Edexcel A-Level Chemistry Revision Guide 2022 PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by Deleted User
2022
Edexcel
Tags
Related
- CIE A Level Chemistry 3.6 Intermolecular Forces PDF
- A-Level Chemistry Revision Notes - Atomic Structure and Stoichiometry (PDF)
- A-Level OCR Chemistry Revision Pack PDF
- AQA A Level Chemistry PDF
- CGP A-Level Chemistry Edexcel Year 1 & 2 Revision PDF
- GCE A Level WJEC Chemistry - Unit 4 Revision Guide PDF
Summary
This document is a revision guide for Edexcel A-Level Chemistry, covering a range of topics including maths skills, and practical work. It includes content for both AS and A-Level, allowing for targeted study. It is a helpful resource for students who need to revise.
Full Transcript
Page left free for a cover For full book listings, visit www.PrimroseKitten.com and follow @primrose_kitten First published 2019 Updated 2022 Copyright; Primrose Kit...
Page left free for a cover For full book listings, visit www.PrimroseKitten.com and follow @primrose_kitten First published 2019 Updated 2022 Copyright; Primrose Kitten © Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 1 Table of Contents A-Level Exam details....................................................................................................... 4 Maths skills.................................................................................................................... 6 Constants and equations.................................................................................................. 8 The formula of common acids and compounds.................................................................. 8 Strong and weak acids.................................................................................................. 8 Reference table of common formulae.............................................................................. 8 Transition metal ions and colours................................................................................. 10 Reaction Conditions.................................................................................................... 10 Constants to use........................................................................................................ 12 Equations to recall...................................................................................................... 13 Required practical’s....................................................................................................... 18 AS - Level. Core physical chemistry................................................................................. 19.................................................................................................................................. 19 Knowledge Checklist................................................................................................... 20 AS - Level. Core inorganic chemistry............................................................................... 29.................................................................................................................................. 29 Knowledge Checklist................................................................................................... 30 AS - Level. Core organic chemistry.................................................................................. 32 Knowledge Checklist................................................................................................... 33 A - Level. Advanced physical chemistry............................................................................ 38 Knowledge Checklist................................................................................................... 39 A - Level. Advanced inorganic chemistry.......................................................................... 44.................................................................................................................................. 44 Knowledge Checklist................................................................................................... 45 A-Level. Advanced organic Chemistry.............................................................................. 48 Knowledge Checklist................................................................................................... 49 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 2 What the exam will look like; Total of 80 marks, it makes up 50% of the AS grade. The paper can include multiple choice questions, short-open, open-response, calculation and extended writing questions. Paper What’s in the paper AS Physical chemistry paper 1 -Atomic structure and the periodic table -Bonding and structure -Redox I 1 hour 30 -Formulae, equations and amounts of substance minutes Core inorganic chemistry -Group 1 and 2 elements -Group 7 elements, the halogens Relevant practical skills AS Physical chemistry paper 2 -Bonding and structure -Formulae, equations and amounts of substance 1 hour 30 -Energetics I minutes -Kinetics I -Equilibrium I Core organic chemistry -Introduction to organic chemistry -Alkanes -Alkenes -Halogenalkanes -Alcohols -Modern analytical techniques I (mass spectrometry, IR) Relevant practical skills Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 3 A-Level Exam details Paper 1 and paper 2 are both a total of 90 marks, each paper makes up 30% of the A- level grade. There will be 90 marks of multiple choice questions, short-open, open- response, calculation and extended writing questions. Paper 3 is worth 120 marks making up 30% of the A-level. There will be 120 marks of multiple choice questions, short-open, open-response, calculation and extended writing questions. Questions that assess conceptual and theoretical understanding of experimental methods will be included. Paper What’s in the paper A-Level paper Advanced physical chemistry 1 -Atomic structure and the periodic table -Bonding and structure 1 hour 45 -Redox I minutes -Formulae, equations and amounts of substance -Energetics I -Equilibrium I -Equilibrium II -Acid-base equilibria -Energetics II -Redox II Advanced inorganic chemistry -Group 1 and 2 elements -Group 7 elements, the halogens -Transition metals Relevant practical skills A-Level paper Advanced physical chemistry 2 -Bonding and structure -Redox I 1 hour 45 -Formulae, equations and amounts of substance minutes -Kinetics I -Kinetics II Advanced organic chemistry - Introduction to organic chemistry -Alkanes -Alkenes Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 4 -Halogenoalkanes -Alcohols -Modern analytical techniques I (mass spectrometry, IR) -Chirality -Carbonyl compounds -Carboxylic acids -Arenes – benzene -Amines, amides, amino acids and proteins -Organic synthesis -Modern analytical techniques II (mass spectrometry, NMR, chromatography) Relevant practical skills A-Level paper Any topic can be assessed 3 2 hour 30 minutes Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 5 Maths skills These can be tested at any point in the specification. Specification statement Self-assessment These are the bits the exam board wants you to First Second Final know, make sure you can do all of these… review review review 4-7 1-2 months Week before months before exam exam before exam I can rearrange equations https://youtu.be/mcnBaroQi_Q I can solve algebraic expressions I can give numbers to a set number of significant figures