Eccouncil 312-50 CEHv12 April 2024 Exam (PDF)

Eccouncil.312-50v12.vApr-2024.by.Tany.146q Number: 312-50v12 Passing Score: 800 Time Limit: 120 Websi...

Eccouncil.312-50v12.vApr-2024.by.Tany.146q Number: 312-50v12 Passing Score: 800 Time Limit: 120 Website: www.VCEplus.io File Version: 12.0 Twitter: https://twitter.com/VCE_Plus Exam Code: 312-50v12 Exam Name: Certified Ethical Hacker v12 Exam IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io Exam A QUESTION 1 A friend of yours tells you that he downloaded and executed a file that was sent to him by a coworker. Since the file did nothing when executed, he asks you for help because he suspects that he may have installed a trojan on his computer. what tests would you perform to determine whether his computer Is Infected? A. Use ExifTool and check for malicious content. B. You do not check; rather, you immediately restore a previous snapshot of the operating system. C. Upload the file to VirusTotal. D. Use netstat and check for outgoing connections to strange IP addresses or domains. Correct Answer: D Section: QUESTION 2 Garry is a network administrator in an organization. He uses SNMP to manage networked devices from a remote location. To manage nodes in the network, he uses MIB. which contains formal descriptions of all network objects managed by SNMP. He accesses the contents of MIB by using a web browser either by entering the IP address and Lseries.mlb or by entering the DNS library name and Lseries.mlb. He is currently retrieving information from an MIB that contains object types for workstations and server services. Which of the following types of MIB is accessed by Garry in the above scenario? A. LNMIB2.MIB B. C. WINS.MIB DHCP.MIS www.VCEplus.io D. MIB_II.MIB Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: DHCP.MIB: Monitors network traffic between DHCP servers and remote hosts ¦ HOSTMIB.MIB: Monitors and manages host resources ¦ LNMIB2.MIB: Contains object types for workstation and server services ¦ MIBJI.MIB: Manages TCP/IP- based Internet using a simple architecture and system ¦ WINS.MIB: For the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) QUESTION 3 An attacker redirects the victim to malicious websites by sending them a malicious link by email. The link appears authentic but redirects the victim to a malicious web page, which allows the attacker to steal the victim's dat a. What type of attack is this? A. Phishing B. Vlishing C. Spoofing D. DDoS Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing Phishing is a type of social engineering attack often used to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers. It occurs when an attacker, masquerading as a trusted entity, dupes a victim into opening an email, instant message, IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io or text message. The recipient is then tricked into clicking a malicious link, which can lead to the installation of malware, the freezing of the system as part of a ransomware attack, or the revealing of sensitive information. An attack can have devastating results. For individuals, this includes unauthorized purchases, the stealing of funds, or identify theft. Moreover, phishing is often used to gain a foothold in corporate or governmental networks as a part of a larger attack, such as an advanced persistent threat (APT) event. In this latter scenario, employees are compromised in order to bypass security perimeters, distribute malware inside a closed environment, or gain privileged access to secured data. An organization succumbing to such an attack typically sustains severe financial losses in addition to declining market share, reputation, and consumer trust. Depending on the scope, a phishing attempt might escalate into a security incident from which a business will have a difficult time recovering. Incorrect answers: Vishing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_phishing Voice phishing, or vishing, is the use of telephony (often Voice over IP telephony) to conduct phishing attacks. DDoS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal traffic of a targeted server, service or network by overwhelming the target or its surrounding infrastructure with a flood of Internet traffic. DDoS attacks achieve effectiveness by utilizing multiple compromised computer systems as sources of attack traffic. Exploited machines can include computers and other networked resources such as IoT devices. Spoofing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoofing_attack In the context of information security, and especially network security, a spoofing attack is a situation in which a person or program successfully identifies as another by falsifying data, to gain an illegitimate advantage. QUESTION 4 Steve, an attacker, created a fake profile on a social media website and sent a request to Stell a. Stella was enthralled by Steve's profile picture and the description given for his profile, and she initiated a conversation with him soon after accepting the request. After a few days. Sieve started asking about her company details and eventually gathered all the essential information regarding her company. What is the social engineering technique Steve employed in the above scenario? A. Diversion theft B. Baiting C. Honey trap D. Piggybacking Correct Answer: C Section: Explanation: www.VCEplus.io The honey trap is a technique where an attacker targets a person online by pretending to be an attractive person and then begins a fake online relationship to obtain confidential information about the target company. In this technique, the victim is an insider who possesses critical information about the target organization. Baiting is a technique in which attackers offer end users something alluring in exchange for important information such as login details and other sensitive data. This technique relies on the curiosity and greed of the end- users. Attackers perform this technique by leaving a physical device such as a USB flash drive containing malicious files in locations where people can easily find them, such as parking lots, elevators, and bathrooms. This physical device is labeled with a legitimate company's logo, thereby tricking end-users into trusting it and opening it on their systems. Once the victim connects and opens the device, a malicious file downloads. It infects the system and allows the attacker to take control. For example, an attacker leaves some bait in the form of a USB drive in the elevator with the label "Employee Salary Information 2019" and a legitimate company's logo. Out of curiosity and greed, the victim picks up the device and opens it up on their system, which downloads the bait. Once the bait is downloaded, a piece of malicious software installs on the victim's system, giving the attacker access. QUESTION 5 This form of encryption algorithm is asymmetric key block cipher that is characterized by a 128-bit block size, and its key size can be up to 256 bits. Which among the following is this encryption algorithm? A. Twofish encryption algorithm B. HMAC encryption algorithm C. IDEA D. Blowfish encryption algorithm Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: Twofish is an encryption algorithm designed by Bruce Schneier. It's a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits, with keys up to 256 bits. it's associated with AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and an earlier