EGR111 Lecture 1: Engineering Disciplines PDF

INT 111 Engineering Disciplines: History and Concepts Dr. Bakinam Tarik Essawy Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering and Management Faculty of Engineering, Nile University Lecture Content Why is it called Civil Engineerin...

INT 111 Engineering Disciplines: History and Concepts Dr. Bakinam Tarik Essawy Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering and Management Faculty of Engineering, Nile University Lecture Content Why is it called Civil Engineering? History of Civil Engineering The Importance of Codes and Standards in Civil Engineering Building Material Types of Civil Engineering Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Facts of Civil Engineering Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Civil Program at the Nile University Design Constraints and Requirements in Civil Engineering Introduction to the American Society Code of Ethics Basic Construction Site Safety Tips Lecture 1 Lecture Content Why is it called Civil Engineering? History of Civil Engineering The Importance of Codes and Standards in Civil Engineering Building Material Types of Civil Engineering Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Facts of Civil Engineering Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Civil Program at the Nile University Design Constraints and Requirements in Civil Engineering Introduction to the American Society Code of Ethics Basic Construction Site Safety Tips Why is it called civil engineering?  The term "civil engineering" developed in the same way as the English language.  It was created to separate civilian and military engineers.  Until the 19th century, most engineering was focused on military applications.  The prefix "civil" was added to differentiate those who studied engineering in traditional universities from those who were part of the military engineering corps.  This separation helped distinguish engineering for societal benefit from military engineering. History of Civil Engineering Ancient Civilizations Renaissance 4000 BCE* - 500 CE* 14th - 17th Century 20th Century Romans' aqueduct Ponte Santa Trinita Perrone's plan for the Pyramids of Giza Pont de la Concorde Prestressed Concrete Great Wall of China skyscraper 21st Century Middle Ages Industrial Revolution 500 BCE* - 1500 CE* 18th - 19th Century Role of Civil Engineer Brooklyn Bridge Ibn Tulun Mosque Notre-Dame * BCE and CE CE stands for “common (or current) era,” while BCE stands for “before the common (or current) era.” History of Civil Engineering Ancient Civilizations (c. 4000 BCE - 500 CE) Early structures like the Pyramids of Giza and the Great Wall of China. The Romans developed road systems, including the Appian Way using of arches, aqueducts. Romans' aqueduct Pyramids of Giza Great Wall of China History of Civil Engineering Middle Ages (500 - 1500 CE) Europe, marked by cathedrals with flying buttresses. Innovations in water management and defensive structures built in the Middle Ages Ibn Tulun Mosque Notre-Dame History of Civil Engineering Renaissance (14th - 17th Century) Civil engineering projects became even more ambitious during the Renaissance, with the construction of the Sistine Chapel and the Colosseum in Rome. Beginning of the bridge building era. Ponte Santa Trinita Perrone's plan for the Pont de la Concorde Reference: https://skill-lync.com/blogs/the-history-and-evolution-of-civil-engineering-from-ancient-civilizations-to-modern-times History of Civil Engineering Industrial Revolution (18th - 19th Century) Introducing new materials, such as steel and concrete, made creating higher structures and longer bridges possible. Development of railways and bridges (e.g., the Brooklyn Bridge). Brooklyn Bridge Establishment of civil engineering as a distinct profession. 20th Century Introduction of reinforced concrete and modern skyscrapers. Advances in transportation engineering, including highways and airports. Growth of environmental engineering and focus on sustainability. 21st Century Prestressed Concrete Integration of technology (e.g., BIM, smart materials) in civil engineering. skyscraper Emphasis on sustainable practices and resilience against climate change. Continued evolution in infrastructure design and urban planning. Referecnes: https://bgibhopal.com/the-history-of-civil-engineering-key-figures-and-application-in-various- sectors/#:~:text=The%20Industrial%20Revolution%20brought%20about,higher%20structures%20and%20longer%20bridges. Role of Civil Engineer  The Importance of Codes and Standards in Civil Engineering The Importance of Codes and Standards in Civil Engineering Codes And Standards are Fundamental To Civil Engineering They provide guidelines, regulations, and best practices for infrastructure projects. Their importance includes:  Ensuring safety and reliability.  Maintaining quality in construction.  Promoting innovation.  Protecting public health and safety.  Supporting sustainable development in the built environment. The Importance of Codes and Standards in Civil Engineering The Importance of Codes and Standards in Civil Engineering Understanding Codes and Standards Codes and standards include technical specifications, design criteria, and regulatory requirements. These codes are established by:  Professional organizations.  Government agencies.  Industry stakeholders. They govern various phases of civil engineering projects:  Planning  Design  Construction  Operation  Maintenance The Importance of Codes and Standards in Civil Engineering Building Material Building Material Cement mortar: Constituents, Preparation Mortar is an intimate mixture of binding material, fine aggregate, and water. When water is added to the dry mixture of the binding material and the inert material, the binding material develops the property that binds not only the inert material but also the surrounding stones and bricks. TYPES OF MORTAR Cement Mortar Lime Mortar Surki Mortar Gauged Mortar Mud Mortar TYPES OF MORTAR Building Material Reference: https://civilguide.in/functions-of-sand-in-mortar/ Building Material Cement Vs Concrete Vs Mortar Building Material Concrete Ingredients Civil Engineering  Civil Engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the physical environment. It involves designing, maintaining, analyzing, and developing the physical environment.  