https://youtu.be/LKPK6fZS1lQ I can write numbers in standard form https://youtu.be/Lt_fe_pWkpA I can use ratios, fractions and percentages https://youtu.be/RME3LYApF1c https://youtu.be/OS-jXtwTYEw https://youtu.be/I1T26V4vXaQ I can calculate a mean and understand what to do with anomalous results https://youtu.be/kp3xKThoQ50 I can use the symbols , ∝, ~ I can find the y intercept from y=mx+c https://youtu.be/IoWlpxwqH34 I can determine the gradient of a graph from the graph or from y=mx+c https://youtu.be/IoWlpxwqH34 I can draw a tangent on a graph and determine the gradient https://youtu.be/qyC_qxYrz7Q I can measure angles I can calculate the area of a triangle https://youtu.be/KaiuGaOGckc I can calculate the area of a rectangle I can calculate the surface area of a cuboid Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 6 I can calculate the volume of a cuboid I can calculate probability https://youtu.be/KaiuGaOGckc I can draw and interpret frequency plots, and histograms https://youtu.be/8RMafiSlVuU I can convert between cm3 and dm3 https://youtu.be/fHhRNpmDtL0 I can convert between J and kJ I can round decimal places appropriately I can estimate correctly a change in experimental result depending on the change in reaction conditions I can use my calculator to find powers, exponentials and logarithmic functions I can identify and calculate uncertainties in my measurements I can plot two different experimental variables onto a graph https://youtu.be/0B5bMu0S79s I can understand symmetry within 2D and 3D shapes I can visualise both 2D and 3D shapes https://youtu.be/fHCQBXW8IPQ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 7 Constants and equations The formula of common acids and compounds Hydrochloric acid HCl Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Nitric acid HNO3 Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Hydrobromic acid HBr Hydrocyanic acid HCN Methanoic acid HCOOH Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Water H2O Chlorine Cl2 Bromine Br2 Carbon dioxide CO2 Oxygen gas O2 Hydrogen gas H2 Nitrogen gas N2 Ammonia NH2 Sulfur dioxide SO2 Thionyl chloride SOCl2 Strong and weak acids Strong acids Hydrochloric acid HCl Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Nitric acid HNO3 Hydrobromic acid HBr Weak acids Methanoic acid HCOOH Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid) CH3COOH Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Hydrogen sulfide H2S Hydrocyanic acid HCN Reference table of common formulae Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 8 They won’t give you these in the exam - so learn them!!! As a general rule, elements in group one form +1 ions, group 2 form +2 ions, group 6 form -2 ions and group 7 form -1 ions. Positive Negative Hydrogen H + Fluoride F- Lithium Li+ Chloride Cl- Sodium Na+ Bromide Br- Potassium K+ Iodide I- Copper (I) Cu+ Hydroxide OH- Silver Ag+ Nitrate NO3- Ammonium NH4+ Nitrite NO2- Hydrogencarbonate HCO3- Magnesium Mg2+ Hydrogensulfate HSO4- Barium Ba2+ Strontium Sr2+ Sulfate SO42- Calcium Ca2+ Carbonate CO32- Iron (II) Fe2+ Sulfide S2- Copper (II) Cu2+ Oxide O2- Nickel (II) Ni2+ Zinc Zn2+ Nitride N3- Tin (II) Sn2+ Phosphate PO43- Lead (II) Pb2+ Chromium Cr3+ Iron (III) Fe3+ Aluminium Al3+ Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 9 Transition metal ions and colours. Ti2+ Colourless Ti3+ Purple Ti4+ Colourless Ti5+ Colourless V2+ Purple V3+ Green V4+ Blue V5+ Yellow Cr2+ Blue Cr3+ Green Cr4+ Colourless Cr5+ Colourless Cr6+ Orange Mn2+ Pale pink Mn3+ Colourless Mn4+ Brown Mn5+ Colourless Mn6+ Green Mn7+ Violet Fe2+ Pale green Fe3+ Yellow Fe4+ Colourless Fe5+ Colourless Fe6+ Colourless Co2+ Pink Co3+ Yellow Co4+ Colourless Co5+ Colourless Ni2+ Green Ni3+ Colourless Ni4+ Colourless Cu+ Colourless Cu2+ Blue Cu3+ Colourless Sc3+ Colourless Zn2+ Colourless Reaction Conditions Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 10 Free radical substitution: Alkane and halogen UV light Cracking of alkanes: Alkane (thermal) high pressure, high temperature Alkane (catalytic) slight pressure, high temperature, zeolite catalyst Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes: Haloalkane and hydroxide ions sodium hydroxide with ethanol Haloalkane and cyanide ions warmed with potassium cyanide Haloalkane and ammonia with ethanol at high pressures Elimination of a halogen within a haloalkane: Haloalkane and hydroxide ions sodium hydroxide with ethanol Electrophilic addition of alkenes: Alkene and halogen add halogen Alkene and hydrogen halide add hydrogen halide Alkene and water (hydration) phosphoric acid, 300 °C, 60 atm Alkene and hydrogen (hydrogenation) nickel catalyst, 150 °C Fermentation of glucose to form ethanol: Glucose warmed and separated from air Oxidation of alcohols : Primary alcohol - aldehyde acidified potassium dichromate (oxidising agent) under distillation, colour change from orange to green Primary alcohol - carboxylic acid acidified potassium dichromate (oxidising agent) under reflux, colour change from orange to green Secondary alcohol - ketone acidified potassium dichromate (oxidising agent) under reflux Dehydrating alcohols (elimination): Alcohol concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid Nucleophilic addition of aldehydes and ketones: Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 11 Aldehydes/ketones sodium tetrahydridoborate(III) (sodium borohydride) in aqueous solution Alkenes/ketones hydrogen cyanide with water Esterification: Carboxylic acid and alcohol warmed with sulfuric acid and ethanol Hydrolysis of esters: Ester and water add a dilute acid Ester and alkali add an alkali and vegetable oils and animal fats will form Reactions of acyl chlorides (nucleophilic addition-elimination): Acyl chloride and water - carboxylic acid cold water Acyl chloride and alcohol - ester room temperature Acyl chloride and ammonia - primary amide room temperature Acyl chloride and primary amine - secondary amine room temperature Electrophilic substitution of benzene: Benzene and nitric acid concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid Benzene and acyl chloride aluminium chloride catalyst Amines acting as bases: Amine and acid add an acid to form ammonium salt Preparing amines: Alkyl amines - nitrile and hydrogen nickel catalyst Aromatic amines - nitrobenzene tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid (reducing agent), sodium hydroxide Constants to use Avogadro’s constant (Na) 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 (You will be given this) Kw constant 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6 Real gas constant (R) 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (You will be given this) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 12 Specific heat capacity (c) 4.184J g-1 K-1 (You will be given this) Equations to recall The units listed here are where the equation first appears, the use of this equation is not limited to questions on this topic. Equation Symbols Units AS and A Level content Physical chemistry – Atomic structure and the periodic table Relative atomic mass from relative isotopic mass = mass of one atom from an isotopic abundance mass of an atom from an isotope = g isotope compared with mass of one atom from relative isotopic mass = 1/12th of the mass of an 12 C=g mass of one atom from an atom of carbon-12 isotope / mass of one atom from 12C x 100 Physical chemistry – Formula, equations