block cipher called Blowfish. Twofish was actually a finalist to become the industry standard for encryption, but was ultimately beaten out by the present AES. IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io Twofish has some distinctive features that set it aside from most other cryptographic protocols. For one, it uses pre-computed, key-dependent S-boxes. An S-box (substitution-box) may be a basic component of any symmetric key algorithm which performs substitution. within the context of Twofish's block cipher, the S-box works to obscure the connection of the key to the ciphertext. Twofish uses a pre-computed, key-dependent S-box which suggests that the S-box is already provided, but depends on the cipher key to decrypt the knowledge. How Secure is Twofish? Twofish is seen as a really secure option as far as encryption protocols go. one among the s that it wasn't selected because the advanced encryption standard is thanks to its slower speed. Any encryption standard that uses a 128-bit or higher key, is theoretically safe from brute force attacks. Twofish is during this category. Because Twofish uses "pre-computed key-dependent S-boxes", it are often susceptible to side channel attacks. this is often thanks to the tables being pre-computed. However, making these tables key-dependent helps mitigate that risk. There are a couple of attacks on Twofish, but consistent with its creator, Bruce Schneier, it didn't constitute a real cryptanalysis. These attacks didn't constitue a practical break within the cipher. Products That Use Twofish GnuPG: GnuPG may be a complete and free implementation of the OpenPGP standard as defined by RFC4880 (also referred to as PGP). GnuPG allows you to encrypt and sign your data and communications; it features a flexible key management system, along side access modules for all types of public key directories. KeePass: KeePass may be a password management tool that generates passwords with top-notch security. It's a free, open source, lightweight and easy-to-use password manager with many extensions and plugins. Password Safe: Password Safe uses one master password to stay all of your passwords protected, almost like the functionality of most of the password managers on this list. It allows you to store all of your passwords during a single password database, or multiple databases for various purposes. Creating a database is straightforward , just create the database, set your master password. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy): PGP is employed mostly for email encryption, it encrypts the content of the e-mail. However, Pretty Good Privacy doesn't encrypt the topic and sender of the e-mail , so make certain to never put sensitive information in these fields when using PGP. TrueCrypt: TrueCrypt may be a software program that encrypts and protects files on your devices. With TrueCrypt the encryption is transparent to the user and is completed locally at the user's computer. this suggests you'll store a TrueCrypt file on a server and TrueCrypt will encrypt that file before it's sent over the network. QUESTION 6 Sam is working as a system administrator In an organization. He captured the principal characteristics of a vulnerability and produced a numerical score to reflect Its severity using CVSS v3.0 to property assess and prioritize the organization's vulnerability management processes. The base score that Sam obtained after performing cvss rating was 4.0. What is the CVSS severity level of the vulnerability discovered by Sam in the above scenario? A. Medium www.VCEplus.io B. Low C. Critical D. High Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: Rating CVSS Score None 0.0 Low 0.1 - 3.9 Medium 4.0 - 6.9 High 7.0 - 8.9 Critical 9.0 - 10.0 https://www.first.org/cvss/v3.0/specification-document The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is an open framework for communicating the characteristics and severity of software vulnerabilities. CVSS consists of three metric groups: Base, Temporal, and Environmental. The Base metrics produce a score ranging from 0 to 10, which can then be modified by scoring the Temporal and Environmental metrics. A CVSS score is also represented as a vector string, a compressed textual representation of the values used to derive the score. Thus, CVSS is well suited as a standard measurement system for industries, organizations, and governments that need accurate and consistent vulnerability severity scores. Two common uses of CVSS are calculating the severity of vulnerabilities discovered on one's systems and as a factor in prioritization of vulnerability remediation activities. The National Vulnerability Database (NVD) provides CVSS scores for almost all known vulnerabilities. Qualitative Severity Rating Scale For some purposes, it is useful to have a textual representation of the numeric Base, Temporal and Environmental scores. IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io QUESTION 7 jane invites her friends Alice and John over for a LAN party. Alice and John access Jane's wireless network without a password. However. Jane has a long, complex password on her router. What attack has likely occurred? A. Wireless sniffing B. Piggybacking C. Evil twin D. Wardriving Correct Answer: C Section: Explanation: www.VCEplus.io An evil twin may be a fraudulent Wi-Fi access point that appears to be legitimate but is about up to pay attention to wireless communications. The evil twin is that the wireless LAN equivalent of the phishing scam. This type of attack could also be wont to steal the passwords of unsuspecting users, either by monitoring their connections or by phishing, which involves fixing a fraudulent internet site and luring people there. The attacker snoops on Internet traffic employing a bogus wireless access point. Unwitting web users could also be invited to log into the attacker's server, prompting them to enter sensitive information like usernames and passwords. Often, users are unaware they need been duped until well after the incident has occurred. When users log into unsecured (non-HTTPS) bank or e-mail accounts, the attacker intercepts thetransaction, since it's sent through their equipment. The attacker is additionally ready to hook upwith other networks related to the users' credentials. Fake access points are found out by configuring a wireless card to act as an access point (known as HostAP). they're hard to trace since they will be shut off instantly. The counterfeit access point could also be given an equivalent SSID and BSSID as a close-by Wi-Fi network. The evil twin are often configured to pass Internet traffic through to the legitimate access point while monitoring the victim's connection, or it can simply say the system is temporarily unavailable after obtaining a username and password. QUESTION 8 Nicolas just found a vulnerability on a public-facing system that is considered a zero-day vulnerability. He sent an email to the owner of the public system describing the problem and how the owner can protect themselves from that vulnerability. He also sent an email to Microsoft informing them of the problem that their systems are exposed to. What type of hacker is Nicolas? A. Red hat B. white hat C. Black hat D. Gray hat Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: A white hat (or a white hat hacker) is an ethical computer hacker, or a computer security expert, who focuses on