‐Bahari with; temple of Queen Hatshepsut (three‐terraced court) Entrance pylon Hypaethral Court Avenue of Sphinx Hypostyle Hall Sanctuary 13  8/18/2018 Temple of Elephantine e.g Cleopatra’s Needle, Embankment, London Piazza of St. John Laterano, Rome Temple of Hathor, Dendera Temple of Horus, Edfu Temple of Isis, Philae Temple of Khons, Kharnak‐ built by Rameses III Temple of Luxor 4. Sphinx ‐ A mythical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man (androsphinx); body of a lion and head of a Temple of Mammisi hawk (heirosphinx); body of a lion and head of a ram (criosphinx) ‐ Is a mythological creature that is depicted as a recumbent feline with a human head. It has its origin Temple of Mentuhetep, Del‐El‐Bahari, Thebes in sculpted figures or lionesses with female human head ‐ 73.15x20.12 meters or 73.15 long and 20.12 high Temple of Seti, Abydos Example of Ramesseum, Thebes‐ built by Rameses II 3.Obelisks ‐ Monumental pillars usually in pairs at the temple entrances ‐ ‐ Considered the symbol of “Heliopolis” the sun of God e.g Great Sphinx at Gizeh near the Pyramid of Cheops ‐ Square in plan and stands at the height of 9 to 10 times the diameter of the base, the four side tapers to the top in the form of a small pyramid. 14  8/18/2018 F.Capitals and Columns F. ORNAMENT a. Bud and bell capital 1. Quadruple spiral b. Hathor‐headed capital 2. Continuos coil spiral c. Palm type capital 3. Lotus and papyrus d. Papyrus Capital 4. Grape ornament e. Volute Capital 5. Rope and feather ornament f. Polygonal Columns 6. Rope and Paterae ornament g. Osiris Pillars h. Square Pillars G. DWELLINGS Clay models deposited in tombs indicate that ordinary dwellings were crude brick, one or two storey high, with flat or arched ceilings and a parapeted roof partly occupied by a loggia (a gallery behind an open arcade or colonnade). Typically there was a central hall or living room raised sufficiently high with the help of columns to allow clear-storey light on one or more sides, for first floor were only partial. Regularly there were three fundamental parts; a reception suite on the cooler, north side of the house; service; and private quarters. K. MOULDINGS G. FORTRESSES A. GORGE AND HOLLOW EXAMPLE B. TORUS FORTRESS OF BUHEN 15