and amounts of substance Number of molecules n = number of moles n = mol Na = Avogadro’s constant Na = mol-1 number of molecules = n x Na Given Avogadro’s constant Molar gas volume n = number of moles n = mol V = volume V = dm-3 n = V/24 24 = molar gas volume 24 = dm3 mol-1 The ideal gas equation p = pressure p = Pa V = volume V = m3 pV = nRT n = number of moles n = mol R = real gas constant R = J K-1 mol-1 Real gas constant is given T = temperature T=K Number of moles n = number of moles n = mol m = mass m=g n = m/Mr Mr = relative molecular Mr = g mol-1 mass Molar gas volume n = number of moles n = mol V = volume V = dm-3 n = V/24 24 = molar gas volume 24 = dm3 mol-1 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 13 Concentration n = number of moles n = mol c = concentration c = mol dm-3 n=cxV V = volume V = dm-3 Percentage error uncertainty = to the percentage error = % number of decimal places uncertainty = g Percentage error = that the instrument reading = g uncertainty / reading x measures 100 Percentage yield actual yield = amount of percentage yield = % product made actual yield = mol percentage yield = actual theoretical yield = theoretical yield = mol yield / theoretical yield x maximum potential yield 100 Atom economy Mr = relative molecular Mr = g mol-1 mass Mr of desired product / sum of Mr of all reactants x 100 Physical chemistry - Energetics I Enthalpy change q = enthalpy change q=J m = mass mass = g q = mcΔT c = specific heat capacity c = J g-1 K-1 ΔT = temperature change ΔT = K Specific heat capacity is given Average bond enthalpy ΔH = enthalpy change ΔH = kJ mol-1 ∑(bond enthalpies in ∑(bond enthalpies in ΔH = ∑(bond enthalpies in reactants) = sum of reactants) = kJ mol-1 reactants) - ∑(bond average bond enthalpies ∑(bond enthalpies in enthalpies in products) in reactants products) = kJ mol-1 ∑(bond enthalpies in products) = sum of average bond enthalpies in products Physical chemistry – Equilibrium I Equilibrium constant, Kc Kc = equilibrium constant Kc = dependent on for concentration reactants and products Kc = [D] [E] /[A] [B] d e a b [D] = concentration of D [D] = mol dm-3 (products) d = mol d = number of moles of D [E] = mol dm-3 e = mol Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 14 [E] = concentration of E [A] = mol dm-3 (products) a = mol e = number of moles of E [B] = mol dm-3 [A] = concentration of A b = mol (reactants) a = number of moles of A [B] = concentration of B (reactants) b = number of moles of B A-Level only content Physical chemistry – Equilibrium II Equilibrium constant, Kp Kp = equilibrium constant Kp = dependent on for pressure reactants and products Kp = (D) (E) /(A) (B) d e a b [D] = pressure of D [D] = Pa (products) d = mol d = number of moles of D [E] = Pa [E] = pressure of E e = mol (products) [A] = Pa e = number of moles of E a = mol [A] = pressure of A [B] = Pa (reactants) b = mol a = number of moles of A [B] = pressure of B (reactants) b = number of moles of B Physical chemistry – Acid-base equilibria pH from a hydrogen ion [H+] = concentration of H+ [H+] = mol dm-3 concentration ions pH = pH = -log10[H+] Concentration of hydrogen [H+] = concentration of H+ [H+] = mol dm-3 ions ions [H+] = 10-pH pH of strong acids [H+] = concentration of H+ [H+] = mol dm-3 ions pH = -log10[H+] Ka expression Ka = equilibrium constant Ka = mol dm-3 for dissociation [H+] = mol dm-3 Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 15 Ka = [H+] [A-] / [HA] [H+] = concentration of H+ [A-] = mol dm-3 ions [HA] = mol dm-3 [A-] = concentration of conjugate base [HA] = concentration of the undissociated acid Ionic product of water Kw = equilibrium constant Kw = mol2 dm-6 for dissociation [H+] = mol dm-3 Kw = [H+][OH-] [H+] = concentration of H+ [OH-] = mol dm-3 ions [OH-] =concentration of OH- ions Dissociation constant for a pKa = equilibrium constant pKa = mol dm-3 weak acid for dissociation Ka = mol dm-3 Ka = equilibrium constant pKa= -log10 Ka for dissociation Physical chemistry – Energetics II Entropy change ΔStotal = total entropy ΔStotal = J K-1 mol-1 change ΔSsystem = J K-1 mol-1 ΔStotal = ΔSsystem + ΔSsystem = entropy change ΔSsurroundings = J K-1 mol-1 ΔSsurroundings of system ΔSsurroundings = entropy change of surroundings Entropy change of ΔSsurroundings = entropy ΔSsurroundings = J K-1 mol-1 surroundings change of surroundings ΔH = J mol-1 ΔH = enthalpy change T=K ΔSsurroundings = - ΔH / T T = temperature Gibbs free-energy change ΔG = a change in free ΔG = J mol-1 energy ΔH = J mol-1 ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔH = enthalpy change T=K T = temperature ΔS = J K-1 mol-1 ΔS = entropy change Physical chemistry – Redox II EMF of a cell EƟ = electromotive force EƟ = V EƟ = EƟ of right hand side - EƟ of left hand side Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 16 Physical chemistry – Kinetics II Rate equations Rate = rate of a reaction Rate = mol dm-3 s-1 k = the rate constant k = dependent on Rate = k[A] [B] m n [A] = concentration of A reactants m = the order of A [A] = mol dm-3 [B] = concentration of B m = no units n = the order of B [B] = mol dm-3 n = no units The Arrhenius equation ln k = the log of the rate Ea = J mol-1 constant R = J K-1 mol-1 ln A = the log of the T=K ln k = -Ea/RT + ln A Arrhenius constant Ea = activation energy Given in the exam R = real gas constant Real gas constant is given T = temperature The Arrhenius equation ln k = the log of the rate Ea = J mol-1 constant R = J K-1 mol-1 ln A = the log of the T=K ln k = -Ea/RT + ln A Arrhenius constant Ea = activation energy Given in the exam R = real gas constant Real gas constant is given T = temperature Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 17 Required practical’s 1. Measure the molar volume of a gas. 2. Prepare a standard solution from a solid acid and use it to find the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide. 3. Find the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid. 4. Investigation of the rates of hydrolysis of some halogenoalkanes. 5. The oxidation of ethanol. 6. Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol using concentrated hydrochloric acid. 7. Analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns. 8. To determine the enthalpy change of a reaction using Hess’s Law. A-Level only 9. Finding the Ka value for a weak acid. 10. Investigating some electrochemical cells. 11. Redox titration. 12. The preparation of a transition metal complex. 13. Following the rate of the iodine-propanone reaction by a titrimetric method and investigating a ‘clock reaction’ (Harcourt-Esson, iodine clock). 14. Finding the activation energy of a reaction. 15. Analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns. 16. The preparation of aspirin. Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 18 AS - Level. Core physical chemistry Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 19 Notes on videos; some of the early content in each topic will be the same as GCSE, while you may get harder questions in the exams the fact that we’re now doing A-Level doesn’t change the fact that the atomic number shows the number of protons or that sodium is in Group 1!! Knowledge Checklist Specification statement Self-assessment These are the bits the exam board wants you to First Second Final review know, make sure you can do all of these… review review Week before 4-7 months 1-2 months exam before before exam exam Structure of an atom The Atom, Isotopes and Ions https://youtu.be/POTn3f4O-iE Models of the Atom https://youtu.be/UiZ7M1U2m84 Models of the Atom, Dalton to Schrodinger PhET Simulation https://youtu.be/p2ANolaZyTQ Rutherford Scattering and the Plum Pudding Model-PhET Simulation https://youtu.be/pDYo6AcEtE4 I can describe the structure of an atom I can describe the mass and charge on each of the subatomic particles I can describe, using experimental evidence, the development of models of the atom I can explain the formation of ions Isotopes The Atom, Isotopes and Ions https://youtu.be/POTn3f4O-iE Isotopes https://youtu.be/fIC2B935oXQ I can explain the existence of isotopes I can use a periodic table to determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons, an atom, isotope or ion has I can calculate relative atomic mass from data about isotopes Mass Spectrometry I can describe the principle behind the use of a mass spectrometer Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 20 I can explain how a mass spectrometer can determine the relative mass and abundance of isotopes I can interpret data from a mass spectrometer Electronic configuration Electron Configuration https://youtu.be/dnG6dg0s1Ys What is the difference between a shell, a subshell and an orbital? https://youtu.be/3OYxHloK2B8 I can draw and write the electron configuration of elements, using shells, subshells and orbitals I can define the term first ionisation enthalpy I can write equations to show ionisation enthalpies I can describe the evidence for electron shells s, p or d block elements Electronic Configuration https://youtu.be/dnG6dg0s1Ys I can locate the s, p or d blocks I can describe trends in the s, p or d blocks Period 2 and 3 I can describe the trends in periods 2 and 3; atomic radius; first ionisation energy; melting point I can give reasons for the trends seen in periods 2 and 3 Ionic bonding Drawing Ionic Bonding https://youtu.be/pvaQMCkuGLE Introduction to Ionic Bonding https://youtu.be/TI6xRyWDtok Drawing Ionic Bonding https://youtu.be/gbx1pcFn4ws Formula of Ionic Compounds https://youtu.be/52wlU4-NK-c I can define the term ionic bond I can draw dot and cross diagrams to illustrate ionic bonding I can recall the formula of common ions and subsequently determine the formula of ionic compounds Covalent and dative covalent bonds Introduction to Covalent bonding https://youtu.be/4I4IqZ2qcfU Dot and Cross Diagrams for Covalent Bonding https://youtu.be/4SkHncOprhs Dative Coordinate Covalent Bonding https://youtu.be/2sRU6KbL3sE Exceptions to the Octet Rule https://youtu.be/9E833hLP0_M I can define the term covalent bond I can define the term dative covalent bond Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 21 I can draw dot and cross diagrams to illustrate covalent bonding, including dative coordinate bonding Shapes of molecules Shapes of Molecules https://youtu.be/ON0RKEN4OJg Shapes of Molecules. PhET Simulation https://youtu.be/ZZfPnyWhEK0 Electron Pair Repulsion Theory https://youtu.be/3-x7md01eGE I can determine and accurately draw the shapes and bond angles of compounds I can explain and use electron pair repulsion theory I can explain the differences between lone pair - lone pair; lone pair – bond pair and bond pair – bond pair repulsion. Bond polarity Electronegativity and Bond Polarity https://youtu.be/AI2sqMuzsH8 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity, PhET Simulation https://youtu.be/68RWfWy5sU4 I can use the electronegativity of different element to determine if a molecule has polarity I can describe the movement of electrons with a polar bond I can draw diagrams and indicate bond polarity Van der Waals’ forces Intermolecular Forces and Van der Waals https://youtu.be/H-6vOKPxg-4 London Dispersion Forces (Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole) https://youtu.be/gJpP2CmdXpg I can describe induced dipole interactions Permanent dipole-dipole forces Permanent dipole and Permanent Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions https://youtu.be/uWzu2r8HoDc I can describe interactions that involve a permanent dipole I can describe interactions that involve a permanent dipole I can describe how the bonding between molecules affect boiling point Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen Bonding https://youtu.be/JcBaStKtF-g Water is Weird https://youtu.be/AKVTWHBGRPk I can describe hydrogen bonding I can explain the anomalous properties that arise due to hydrogen bonding Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 22 Physical properties of materials I can explain boiling temperature trends of alkanes in terms of increasing chain length I can explain the effect of branching in the carbon chain on the boiling temperatures of alkanes I can describe why alcohols have a lower volatility compared to alkanes I can describe the boiling temperature trends of hydrogen halides Metallic bonding Metallic Bonding https://youtu.be/NcRNRS3Zays I can define the term metallic bond I can explain the properties of metallic bonding with relation to the structure. Bonding and properties Properties of ionic compounds https://youtu.be/_h4mVHBANAA Properties of simple covalent compounds https://youtu.be/2-CjI8nWFW0 Properties of Giant Covalent Compounds https://youtu.be/wiPKy4e9zmc Metallic Bonding https://youtu.be/NcRNRS3Zays Diamond, Structure, Bonding and Properties https://youtu.be/uN_nzg0wits The Whole of AQA - Bonding, Structure and Properties https://youtu.be/YpEQ-NWxKBc The difference between diamond and graphite https://youtu.be/NoCCdXFRi3g The difference between covalent and ionic compounds https://youtu.be/yJ8p5BboNos I can explain the properties of ionic bonding with relation to the structure of ionic compounds I can explain the properties of simple covalent and giant covalent compounds with relation to the structure. I can explain the properties of metallic bonding with relation to the structure. I can describe the difference between the four types of crystal structure (ionic, metallic, macromolecular and molecular) I can describe the structure of the following crystals as examples; diamond; graphite; ice; iodine; magnesium and sodium chloride. I can apply what I know about crystal structure to new situations I can describe hydrogen bonding I can explain the anomalous properties that arise due to hydrogen bonding Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 23 Oxidation states The Rules https://youtu.be/DlLY8nJlwgE Naming Compounds https://youtu.be/Nr4hZYGjm0A Formula of Compounds https://youtu.be/GFYvIliJheI Redox Reactions and Oxidation States https://youtu.be/OLPhqYrMoWI Exceptions to the Rules https://youtu.be/1gxLloqM8Sg Disproportionation Redox Reactionshttps://youtu.be/59Dn63BEDMA Balancing Equations https://youtu.be/xQ9th5CpKgo I can recall the rules for assigning oxidation states I can assign oxidation states I can name compounds from the chemical formula I can write the chemical formula for a compound from the name Redox reactions Redox Reactions and Oxidation States https://youtu.be/OLPhqYrMoWI Disproportionation Redox Reactionshttps://youtu.be/59Dn63BEDMA I can define the term oxidation I can define the term reduction I can define the term redox I can write half equations for reactions I can combine half equations Moles and the Avogadro constant Moles https://youtu.be/JN_qmij-pkQ I can define the term Avogadro constant (you do not need to