penetration testing and in other testing methodologies that ensures the safety of an organization's information systems. Ethical hacking may be a term meant to imply a broader category than simply penetration testing. Contrasted with black hat, a malicious hacker, the name comes from Western films, where heroic and antagonistic IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io cowboys might traditionally wear a white and a black hat respectively. While a white hat hacker hacks under good intentions with permission, and a black hat hacker, most frequently unauthorized, has malicious intent, there's a 3rd kind referred to as a gray hat hacker who hacks with good intentions but sometimes without permission. White hat hackers can also add teams called "sneakers and/or hacker clubs",red teams, or tiger teams. While penetration testing concentrates on attacking software and computer systems from the beginning – scanning ports, examining known defects in protocols and applications running on the system and patch installations, as an example – ethical hacking may include other things. A fullblown ethical hack might include emailing staff to invite password details, searching through executive's dustbins and typically breaking and entering, without the knowledge and consent of the targets. Only the owners, CEOs and Board Members (stake holders) who asked for such a censoring of this magnitude are aware. to undertake to duplicate a number of the destructive techniques a true attack might employ, ethical hackers may arrange for cloned test systems, or organize a hack late in the dark while systems are less critical. In most up-to-date cases these hacks perpetuate for the longterm con (days, if not weeks, of long-term human infiltration into an organization). Some examples include leaving USB/flash key drives with hidden auto-start software during a public area as if someone lost the tiny drive and an unsuspecting employee found it and took it. Some other methods of completing these include: DoS attacks Social engineering tactics Reverse engineering Network security Disk and memory forensics Vulnerability research Security scanners such as: – W3af – Nessus – Burp suite Frameworks such as: – Metasploit Training Platforms These methods identify and exploit known security vulnerabilities and plan to evade security to realize entry into secured areas. they're ready to do that by hiding software and system 'back-doors' which will be used as a link to information or access that a non-ethical hacker, also referred to as 'black-hat' or 'grey-hat', might want to succeed in. QUESTION 9 www.VCEplus.io You are a penetration tester tasked with testing the wireless network of your client Brakeme S A. You are attempting to break into the wireless network with the SSID "Brakeme-lnternal." You realize that this network uses WPA3 encryption, which of the following vulnerabilities is the promising to exploit? B. Dragonblood C. Cross-site request forgery D. Key reinstallation attack E. AP Myconfiguration Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: Dragonblood allows an attacker in range of a password-protected Wi-Fi network to get the password and gain access to sensitive information like user credentials, emails and mastercard numbers. consistent with the published report: "The WPA3 certification aims to secure Wi-Fi networks, and provides several advantages over its predecessor WPA2, like protection against offline dictionary attacks and forward secrecy. Unfortunately, we show that WPA3 is suffering from several design flaws, and analyze these flaws both theoretically and practically. Most prominently, we show that WPA3's Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) handshake, commonly referred to as Dragonfly, is suffering from password partitioning attacks." Our Wi-Fi researchers at WatchGuard are educating businesses globally that WPA3 alone won't stop the Wi-Fi hacks that allow attackers to steal information over the air (learn more in our recent blog post on the topic). These Dragonblood vulnerabilities impact alittle amount of devices that were released with WPA3 support, and makers are currently making patches available. one among the most important takeaways for businesses of all sizes is to know that a long-term fix might not be technically feasible for devices with lightweight processing capabilities like IoT and embedded systems. Businesses got to consider adding products that enable a Trusted Wireless Environment for all kinds of devices and users alike. Recognizing that vulnerabilities like KRACK and Dragonblood require attackers to initiate these attacks by bringing an "Evil Twin" Access Point or a Rogue Access Point into a Wi-Fi environment, we've been that specialize in developing Wi- Fi security solutions that neutralize these threats in order that these attacks can never occur. The Trusted Wireless Environment framework protects against the "Evil Twin" Access Point and Rogue Access Point. one among these hacks is required to initiate the 2 downgrade or side-channel attacks referenced in Dragonblood. IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io What's next? WPA3 is an improvement over WPA2 Wi-Fi encryption protocol, however, as we predicted, it still doesn't provide protection from the six known Wi-Fi threat categories. It's highly likely that we'll see more WPA3 vulnerabilities announced within the near future. To help reduce Wi-Fi vulnerabilities, we're asking all of you to hitch the Trusted Wireless Environment movement and advocate for a worldwide security standard for Wi-Fi. QUESTION 10 To invisibly maintain access to a machine, an attacker utilizes a toolkit that sits undetected In the core components of the operating system. What is this type of rootkit an example of? A. Mypervisor rootkit B. Kernel toolkit C. Hardware rootkit D. Firmware rootkit Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: Kernel-mode rootkits run with the best operating system privileges (Ring 0) by adding code or replacement parts of the core operating system, as well as each the kernel and associated device drivers. Most operative systems support kernel- mode device drivers, that execute with a similar privileges because the software itself. As such, several kernel-mode rootkits square measure developed as device drivers or loadable modules, like loadable kernel modules in Linux or device drivers in Microsoft Windows. This category of rootkit has unrestricted security access, however is tougher to jot down. The quality makes bugs common, and any bugs in code operative at the kernel level could seriously impact system stability, resulting in discovery of the rootkit. one amongst the primary wide familiar kernel rootkits was developed for Windows NT four.0 and discharged in Phrack magazine in 1999 by Greg Hoglund. Kernel rootkits is particularly tough to observe and take away as a result of they operate at a similar security level because the software itself, and square measure therefore able to intercept or subvert the foremost sure software operations. Any package, like antivirus package, running on the compromised system is equally vulnerable. during this scenario, no a part of the system is sure. QUESTION 11 Daniel Is a professional hacker who Is attempting to perform an SQL injection attack on a target website. www.movlescope.com. During this process, he encountered an IDS that detects