The physical environment can include roads, dams, bridges, canals, apartments, sewerage systems, structures, railway bridges, caves, tunnels, and pipelines.  There are other types of civil engineering as well.  You can choose the right field on the basis of your interest. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Civil Engineering Types of Civil Engineering Construction and Management Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Structural Engineering Transport Engineering Water Engineering Environmental Engineering Coastal Engineering Earthquake Engineering Forensic Engineering Highway Engineering References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Management and Construction Engineering This type of Civil Engineering includes constructing structures and managing all tasks related to Construction engineering. This field has an increased business risk than other fields as civil engineers take up huge contracts that can give rewards and losses on the extreme end. The management of moving materials from one place to another also comes under this field. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Structural Engineering: This type of Civil Engineering is related to analyzing and designing the structures of physical infrastructures like bridges, overpasses, complex platforms for railway lines, offshore structures like oil, gas fields in the sea, etc. In analyzing and designing aspects of Structural Engineering, a civil engineer has to make measurements and assumptions about the pressures and loads the structures will have in their lifetime, their future impacts, and how they can be safe for long-term use. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Transportation Engineering: Transportation Engineering is concerned with designing transportation systems that are efficient in functioning and sustainable. The transportation system can be public or private. It includes transportation structures for streets, air transportation, tunnels, overpasses, railways, etc. It consists of fields like transportation planning, pavement engineering, and infrastructure management. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Water Engineering: Water engineering is about understanding how natural water bodies react to human intervention. This can lead to the conservation of potable water, which is depleting rapidly. Nowadays, it is focused on preventing floods, drought and understanding the nature of coastal waters. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/  Types of Civil Engineering Geotechnical Engineering: Amongst the varied types of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering is concerned with exploring the ground properties on which a construction project will be made. Checking the soil quality, the quality of the stones, and whether the construction can hold the project safely. It is the job of a geotechnical engineer to detect any vulnerabilities. After understanding all these aspects, a Geotechnical Engineering assesses the feasibility of a project. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering: Environmental Engineering involves the nature conservation and protection-related activities like green engineering, pollution elimination, solid waste treatment, handling hazardous waste materials, and protection of densely populated areas and natural resources situated in densely populated areas. Coastal Engineering Coastal engineering is concerned with managing and protecting coastal areas from floods, erosion, and other environmental factors. A coastal engineer is expected to apply certain techniques that help protect the area. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Earthquake Engineering: It involves producing and designing an infrastructure or a project in such a way that it can withstand the hazardous effects of an earthquake. Civil engineers are in huge demand in earthquake- prone areas like Japan. Forensic Engineering: This field comprises the inspection of different types of materials that are used while constructing a physical infrastructure. It also involves retracing the construction process to know what went wrong and where it went wrong so that it can be improved and avoided in the future. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Highway Engineering: The importance of roads, highways, and tunnels is quite evident in our lives. Highway engineering involves constructing roads, highways, and tunnels using basic techniques like planning, designing, constructing, and operating. Roadways are one of the major means of transportation; thus, safety and commutes of people and goods are in the hands of the constructors. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Types of Civil Engineering Civil engineers use their knowledge of physics, mathematics, and materials science to create safe, efficient, and sustainable structures. They work closely with architects, contractors, and other professionals to ensure that their designs meet the needs of society while also being aesthetically pleasing. References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/types-of-civil-engineering/ Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Civil engineering, as we all know, is the discipline of thinking and building. Civil engineering covers even the construction of a modest shelter or a crude bridge across a creek made from a tree stump. Well, you should be aware that civil engineers are a crucial part of our society. Civil engineers are expected to build every component of our road system, including highways and bridges, ports, railway stations, and airlines. You must know that the civil engineering sector keeps changing for one reason or the other. It's like there are new trends every year. Let's look at the ten latest 2023 trends in civil engineering. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Emerging construction technology is characterized by inventive new schemes. There are genuine, pragmatic applications and benefits to updating the industry's current processes. Construction firms want to stay competitive and avoid falling behind. Companies are figuring out how to incorporate these advancements into their strategies and workflows in various ways. These cutting-edge building innovations fundamentally change how the business runs and how upcoming work will be carried out. The following is a list of recent trends in civil engineering. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Self-healing concrete Researchers at Bath University are attempting to create self-healing concrete that will germinate when water enters a crack in the concrete. Future damage is curbed by the bacteria formed by limestone, closing the crack before water and oxygen can erode the steel reinforcement. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Thermal bridging There is a growing need for efficient insulation materials throughout the construction sector. Heat tends to pass directly through the building envelope, whether brickwork, block, or stud frame, to the interior fascia, such as drywall; this is known as "thermal bridging." As well as reducing heat loss, which results in long term savings in energy bills, improving your thermal bridges also reduces your construction costs, and because of higher surface temperatures at junctions, we also eliminate the risk of mould growth and improve the comfort factor of dwellings Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Glazing integrated photovoltaic By converting the entire building envelope into a solar panel, glazing building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) can assist buildings in generating electricity. Building integrated photovoltaic glazing (BIPV) is a system which helps the buildings to generate their own electricity. By transforming the whole building into a solar panel. Photovoltaic glazing system not only produce electricity they also part of the building. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Kinetic footfall Another trend is using kinetic energy produced while doing daily tasks. Pavegen offers a technology that allows the flooring to capture the energy of footsteps. Kinetic footfall is a sustainable energy source for generating electricity without consuming any natural resources. The purpose of kinetic footfall method is to generate efficient electrical energy using complex properties of materials and movement of humans. Kinetic roads Underground Power, an Italian firm, is investigating the utility of kinetic energy potential in highways. Kinetic technology revolves around using the natural energy of motion to generate electricity. Kinetic roads do this by using special tiles that are embedded with piezoelectric crystals. These crystals generate an electrical charge when pressure is applied to them. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering 3D modeling The rise of smart cities has fueled the development of novel planning approaches. The program developed for this aim, CyberCity3D, is geospatial modeling specializing in smart 3D building models. 3D models can make visual representations that closely resemble the look of the finished project. Through this, engineers can determine how to design the project based on the natural and man-made aspects involved. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Modular construction It includes buildings built off-site with the same materials and standards as traditional on-site construction. Modular construction is a process in which a building is constructed off-site, under controlled plant conditions, using the same materials and designing to the same codes and standards as conventionally built facilities – but in about half the time. Asset mapping This technique emphasizes using operational equipment such as heating and air conditioning, electricity, and security systems, gathering data from serial numbers, software, and engineering notes of when and by whom it was installed, and combining the data in one location. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Internet of Things The Internet of Things refers to a network of linked gadgets that may exchange data. This can aid in developing smart technologies, even in the building industry. Ten Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Drones Drones can be used to keep an eye on a place. They enable the inspector to control huge parts of the site while sitting in one place. These are a few of the latest trends in the civil engineering sector. Civil Engineer Job Market  The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 10 Qingdao Haiwan Bridge Qingdao, China| 2011 Qingdao Haiwan Bridge has a total length of 41.5 km, the bridge is currently the longest bridge in the world. Qingdao Bay Bridge connects two fast-growing industrial areas on either side of the bay. 4 years 2.3 million m3 450,000 tons of It is built to 10,000 workers of concrete steel withstand to build earthquakes up to 8.0 on the Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ Richter meter The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 9 Burj Khalifa [Dubai Tower] Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)| 2010 - Standing at 828m, the tower is currently the tallest building and the tallest free-standing structure in the world. - Contains 163 stories Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 8 English Channel Tunnel English Channel, Strait of Dover| 1994 - The tunnel is ~50 km long and 76 m deep. - It is the second longest tunnel in the whole world and contains the longest undersea portion of any tunnel. - The high-speed trains move so quickly that valves in the tunnel walls open and close to vent the pressure that builds up as the trains push air through the tunnel. 11 Tunnel-boring Six years 13,000 engineers, technicians, and machines to build construction workers to build Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 7 Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco, CA| 1937 1. The bridge is actually not golden at all! It’s a bright red-orange. 2. It was named one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. 3. It took four years to build. 4. There are approximately 600,000 rivets in each of the bridge’s towers. 5. It’s the most photographed bridge in the world. Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 6 Hoover Dam Colorado River, AZ | 1936 1. Named one of the seven wonders of the modern world. 