recall the value) I can define the term the term mole I can undertake calculations that involve the Avogadro constant I can undertake calculations that involve the number of moles Empirical and molecular formula Empirical Formula https://youtu.be/gTMKC0cCjlI I can define the term empirical formula I can define the term molecular formula I can determine the empirical formula for a compound I can determine the molecular formula for a compound Ideal gas equation I can use the equation pV = nRT Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 24 I can recall and use the standard units for the parts of pV = nRT Balanced equations Writing balanced symbol equations from word descriptions https://youtu.be/X8jiv0qwVok Balancing equations https://youtu.be/vKg_LNR-On4 Brackets in chemical equations https://youtu.be/5GmsOx_Dc0M I can balance chemical equations I can apply sate symbols to a chemical equation Ionic equations Ionic equations https://youtu.be/9HQJr9B71WU Atom economy - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx77zo_SPnw I can construct balanced chemical equations I can calculate atom economy I can describe the ways we can improve atom economy Volumes of gases I can calculate the volume of gases Concentrations and volumes of solutions Titration Calculations https://youtu.be/-j9NVZpene4 Titration Calculations https://youtu.be/u6Bwvk-hSsA Titration Calculations - Past Exam Questions https://youtu.be/hhkt3ZZ-pvQ Iodine and sodium thiosulfate redox titration calculations https://youtu.be/awO8s0S-Xwk I can calculate volume and concentration Core practical 1 – Measure the molar volume of a gas. AQA Required Practical – Measuring the rate of reaction by collecting gas https://youtu.be/SXUWo-V-WgQ Core practical 2 – Prepare a standard solution from a solid acid and use it to find the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide. AQA Required Practical – Neutralisation (How to carry out a titration) https://youtu.be/MDWVrTW0nq8 Core practical 3 – Find the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid. AQA Required Practical – Neutralisation (How to carry out a titration) https://youtu.be/MDWVrTW0nq8 Percentage yield Percentage Yield https://youtu.be/N47Mb-Vvpvc I can calculate percentage yield I can describe why percentage yield may not be 100% Atom economy Atom economy - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx77zo_SPnw Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 25 I can calculate atom economy I can describe the ways we can improve atom economy Enthalpy change I can define the term enthalpy change - H I can define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion - cH I can define the term standard enthalpy change of formation - fH I can recall standard conditions - H298 I can calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction Calorimetry Calorimetry - Measuring Energy Transfer https://youtu.be/zD0SJnTtHmw Specific Heat Capacity Calculations https://youtu.be/_gooQFvVqzk I can describe how to use calorimetry to determine the energy released from a substance I can use the equation q = mcΔT I can recall and use the standard units for the parts of q = mcΔT Hess's Law I undertake calculations using Hess’s law from given enthalpy changes of combustion I undertake calculations using Hess’s law from given enthalpy changes of formation Core practical 8 – To determine the enthalpy change of a reaction using Hess’s Law. Determining the Enthalpy Change of Copper (II) Sulfate https://youtu.be/YZ-REyiMDS0 Bond enthalpy Bond Energy https://youtu.be/B3hs4GEgJQc I can define the term bond enthalpy I can calculate enthalpy change (H) for a reaction from mean bond enthalpies Collision theory The whole of Rates of Reaction and Energy https://youtu.be/OyXq2HYCKL0 Rates of Change https://youtu.be/C-tHYZwisNs Measuring Rate of Reaction https://youtu.be/LT2Ke0o1Kwg I can define the term activation energy I can define the term rate of reaction I can describe what is needed for two particles to react I can explain why most collisions do not result in a reaction Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 26 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution Curves https://youtu.be/MSybtkBgpsU I can draw a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve I can describe how a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve changes for different temperatures I can explain Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curves Effect of temperature on reaction rate The whole of Rates of Reaction and Energy https://youtu.be/OyXq2HYCKL0 I can sketch a graph to show how temperature affects the rate of reaction I can use collision theory to explain how temperature affects rate of reaction Effect of pressure and concentration on reaction rate The whole of Rates of Reaction and Energy https://youtu.be/OyXq2HYCKL0 I can explain the link between concentration and pressure I can sketch a graph to show how pressure or concentration affects the rate of reaction I can use collision theory to explain how pressure or concentration affects rate of reaction Effect of catalysts on reaction rate The whole of Rates of Reaction and Energy https://youtu.be/OyXq2HYCKL0 I can define the term catalyst I can sketch a graph to show how a catalyst affects the rate of reaction I can use collision theory to explain how catalyst affects rate of reaction Heterogeneous catalysts and homogeneous catalysts I can define the term heterogeneous catalyst I can define the term homogeneous catalyst I can describe the catalyst in the Contact process I can describe the catalyst in the Haber process Le Chatelier’s principle and dynamic equilibrium Optimum Conditions for Ammonia Production. Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle https://youtu.be/sqq8iSFH4KU I can define the term reversible reaction I can define the term equilibrium I can apply Le Chatelier's Principle to a range of situations Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 27 I can describe the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium I can explain why the conditions used in industrial reactions may be a compromise Kc I can define the term Kc, the equilibrium constant I can deduce an equation for Kc I can calculate Kc Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 28 AS - Level. Core inorganic chemistry Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 29 Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you First Second Final review to know, make sure you can do all of these… review review Week before 4-7 1-2 months exam months before exam before exam Group 2, the alkaline earth metals Test for Sulfate Ions https://youtu.be/Z3ohqiTC-18 I can describe the trends in group 2; atomic radius; first ionisation energy; melting point I can give reasons for the trends seen in group 2 I can describe the reactions of group 2 elements with water I can describe how magnesium is used in the extraction of TiCl4 I can describe the solubilities of the group 2 hydroxides I can describe the use of Mg(OH)2 in medicine and of Ca(OH)2 in farming I can describe the test for sulfate ions I can describe the use of BsSO4 in medicine Thermal stability of groups 1 and 2 Thermal Decomposition of Metal Carbonates https://youtu.be/2dbq0KJ-HRw I can understand the reasons for the trends in thermal stability of group 1 and 2 nitrates and carbonates in terms of cation size and charge I can explain