SQL Injection attempts based on predefined A. Null byte www.VCEplus.io signatures. To evade any comparison statement, he attempted placing characters such as ''or '1'='1" In any bask injection statement such as "or 1=1." Identify the evasion technique used by Daniel in the above scenario. B. IP fragmentation C. Char encoding D. Variation Correct Answer: D Section: Explanation: One may append the comment "–" operator along with the String for the username and whole avoid executing the password segment of the SQL query. Everything when the — operator would be considered as comment and not dead. To launch such an attack, the value passed for name could be 'OR '1'='1' ; — Statement = "SELECT * FROM 'CustomerDB' WHERE 'name' = ' "+ userName + " ' AND 'password' = ' " + passwd + " ' ; " Statement = "SELECT * FROM 'CustomerDB' WHERE 'name' = ' ' OR '1'='1';– + " ' AND 'password' = ' " + passwd + " ' ; " All the records from the customer database would be listed. Yet, another variation of the SQL Injection Attack can be conducted in dbms systems that allow multiple SQL injection statements. Here, we will also create use of the vulnerability in sure dbms whereby a user provided field isn't strongly used in or isn't checked for sort constraints. This could take place once a numeric field is to be employed in a SQL statement; but, the programmer makes no checks to validate that the user supplied input is numeric. Variation is an evasion technique whereby the attacker can easily evade any comparison statement. The attacker does this by placing characters such as "' or '1'='1'" in any basic injection statement such as "or 1=1" or with other accepted SQL comments. Evasion Technique: Variation Variation is an evasion technique whereby the attacker can easily evade any comparison statement. The attacker does this by placing characters such as "' or '1'='1'" in any basic injection statement such as "or 1=1" or with other accepted SQL comments. The SQL interprets this as a comparison between two strings or characters instead of two numeric values. As the evaluation of two strings yields a true statement, similarly, the evaluation of two numeric values yields a true statement, thus rendering the evaluation of the complete query unaffected. It is also possible to write many other signatures; thus, there are infinite possibilities of variation as well. The main aim of the attacker is to have a WHERE statement that is always evaluated as "true" so that any mathematical or string comparison can be used, where the SQL can perform the same. QUESTION 12 IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io While browsing his Facebook teed, Matt sees a picture one of his friends posted with the caption. "Learn more about your friends!", as well as a number of personal questions. Matt is suspicious and texts his friend, who confirms that he did indeed post it. With assurance that the post is legitimate. Matt responds to the questions on the post, a few days later. Mates bank account has been accessed, and the password has been changed. What most likely happened? A. Matt inadvertently provided the answers to his security questions when responding to the post. B. Matt's bank-account login information was brute forced. C. Matt Inadvertently provided his password when responding to the post. D. Matt's computer was infected with a keylogger. Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 13 jane, an ethical hacker. Is testing a target organization's web server and website to identity security loopholes. In this process, she copied the entire website and its content on a local drive to view the complete profile of the site's directory structure, file structure, external links, images, web pages, and so on. This information helps jane map the website's directories and gain valuable information. What is the attack technique employed by Jane in the above scenario? A. website mirroring B. Session hijacking C. Web cache poisoning D. Website defacement Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: www.VCEplus.io A mirror site may be a website or set of files on a computer server that has been copied to a different computer server in order that the location or files are available from quite one place. A mirror site has its own URL, but is otherwise just like the principal site. Load-balancing devices allow high-volume sites to scale easily, dividing the work between multiple mirror sites. A mirror site is typically updated frequently to make sure it reflects the contents of the first site. In some cases, the first site may arrange for a mirror site at a bigger location with a better speed connection and, perhaps, a better proximity to an outsized audience. If the first site generates an excessive amount of traffic, a mirror site can ensure better availability of the web site or files. For websites that provide copies or updates of widely used software, a mirror site allows the location to handle larger demands and enables the downloaded files to arrive more quickly. Microsoft, Sun Microsystems and other companies have mirror sites from which their browser software are often downloaded. Mirror sites are wont to make site access faster when the first site could also be geographically distant from those accessing it. A mirrored web server is usually located on a special continent from the principal site, allowing users on the brink of the mirror site to urge faster and more reliable access. Mirroring an internet site also can be done to make sure that information are often made available to places where access could also be unreliable or censored. In 2013, when Chinese authorities blocked access to foreign media outlets just like the Wall Street Journal and Reuters, site mirroring was wont to restore access and circumvent government censorship. QUESTION 14 An organization is performing a vulnerability assessment tor mitigating threats. James, a pen tester, scanned the organization by building an inventory of the protocols found on the organization's machines to detect which ports are attached to services such as an email server, a web server or a database server. After identifying the services, he selected the vulnerabilities on each machine and started executing only the relevant tests. What is the type of vulnerability assessment solution that James employed in the above scenario? A. Product-based solutions B. Tree-based assessment C. Service-based solutions D. inference-based assessment Correct Answer: D Section: IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io Explanation: In an inference-based assessment, scanning starts by building an inventory of the protocols found on the machine. After finding a protocol, the scanning process starts to detect which ports are attached to services, such as an email server, web server, or database server. After finding services, it selects vulnerabilities on each machine and starts to execute only those relevant tests. QUESTION 15 A........is an attack type for a rogue Wi-Fi access point that appears to be a legitimate one offered on the premises, but actually has been set up to eavesdrop on wireless communications. It is the wireless version of the phishing scam. An attacker fools wireless users into connecting a laptop or mobile phone to a tainted hot-spot by posing as a legitimate provider. This type of attack may be used to steal the passwords of unsuspecting users by either