2. A millennium monument, achievements that had the greatest positive impact on life in the 20th century. 4 Billion kWh/yr Hoover Dam generates on average, about 4 billion kWh of hydroelectric power each year for use in Nevada, Arizona, and California (enough to serve 1.3 million people) Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 5 Panama Canal Panama| 1914 1. Named one of the seven wonders of the modern world. 27 million kilos of dynamite were used to build it, and 40,000 workers. The 77km long waterway connects the The ship must be lifted More than 15,000 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, allowing on one side and ships cross the canal ships to pass between North and lowered on the other every year South America instead of the natural side by 26m channels or around Cape Horn, shortening the trip by 15,000km. Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 4 Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn, New York| 1883 1. Brooklyn Bridge is known for being: 1. The first suspension bridge to use steel for its cable wire 2. Longest suspension bridge in the world the time it was built 144,000 vehicles a day Brooklyn Bridge is the 2nd busiest bridge in New York City 144,000 vehicles cross the bridge every day. Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 3 Aqueduct of Segovia Segovia, Spain The aqueduct is designed to transport water from the Flunete Fria river The bridge consists of 24,000 granite blocks made without the use of mortar. 167 Arches It has 167 arches that are each more than 9m high Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 2 Great Wall of China China | 475 BC Over 2,000 years, a series of several walls were built, rebuilt, merged, and expanded to create the wall as it stands today, completed between the 15th and 17th centuries. The mortar used to bind the stone of the wall is made from rice flour The wall was built to protect The wall is 8850km and can China from any invaders not be seen from space Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/ The 10 Most Impressive Civil Engineering Projects of All Time 1 Great Pyramid Giza, Egypt | 2504 BC It Might Have Taken 20 Years to Build The pyramids consist of 2.3 million stone blocks. 2.5 tons is the average weight of each stone block. The Great Pyramid of Giza is more than 4,500 years old. 30,000 Estimated number of workers required to build the pyramid Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/top-10-impressive-civil-engineering-projects-time/  Facts of Civil Engineering Facts of Civil Engineering "Who could resist the magic of construction during their childhood?" Facts of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering is one of the oldest engineering disciplines. The ancient Egyptians were some of the first civil engineers, constructing pyramids and other monumental structures. Facts of Civil Engineering Civil engineering is responsible for many of the world's most iconic landmarks, such as the Golden Gate Bridge and Hoover Dam. Civil engineers are also responsible for designing and building public infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, airports, and hospitals. Civil engineering has become increasingly important in addressing climate change and sustainability issues in recent years. Facts of Civil Engineering Civil engineering has become increasingly important in addressing climate change and sustainability issues in recent years. Facts of Civil Engineering Civil engineers use a variety of techniques to analyze and solve problems, including computer modeling and mathematical analysis. Civil engineers must have a strong understanding of mathematics and physics in order to design safe and efficient structures. Civil engineers must also have a solid understanding of economics and project management skills to ensure projects are completed on time and within budget. Civil engineering is a growing field, with many new opportunities opening up in areas such as transportation, water resources, and sustainable design. Facts of Civil Engineering Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves from weather and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which was a demonstration of ancient age civil engineering. Facts of Civil Engineering A civil engineer created the slippery part of the water slide. A civil engineer designed a pumping system to circulate the flume just the right amount of water. Without the right flow of water, there is no ride. Additionally, civil engineers have designed the slide to withstand the weight of people, the water, and even the force of the wind blowing on it. Facts of Civil Engineering After water, concrete is the most widely used substance on Earth. Facts of Civil Engineering The Tower of Pisa was built on a dense clay mixture, and the foundation was dug only three meters deep. While this foundation was already not strong enough, the clay mixture impacted the soil, making it unstable for any story building, let alone the towering Pisa. The Tower of Pisa builders caught the tower's tilt relatively early on. After the second story was added, the unmistakable slant was visible. It only worsened with time as the ground beneath became weaker from the weight of the building. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Q: What skills are needed for a career in civil engineering? A: Technical proficiency, problem-solving, communication, project management, and commitment to safety and ethics. Q: What are examples of major infrastructure projects? A: Highways, bridges, airports, dams, tunnels, urban development projects, and sustainable communities. Q: How does civil engineering contribute to sustainability? A: By incorporating sustainable design principles, renewable energy sources, and environmentally friendly materials into projects. Q: What are future career prospects for civil engineers? A: Strong demand due to population growth, urbanization, and infrastructure needs, especially for those skilled in sustainable design and digital modeling. Reference: https://iimtu.edu.in/blog/history-of-civil-engineering/  Thank You! Contact Information Dr. Bakinam Tarik Essawy Phone: 01096363932 Email: [email protected] Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/bakinam-essawy-ph-d-84a68212a/