how to carry out an experiment to show the pattern in the thermal stability of group 1 and 2 nitrates and carbonate Flame tests AQA Required Practical – Identifying ions. Flame tests for positive ions https://youtu.be/i3fEVB9VN0Y I can explain how to carry out a flame test experiment I can name the flame colours for group 1 and 2 elements Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 30 Group 7 (17) the halogens The Halogens (Group 7 )https://youtu.be/vK5yc2RR0XQ AQA Required Practical - identifying ions. Test for Halide Ions https://youtu.be/XtQ4hHZzX2k Testing for Halide Ions https://youtu.be/DuTuLIzO88c I can describe the trends in group 7; electronegativity and boiling point I can give reasons for the trends seen in group 7 I can explain why group 7 elements can displace other group 7 elements I can describe the reaction of sodium halides with concentrated sulfuric acid I can describe the test for halide ions I can describe how the different silver halides are soluble in ammonia Chlorine and chlorate I can describe the formation of chloride ions and chlorate (I) ions by the reaction of chlorine with water I can describe how chlorine is used is the treatment of water I can discuss the range of onions surrounding the use of chlorine in water I can describe the reaction between chlorine and NaOH Testing for ions Testing for Halide Ions https://youtu.be/DuTuLIzO8c8 AQA Required Practical - identifying ions. Test for Carbonate Ions. https://youtu.be/7AGBLbl7AHE AQA Required Practical - Identifying ions. Test for Sulfate Ion. https://youtu.be/k5qMGgmQDwo I can describe how to test for negative ions (anions) I can describe how to test for positive ions (cations) Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 31 AS - Level. Core organic chemistry Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 32 Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to First Second Final know, make sure you can do all of these… review review review 4-7 months 1-2 months Week before before exam before exam exam Introduction to organic chemistry I can define the term homologous series I can define the term functional group I can recall the general formula for different homologous series I can identify the homologous series from the functional group Types of formula Naming Alkanes Using IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature https://youtu.be/uv7pJsSiq5w Naming Alkenes Using IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature https://youtu.be/C-Rt17aLXWQ I can name compounds using IUPAC rules I can use, interpret and draw a compound using different types of formula. Including empirical formula, molecular formula, general formula, structural formula, displayed formula and skeletal formula Structural isomerism Structural Isomers https://youtu.be/5r5NmJ99P0M I can define the term structural isomerism I can identify structural isomerism I can draw chain, position and functional group isomers Stereoisomerism Stereoisomers https://youtu.be/hFmnRftRQ1E I can define the term stereoisomerism I can identify stereoisomerism I can identify E-Z isomerism and cis-trans isomerism Skeletal formula Skeletal Formula https://youtu.be/yiuhhkO2QzY I can draw and interpret skeletal formula Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 33 E–Z isomerism Stereoisomers https://youtu.be/hFmnRftRQ1E I can define the condition needed for E-Z isomerism to arise I can name compounds to indicate the type of isomerism Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules Stereoisomers https://youtu.be/hFmnRftRQ1E I can apply Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules Reaction Mechanisms Common Chemistry Mistakes in…Drawing Reaction Mechanisms https://youtu.be/4AzjKlPa5RE Learn to draw perfect reaction mechanisms https://youtu.be/JmYrwbrx9hg I can draw free-radical mechanisms I can use curly arrows to show the movement of electrons Naming alkanes Naming Alkanes Using IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature https://youtu.be/uv7pJsSiq5w I can use IUPAC rules to name alkanes Fractional distillation of crude oil Fractional Distillation https://youtu.be/XXncE3cZ4H8 Fractional distillation, example 6 mark answer https://youtu.be/yvlc7KkIhRY Separating air by Fractional Distillation https://youtu.be/7UBGStT5CWM Alkanes https://youtu.be/5kpo5W0UaX8 I can define the term saturated hydrocarbon I can explain the need for fractional distillation I can describe the process of fractional distillation Cracking I can explain the need for cracking I can describe the process of catalytic cracking Combustion of alkanes Hydrocarbons, Complete and Incomplete Combustion https://youtu.be/Garj40Fyfuk I can describe the use of alkanes as fuels I can describe the difference between complete and incomplete combustion I can describe the range of pollutants that com form combustion and the consequences of the release of these pollutants I can describe the use of catalytic converters Production of alcohol I can describe the industrial production of alcohols Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 34 I can describe the products of ethanol by fermentation I can explain the use of ethanol as a biofuel I can evaluate if ethanol produced by fermentation is carbon-neutral I can evaluate the use of ethanol as a biofuel Halogenation of alkanes I can describe the reaction of alkanes with halogens I can describe the uses of halogenoalkanes I can explain the need to restrict the uses of CFC I can draw a reaction mechanism for free radical substitution, including initiation, propagation and termination steps Bonding and reactivity Sigma Bonds. SP3 hybridization Orbitals https://youtu.be/N7ToafjM_lc Pi Bonds. SP2 Hybridization Orbitals https://youtu.be/Gxc3QFnPmK0 I can describe alkanes as unsaturated hydrocarbons I can describe the difference in electron density around single and double bonds Addition reactions of alkenes Markownikoff's rule and electrophilic addition of alkenes https://youtu.be/huKPSBZcim8 I can draw a mechanism to show the electrophilic addition of an alkene with either HBr, H2SO4 or Br2, or similar compounds I can describe the test for an unsaturated compound I can determine the major and minor products from an addition reaction Addition polymers Polymers https://youtu.be/KTmj3bB2A2I I can identify repeating units from a polymer and draw a polymer from repeating units I can name polymers using IUPAC rules I can describe the properties of polymers I can describe the properties and uses of common polymers Polymer disposal I can describe the ways wasted polymers are being disposed of Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 35 I can describe how biodegradable polymers are being developed I can explain how toxic gases being produced by the disposal of polymers can be removed Halogenoalkanes I can classify halogenoalkanes as primary, secondary or tertiary I can describe the uses of halogenoalkanes Nucleophilic substitution Electronegativity and Bond Polarity https://youtu.be/AI2sqMuzsH8 I can identify the polar bonds in halogenoalkanes I can draw the mechanism by which halogenoalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution I can explain what influence the carbon-halogen bond enthalpy has on the rate of reaction Elimination reactions I can draw the reaction mechanism by which a halogenoalkane reactions with a metal hydroxide Core practical 4 – Investigation of the