snooping the communication link or by phishing, which involves setting up a fraudulent web site and luring people there." Fill in the blank with appropriate choice. B. Evil Twin Attack C. Sinkhole Attack D. Collision Attack E. Signal Jamming Attack Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_twin_(wireless_networks) An evil twin attack is a hack attack in which a hacker sets up a fake Wi-Fi network that looks like a legitimate access point to steal victims' sensitive details. Most often, the victims of such attacks are ordinary people like you and me. The attack can be performed as a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. The fake Wi-Fi access point is used to eavesdrop on users and steal their login credentials or other sensitive information. Because the hacker owns the equipment being used, the victim will have no idea that the hacker might be intercepting things like bank transactions. An evil twin access point can also be used in a phishing scam. In this type of attack, victims will connect to the evil twin and will be lured to a phishing site. It will prompt them to enter their sensitive data, such as their login details. These, of course, will be sent straight to the hacker. Once the hacker gets them, they might simply disconnect the victim and show that the server is temporarily unavailable. ADDITION: It may not seem obvious what happened. The problem is in the question statement. The attackers were not Alice and John, who were able to connect to the network without a password, but on the contrary, they were attacked and QUESTION 16 www.VCEplus.io forced to connect to a fake network, and not to the real network belonging to Jane. What term describes the amount of risk that remains after the vulnerabilities are classified and the countermeasures have been deployed? A. Residual risk B. Impact risk C. Deferred risk D. Inherent risk Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_risk The residual risk is the risk or danger of an action or an event, a method or a (technical) process that, although being abreast with science, still conceives these dangers, even if all theoretically possible safety measures would be applied (scientifically conceivable measures); in other words, the amount of risk left over after natural or inherent risks have been reduced by risk controls.. Residual risk = (Inherent risk) – (impact of risk controls) QUESTION 17 Session splicing is an IDS evasion technique in which an attacker delivers data in multiple, small sized packets to the target computer, making it very difficult for an IDS to detect the attack signatures. Which tool can be used to perform session splicing attacks? A. tcpsplice B. Burp C. Hydra IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io D. Whisker Correct Answer: D Section: Explanation: «Many IDS reassemble communication streams; hence, if a packet is not received within a reasonable period, many IDS stop reassembling and handling that stream. If the application under attack keeps a session active for a longer time than that spent by the IDS on reassembling it, the IDS will stop. As a result, any session after the IDS stops reassembling the sessions will be susceptible to malicious data theft by attackers. The IDS will not log any attack attempt after a successful splicing attack. Attackers can use tools such as Nessus for session splicing attacks.» Did you know that the EC-Council exam shows how well you know their official book? So, there is no "Whisker" in it. In the chapter "Evading IDS" -> "Session Splicing", the recommended tool for performing a session-splicing attack is Nessus. Where Wisker came from is not entirely clear, but I will assume the author of the question found it while copying Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system_evasion_techniques One basic technique is to split the attack payload into multiple small packets so that the IDS must reassemble the packet stream to detect the attack. A simple way of splitting packets is by fragmenting them, but an adversary can also simply craft packets with small payloads. The 'whisker' evasion tool calls crafting packets with small payloads 'session splicing'. By itself, small packets will not evade any IDS that reassembles packet streams. However, small packets can be further modified in order to complicate reassembly and detection. One evasion technique is to pause between sending parts of the attack, hoping that the IDS will time out before the target computer does. A second evasion technique is to send the packets out of order, confusing simple packet re-assemblers but not the target computer. NOTE: Yes, I found scraps of information about the tool that existed in 2012, but I can not give you unverified information. According to the official tutorials, the correct answer is Nessus, but if you know anything about Wisker, please write in the QA section. Maybe this question will be updated soon, but I'm not sure about that. QUESTION 18 You have successfully comprised a server having an IP address of 10.10.0.5. You would like to enumerate all machines in the same network quickly. What is the best Nmap command you will use? A. nmap -T4 -q 10.10.0.0/24 B. nmap -T4 -F 10.10.0.0/24 C. nmap -T4 -r 10.10.1.0/24 D. nmap -T4 -O 10.10.0.0/24 Correct Answer: B Section: www.VCEplus.io Explanation: https://nmap.org/book/man-port-specification.html NOTE: In my opinion, this is an absolutely wrong statement of the question. But you may come across a question with a similar wording on the exam. What does "fast" mean? If we want to increase the speed and intensity of the scan we can select the mode using the -T flag (0/1/2/3/4/5). At high -T values, we will sacrifice stealth and gain speed, but we will not limit functionality. «nmap -T4 -F 10.10.0.0/24» This option is "correct" because of the -F flag. -F (Fast (limited port) scan) Specifies that you wish to scan fewer ports than the default. Normally Nmap scans the most common 1,000 ports for each scanned protocol. With -F, this is reduced to 100. Technically, scanning will be faster, but just because we have reduced the number of ports by 10 times, we are just doing 10 times less work, not faster. QUESTION 19 Which of the following is the BEST way to defend against network sniffing? A. Using encryption protocols to secure network communications B. Register all machines MAC Address in a Centralized Database C. Use Static IP Address D. Restrict Physical Access to Server Rooms hosting Critical Servers Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniffing_attack To prevent networks from sniffing attacks, organizations and individual users should keep away from applications using insecure protocols, like basic HTTP authentication, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Telnet. Instead, secure protocols such as HTTPS, Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), and Secure Shell (SSH) should be preferred. In case there is a necessity for using any insecure protocol in any application, all the data transmission should be encrypted. If required, IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io VPN (Virtual Private Networks) can be used to provide secure access to users. NOTE: I want to note that the wording "best option" is valid only for the EC-Council's exam since the other options will not help against sniffing or will only help from some specific attack vectors. The sniffing attack