rates of hydrolysis of some halogenoalkanes. Alcohols Naming Alcohols Using IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature https://youtu.be/PIT0LTYNN4Q I can name alcohol using IUPAC rules I can describe the properties of alcohols Oxidation of alcohols Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols using IUPAC Systematic nomenclature https://youtu.be/yAqNRaRqXdw Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol https://youtu.be/N8v2s0tvEVw I can differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols I can describe how primary alcohols can be oxidised I can describe how secondary alcohols can be oxidised I can describe how tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised I can describe the use of acidified potassium dichromate (VI) as a suitable oxidising agent I can distinguish chemically between aldehydes and ketones Reactions with alcohols I can describe the formation of alkenes from alcohols Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 36 Experimental techniques Setting up Reflux https://youtu.be/K4QBZ1zLyIY Separating Techniques https://youtu.be/NJYnoXUWa2o Testing the purity of a substance by finding the melting point https://yout.be/cCBcTr2SI6Y I can describe how to heat an organic liquid under reflux I can describe how to extract an organic liquid with a solvent in a separating funnel I can describe how to carry out the distillation of an organic liquid I can describe how to dry an organic liquid with an anhydrous salt I can describe how to determine the boiling temperature of an organic liquid Core practical 5 – The oxidation of ethanol Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol – Revision of A-Level Chemistry https://youtu.be/N8v2s0tvEVw Core practical 6 – Chlorination of 2-methlpropan-2-ol using concentrated hydrochloric acid. Mass spectrometry I can describe the use of mass spectrometry I can interpret mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy I can describe how bonds interact with infrared radiation I can interpret infrared spectra and identify compounds I can link absorption of infrared by bonds to global warming Core practical 7 – Analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns. Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol https://youtu.be/N8v2s0tvEVw AQA Required Practical – identifying ions. Test for Halide Ions. https://youtu.be/XtQ4hHZzX2k Testing for Halide Ions, Experiments and Explanations. A-Level Chemistry Practical https://youtu.be/DuTuLIzO88c Using Bromine Water to Test for an Alkene https://youtu.be/UQhyzisHawI AQA Required Practical – identifying ions. Test for Carbonate Ions. https://youtu.be/7AGBLbl7AHE AQA Required Practical – identifying ions. Test for Sulfate Ions. https://youtu.be/k5qMGgmQDwo Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 37 A - Level. Advanced physical chemistry Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 38 Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to First Second Final review know, make sure you can do all of these… review review Week before 4-7 months 1-2 exam before months exam before exam Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems I can define the term equilibrium constant - Kp I can deduce Kp I can calculate partial pressure I can use Kp in calculations I can predict the effect that a change in temperature will have on the position of an equilibrium I can predict the effect that a catalyst will have on the position of an equilibrium I can calculate the units for Kp Kc I can define the term entropy change (ΔS) I can describe the difference between entropy and enthalpy I can calculate entropy changes I can calculate the units for Kc Brønsted–Lowry acid-base equilibria What is the difference between a strong and a weak acid, a high and a low concentration? https://youtu.be/bdUas8qRUew Acid + Base Reactions - Naming Products https://youtu.be/-kwhGkvUjoQ I can define the term acid I can define the term base I can define the term strong acid I can recall which acids are strong acids I can define the term weak acid I can recall which acids are weak acids pH equations Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 39 I can calculate the pH from the hydrogen ion concentration I can calculate the hydrogen ion concentration from the pH Calculate the pH of strong acids I can calculate the pH of a strong acid using pH = - log10[H+] Calculate the pH of weak acids I can describe the difference between strong and weak acids I can define the term dissociation constant for a weak acid, Ka I can construct an expression for Ka I can calculate using pKa= -log10 Ka Kw to calculate the pH of strong bases I can describe how water is partially dissociated I can derive Kw I can describe how Kw varies with temperature I can calculate using Kw = [H ][OH ] + - Calculate the pH of buffer solutions. I can define the term buffer I can differentiate between an acid buffer and a basic buffer I can recall applications of buffer solutions I can calculate pH of buffer solutions pH curves AQA Required Practical - Neutralisation (How to carry out a titration) https://youtu.be/-kwhGkvUjoQ Indicators for titrations - Methyl orange and phenolphthalein https://youtu.be/XPTnZnbXgDs I can carry out a titration I can recognise pH curves for acid-base titrations I can sketch pH curves for acid-base titrations I can interpret pH curves and use this data to select indicators Core practical 9 – Finding the Ka value for a weak acid. Born-Haber Cycles I can define the term lattice enthalpy I can define the term enthalpy of formation I can define the term ionisation enthalpy I can define the term enthalpy of atomisation I can define the term bond enthalpy Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 40 I can define the term electron affinity I can define the term enthalpy of hydration I can construct Born-Haber cycles I can use a Born-Haber cycle to calculate lattice enthalpy I can use the data from Born-Haber cycles to determine if a compound shows covalent character in ionic bonding Entropy change, ΔS I can define the term entropy change (ΔS) I can describe the difference between entropy and enthalpy I can calculate entropy changes Gibbs free-energy change, ΔG Gibbs free-energy change, ΔG https://youtu.be/DlI8ByndBtI I can define the term Gibbs free-energy change (ΔG) I can calculate using ΔG = ΔH - TΔS I can use the results of ΔG = ΔH – TΔS to determine if a reaction is feasible or not I can use the results of ΔG = ΔH – TΔS to determine the temperature at which a reaction becomes feasible Electrode potentials and cells Measuring the EMF of an Electrochemical cell. A-Level Chemistry Required Practical https://youtu.be/JGYvq2WtrxI I can follow IUPAC conventions and write half equations for electrode reactions I define the term standard hydrogen electrode I can recall the conditions for the standard electrode potential, Eθ I can use standard electrode potentials to predict the direction of a redox reaction I can calculate electromotive force (EMF) of a cell Core practical 10 – Investigating some electrochemical cells. Measuring the EMF of an Electrochemical cell. A-Level Chemistry Required Practical https://youtu.be/JGYvq2WtrxI Electrochemical cells Hydrogen as a Fuel https://youtu.be/sO4uUdKpDEo What is the difference between a cell and a battery? https://youtu.be/-SNS9j3v2f8 I can describe how electrochemical cells can be used