surface is huge. To protect against it, you will need to implement a complex of measures at all levels of abstraction and apply controls at the physical, administrative, and technical levels. However, encryption is indeed the best option of all, even if your data is intercepted - an attacker cannot understand it. QUESTION 20 Although FTP traffic is not encrypted by default, which layer 3 protocol would allow for end-to-end encryption of the connection? A. SFTP B. Ipsec C. SSL D. FTPS Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data to provide secure encrypted communication between two computers over an Internet Protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs). IPsec includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of a session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to use during the session. IPsec can protect data flows between a pair of hosts (host-to- host), between a pair of security gateways (network-to-network), or between a security gateway and a host (network-to-host). IPsec uses cryptographic security services to protect communications over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It supports network-level peer authentication, data-origin authentication, data integrity, data confidentiality (encryption), and replay protection. The initial IPv4 suite was developed with few security provisions. As a part of the IPv4 enhancement, IPsec is a layer 3 OSI model or internet layer end-to-end security scheme. In contrast, while some other Internet security systems in widespread use operate above layer 3, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) that operates at the Transport Layer and Secure Shell (SSH) that operates at the Application layer, IPsec can automatically secure applications at the IP layer. Incorrect answers: www.VCEplus.io SFTP https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol#FTP_over_SSHFTP over SSH is the practice of tunneling a normal FTP session over a Secure Shell connection.Because FTP uses multiple TCP connections (unusual for a TCP/IP protocol that is still in use), it isparticularly difficult to tunnel over SSH. With many SSH clients, attempting to set up a tunnel for thecontrol channel (the initial client-to-server connection on port 21) will protect only that channel;when data is transferred, the FTP software at either end sets up new TCP connections (data channels)and thus have no confidentiality or integrity protection. FTPS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTPS FTPS (also known FTP-SSL, and FTP Secure) is an extension to the commonly used File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that adds support for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and, formerly, the Secure Sockets Layer cryptographic protocols. SSL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security Transport Layer Security (TLS), and its now-deprecated predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols designed to provide communications security over a computer network. Several versions of the protocols are widely used in applications such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, and voice over IP (VoIP). Websites can use TLS to secure all communications between their servers and web browsers. NOTE: All of these protocols are the application layer of the OSI model. QUESTION 21 You are the Network Admin, and you get a complaint that some of the websites are no longer accessible. You try to ping the servers and find them to be reachable. Then you type the IP address and then you try on the browser, and find it to be accessible. But they are not accessible when you try using the URL. What may be the problem? A. Traffic is Blocked on UDP Port 53 B. Traffic is Blocked on TCP Port 80 C. Traffic is Blocked on TCP Port 54 D. Traffic is Blocked on UDP Port 80 Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: Most likely have an issue with DNS. DNS stands for "Domain Name System." It's a system that lets you connect to websites by matching human-readable domain names (like example.com) with the server's unique ID where a website is stored. IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io Think of the DNS system as the internet's phonebook. It lists domain names with their corresponding identifiers called IP addresses, instead of listing people's names with their phone numbers. When a user enters a domain name like wpbeginner.com on their device, it looks up the IP address and connects them to the physical location where that website is stored. NOTE: Often DNS lookup information will be cached locally inside the querying computer or remotely in the DNS infrastructure. There are typically 8 steps in a DNS lookup. When DNS information is cached, steps are skipped from the DNS lookup process, making it quicker. The example below outlines all 8 steps when nothing is cached. The 8 steps in a DNS lookup: 1. A user types 'example.com' into a web browser, and the query travels into the Internet and is received by a DNS recursive resolver; 2. The resolver then queries a DNS root nameserver; 3. The root server then responds to the resolver with the address of a Top-Level Domain (TLD) DNS server (such as.com or.net), which stores the information for its domains. When searching for example.com, our request is pointed toward the.com TLD; 4. The resolver then requests the.com TLD; 5. The TLD server then responds with the IP address of the domain's nameserver, example.com; 6. Lastly, the recursive resolver sends a query to the domain's nameserver; 7. The IP address for example.com is then returned to the resolver from the nameserver; 8. The DNS resolver then responds to the web browser with the IP address of the domain requested initially; Once the 8 steps of the DNS lookup have returned the IP address for example.com, the browser can request the web page: 9. The browser makes an HTTP request to the IP address; 10. The server at that IP returns the webpage to be rendered in the browser. NOTE 2: DNS primarily uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 53 to serve requests. And if this port is blocked, then a problem arises already in the first step. But the ninth step is performed without problems. QUESTION 22 Which of the following tools is used to detect wireless LANs using the 802.11a/b/g/n WLAN standards on a linux platform? A. Kismet B. Abel C. Netstumbler D. Nessus Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(software) www.VCEplus.io Kismet is a network detector, packet sniffer, and intrusion detection system for 802.11 wireless LANs. Kismet will work with any wireless card which supports raw monitoring mode, and can sniff 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n traffic. Incorrect answers: Nessus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessus_(software) Nessus is a remote security scanning tool that scans a computer and raises an alert if it discovers any vulnerabilities that malicious hackers could use to access any computer you have connected to a network. Nmap https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap Nmap (Network Mapper) is a free and open-source network scanner created by Gordon Lyon (also known by his pseudonym Fyodor Vaskovich). Nmap is used to discover hosts and services on a computer network by sending packets and analyzing the responses. Nmap provides a number of features for probing computer networks, including host discovery and service and operating system detection. These features are extensible by scripts that provide more advanced service detection, vulnerability detection, and other features. Nmap can adapt to network conditions including latency and congestion during a scan. Abel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_(software) Cain and Abel (often abbreviated to Cain) was a password recovery tool for Microsoft Windows. It could recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing, cracking various password hashes by using methods such as dictionary attacks, brute force and cryptanalysis attacks. Cryptanalysis attacks were done via rainbow tables which could be generated with the winrtgen.exe program provided with Cain and Abel. QUESTION 23 Scenario1: A. Victim opens the attacker's web site. B. Attacker sets up a web site which contains interesting and attractive content like 'Do you want to make $1000 in a day?'. C. Victim clicks to the interesting and attractive content URL. D. Attacker creates a transparent 'iframe' in front of the URL which victim attempts to click, so victim thinks that he/she clicks to the 'Do you want to make $1000 in a day?' URL but actually he/she clicks to the content or URL that exists in the transparent 'iframe' which is setup by the attacker. What is the name of the attack which is mentioned in the scenario? IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io E. Session Fixation F. HTML Injection G. HTTP Parameter Pollution H. Clickjacking Attack Correct Answer: D Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking Clickjacking is an attack that tricks a user into clicking a webpage element which is invisible or disguised as another element. This can cause users to unwittingly download malware, visit malicious web pages, provide credentials or sensitive information, transfer money, or purchase products online. Typically, clickjacking is performed by displaying an invisible page or HTML element, inside an iframe, on top of the page the user sees. The user believes they are clicking the visible page but in fact they are clicking an invisible element in the additional page transposed on top of it. QUESTION 24 A network administrator discovers several unknown files in the root directory of his Linux FTP server. One of the files is a tarball, two are shell script files, and the third is a binary file is named "nc." The FTP server's access logs show that the anonymous user account logged in to the server, uploaded the files, and extracted the contents of the tarball and ran the script using a function provided by the FTP server's software. The "ps" command shows that the "nc" file is running as process, and the netstat command shows the "nc" process is listening on a network port. What kind of vulnerability must be present to make this remote attack possible? A. File system permissions B. Privilege escalation C. Directory traversal D. Brute force login Correct Answer: A Section: www.VCEplus.io Explanation: File system permissions Processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM. Adversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence. QUESTION 25 Which method of password cracking takes the most time and effort? A. Dictionary attack B. Shoulder surfing C. Rainbow tables D. Brute force Correct Answer: D Section: Explanation: Brute-force attack when an attacker uses a set of predefined values to attack a target and analyze the response until he succeeds. Success depends on the set of predefined values. It will take more time if it is larger, but there is a better probability of success. In a traditional brute-force attack, the passcode or password is incrementally increased by one letter/number each time until the right passcode/password is found. IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io QUESTION 26 What does the –oX flag do in an Nmap scan? A. Perform an eXpress scan B. Output the results in truncated format to the screen C. Output the results in XML format to a file D. Perform an Xmas scan Correct Answer: C Section: Explanation: https://nmap.org/book/man-output.html -oX - Requests that XML output be directed to the given filename. Incorrect answers: Run an express scan https://nmap.org/book/man-port-specification.htmlThere is no express scan in Nmap, but there is a fast scan. -F (Fast (limited port) scan) Specifies that you wish to scan fewer ports than the default. Normally Nmap scans the most common 1,000 ports for each scanned protocol. With -F, this is reduced to 100. Or we can influence the intensity (and speed) of the scan with the -T flag. https://nmap.org/book/man-performance.html -T paranoid|sneaky|polite|normal|aggressive|insane Output the results in truncated format to the screen https://nmap.org/book/man-output.html -oG (grepable output) It is a simple format that lists each host on one line and can be trivially searched and parsed with standard Unix tools such as grep, awk, cut, sed, diff, and Perl. Run a Xmas scan https://nmap.org/book/man-port-scanning-techniques.htmlXmas scan (-sX)Sets the FIN, PSH, and URG flags, lighting the packet up like a Christmas tree. QUESTION 27 A bank stores and processes sensitive privacy information related to home loans. However, auditing has never been enabled on the system. What is the first step that the bank should take before enabling the audit feature? A. Perform a vulnerability scan of the system. B. Determine the impact of enabling the audit feature. C. D. Perform a cost/benefit analysis of the audit feature. Allocate funds for staffing of audit log review. www.VCEplus.io Correct Answer: B Section: QUESTION 28 Which Intrusion Detection System is the best applicable for large environments where critical assets on the network need extra scrutiny and is ideal for observing sensitive network segments? A. Honeypots B. Firewalls C. Network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) D. Host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS) Correct Answer: C Section: QUESTION 29 The collection of potentially actionable, overt, and publicly available information is known as A. Open-source intelligence B. Real intelligence C. Social intelligence D. Human intelligence IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 30 What is one of the advantages of using both symmetric and asymmetric cryptography in SSL/TLS? A. Supporting both types of algorithms allows less-powerful devices such as mobile phones to use symmetric encryption instead. B. Symmetric algorithms such as AES provide a failsafe when asymmetric methods fail. C. Symmetric encryption allows the server to security transmit the session keys out-of-band. D. Asymmetric cryptography is computationally expensive in comparison. However, it is well-suited to securely negotiate keys for use with symmetric cryptography. Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 31 The change of a hard drive failure is once every three years. The cost to buy a new hard drive is $300. It will require 10 hours to restore the OS and software to the new hard disk. It will require a further 4 hours to restore the database from the last backup to the new hard disk. The recovery person earns $10/hour. Calculate the SLE, ARO, and ALE. Assume the EF = 1(100%). What is the closest approximate cost of this replacement and recovery operation per year? A. $1320 B. $440 C. $100 D. $146 Correct Answer: D www.VCEplus.io Section: Explanation: 1. AV (Asset value) = $300 + (14 * $10) = $440 - the cost of a hard drive plus the work of a recovery person, i.e.how much would it take to replace 1 asset? 