commercially Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 41 I can describe the electrode reactions in a lithium cell I can describe the difference between rechargeable and non-rechargeable cells I can describe how a fuel cell works I can describe the reactions in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell Redox titrations Iodine and sodium thiosulfate redox titration calculations https://youtu.be/awO8s0S-Xwk Redox Titration Calculations with Potassium Manganate(VII) https://youtu.be/wjHBjG7l7fU I can carry out a redox titration I can use experimental data from a redox titration to carry out titration calculations Core practical 11 – Redox titration. Redox Titration Calculations with Potassium Manganate (VII) https://youtu.be/wjHBjG7l7fU Iodine and sodium thiosulfate redox titration calculations https://youtu.be/awO8s0S-Xwk Order of reactions and rate equations I can define the term rate equation I can define the term order of reaction I can define the term rate constant I can construct rate equations in the form Rate = k[A]m [B]n I can relate orders of reactions to experimental data Determination of rate equation Orders of reactants to suggest a mechanism https://youtu.be/exaMh4NVb4o I can determine the rate equation experimentally I can use the orders of reactants to suggest a mechanism I can determine the rate of a reaction from a concentration-time graph I can use data from initial concentration-time graphs to determine the initial order of a reaction I can recognise a zero order graph, with respect to a reactant I can recognise a first order graph, with respect to a reactant Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 42 I can recognise a second order graph, with respect to a reactant I can determine the rate limiting step for a reaction The Arrhenius equation. I can explain how the rate constant varies with temperature I can calculate using k = Ae-Ea/RT I can calculate using ln k = -Ea/RT + ln A I can use ln k = -Ea/RT + ln A to plot a graph with a gradient of -Ea/R Core practical 13a/13b – Following the rate of the iodine-propanone reaction by a titrimetric method and investigating a ‘clock reaction’ (Harcourt-Esson, iodine clock). Iodine Clock – Measuring the rate of a reaction by initial rate https://youtu.be/NM3WsnJxf2c Iodine clock – Classroom Clips #2 https://youtu.be/KBvd6WcGUA8 Core practical 14 – Finding the activation energy of a reaction. Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 43 A - Level. Advanced inorganic chemistry Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 44 Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to First Second review Final know, make sure you can do all of these… review 1-2 months review 4-7 before exam Week months before before exam exam Transition metals Transition Metals https://youtu.be/Tw3NJ_it3tc Colours of transition metal ions in aqueous solutions https://youtu.be/fgLIewI2HjM I can locate the transition metals I can describe the characteristic of transition metals I can define the term ligand I can define the term complex ions I can identify the colour of a transition metal ion by the oxidation state I can define the term co-ordination number Complex ions Colours of transition metal ions in aqueous solutions https://youtu.be/fgLIewI2HjM I can I can draw H2O, NH3 and Cl- as monodentate ligands I can define the term monodentate ligand I can define the term bidentate ligand I can draw the bidentate ligands, 1,2- diaminoethane (H2NCH2CH2NH2) and ethanedioate (C2O42-) I can define the term multidentate ligand I can recognise EDTA4- as a multidentate ligand I can describe haem as a complex ion I can describe how haem reacts with oxygen and carbon monoxide Shapes of complex ions I can draw complex ions indicating the shape and geometry of the ligands. I can describe the shapes commonly made with small ligands and large ligands Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 45 I can explain the cis-trans isomerism that can be found in octahedral complex’s with monodentate ligands I can explain the optical isomerism that can be found in complex’s with bidentate ligands I can describe the example cisplatin I can describe the linear complex that is used in Tollens reagent Coloured complex ions Coloured complex ions https://youtu.be/fgLIewI2HjM I can recall the coloured formed by the different transition metal ions I can describe when a change in colour might occur I can explain how the colour of these ions arises I can describe how to measure the concentration of a solution based on data from colorimetry experiments Variable oxidation states of transition metals Iodine and sodium thiosulfate redox titration calculations https://youtu.be/awO8s0S-Xwk Redox Titration Calculations with Potassium Manganate (VII) https://youtu.be/wjHBjG7l7fU I can describe how transition metals show variable oxidation states I can describe how V (IV), V (III) and V (II) ions are formed I can the effect that pH has on oxidation state of an ion I can the ion in Tollens reagent I can carry out a redox titration I can calculate using data from redox titrations Ligand exchange I can determine if substitution is complete or incomplete I can determine the co-ordination number of a central ion involved in ligand exchange I can describe what happens when carbon monoxide replaces oxygen in a complex ion with heam I can describe and explain the chelate effect Heterogeneous catalysts and homogeneous catalysts I can define the term heterogeneous catalyst Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 46 I can define the term homogeneous catalyst I can describe the catalyst in the Contact process I can describe the catalyst in the Haber process I can explain how heterogeneous catalyst can become poisoned and the implications of this I can explain the importance of variable oxidation states in catalysed reactions Core practical 12 – The preparation of a transition metal complex. Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 47 A-Level. Advanced organic Chemistry Primrose Kitten – YouTube Tutorials for GCSE and A-Level. 48 Knowledge Checklist Self-assessment Specification statement These are the bits the exam board wants you to First Second Final know, make sure you can do all of these… review review review 4-7 months 1-2 months Week before before exam before exam exam Optical isomerism Chiral Carbons in Optical Isomers https://youtu.be/j4mswBiL9pw Stereoisomers https://youtu.be/hFmnRftRQ1E I can the conditions that allow optimal isomerism to occur I can identify chiral carbons I can define the term racemic mixture (racemate) I can draw structural formulas to show optical isomerism I can explain why a racemic mixture is optically inactive Aldehydes Fehling's test for an Aldehyde https://youtu.be/0SPCZXoOI-Y Fehling's test for an Aldehyde https://youtu.be/y4LrBM-oaRI I can name aldehydes using IUPAC rules I can describe what happens when aldehydes are oxidised I can describe what happens when aldehydes are reduced I can explain how hydrogen bonds form when an aldehyde is placed in water I can describe the reaction of aldehydes with LiBH4 I can describe the reaction of aldehydes with HCN Ketones I can name ketones using IUPAC rules I can describe what happens when ketones are oxidised I can describe what happens when ketones are reduced I can explain how hydrogen bonds form when a ketone is placed in water I can describe the reaction of ketones with LiBH4