10 hours for resorting the OS and soft + 4 hours for DB restore multiplies by hourly rate of the recovery person. 2. SLE (Single Loss Expectancy) = AV * EF (Exposure Factor) = $440 * 1 = $440 3. ARO (Annual rate of occurrence) = 1/3 (every three years, meaning the probability of occurring during 1 years is 1/3) 4. ALE (Annual Loss Expectancy) = SLE * ARO = 0.33 * $440 = $145.2 QUESTION 32 What is the known plaintext attack used against DES which gives the result that encrypting plaintext with one DES key followed by encrypting it with a second DES key is no more secure than using a single key? A. Man-in-the-middle attack B. Meet-in-the-middle attack C. Replay attack D. Traffic analysis attack Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet-in-the-middle_attack The meet-in-the-middle attack (MITM), a known plaintext attack, is a generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack against encryption schemes that rely on performing multiple encryption operations in sequence. The MITM attack is the primary reason why Double DES is not used and why a Triple DES key (168-bit) can be bruteforced by an attacker with 256 space and 2112 operations. The intruder has to know some parts of plaintext and their ciphertexts. Using meet-in-the-middle attacks it is possible to break ciphers, which have two or more secret keys for multiple encryption using the same algorithm. For example, the IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io 3DES cipher works in this way. Meet-in-the-middle attack was first presented by Diffie and Hellman for cryptanalysis of DES algorithm. QUESTION 33 Steve, a scientist who works in a governmental security agency, developed a technological solution to identify people based on walking patterns and implemented this approach to a physical control access. A camera captures people walking and identifies the individuals using Steve's approach. After that, people must approximate their RFID badges. Both the identifications are required to open the door. In this case, we can say: A. Although the approach has two phases, it actually implements just one authentication factor B. The solution implements the two authentication factors: physical object and physical characteristic C. The solution will have a high level of false positives D. Biological motion cannot be used to identify people Correct Answer: B Section: QUESTION 34 What is not a PCI compliance recommendation? A. Use a firewall between the public network and the payment card data. B. Use encryption to protect all transmission of card holder data over any public network. C. Rotate employees handling credit card transactions on a yearly basis to different departments. D. Limit access to card holder data to as few individuals as possible. Correct Answer: C Section: Explanation: www.VCEplus.io https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org/pci_security/maintaining_payment_security Build and Maintain a Secure Network 1. Install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect cardholder data. 2. Do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters. Protect Cardholder Data 3. Protect stored cardholder data. 4. Encrypt transmission of cardholder data across open, public networks. Maintain a Vulnerability Management Program 5. Use and regularly update anti-virus software or programs. 6. Develop and maintain secure systems and applications. Implement Strong Access Control Measures 7. Restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know. 8. Assign a unique ID to each person with computer access. 9. Restrict physical access to cardholder data. Regularly Monitor and Test Networks 10. Track and monitor all access to network resources and cardholder data. 11. Regularly test security systems and processes. Maintain an Information Security Policy 12. Maintain a policy that addresses information security for employees and contractors. QUESTION 35 What is the minimum number of network connections in a multihomed firewall? A. 3 B. 5 IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io C. 4 D. 2 Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 36 Suppose your company has just passed a security risk assessment exercise. The results display that the risk of the breach in the main company application is 50%. Security staff has taken some measures and implemented the necessary controls. After that, another security risk assessment was performed showing that risk has decreased to 10%. The risk threshold for the application is 20%. Which of the following risk decisions will be the best for the project in terms of its successful continuation with the most business profit? A. Accept the risk B. Introduce more controls to bring risk to 0% C. Mitigate the risk D. Avoid the risk Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: Risk Mitigation Risk mitigation can be defined as taking steps to reduce adverse effects. There are four types of risk mitigation strategies that hold unique to Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery. When mitigating risk, it's important to develop a strategy that closely relates to and matches your company's profile. www.VCEplus.io IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io  www.VCEplus.io Risk Acceptance Risk acceptance does not reduce any effects; however, it is still considered a strategy. This strategy is a common option when the cost of other risk management options such as avoidance or limitation may outweigh the cost of the risk itself. A company that doesn't want to spend a lot of money on avoiding risks that do not have a high possibility of occurring will use the risk acceptance strategy. Risk Avoidance Risk avoidance is the opposite of risk acceptance. It is the action that avoids any exposure to the risk whatsoever. It's important to note that risk avoidance is usually the most expensive of all risk mitigation options. Risk Limitation Risk limitation is the most common risk management strategy used by businesses. This strategy limits a company's exposure by taking some action. It is a strategy employing a bit of risk acceptance and a bit of risk avoidance or an average of both. An example of risk limitation would be a company accepting that a disk drive may fail and avoiding a long period of failure by having backups. Risk Transference Risk transference is the involvement of handing risk off to a willing third party. For example, numerous companies outsource certain operations such as customer service, payroll services, etc. This can be beneficial for a company if a transferred risk is not a core competency of that company. It can also be used so a company can focus more on its core competencies. QUESTION 37 You need to deploy a new web-based software package for your organization. The package requires three separate servers and needs to be available on the Internet. What is the recommended architecture in terms of server placement? A. All three servers need to be placed internally B. A web server facing the Internet, an application server on the internal network, a database server on the internal network C. A web server and the database server facing the Internet, an application server on the internal network D. All three servers need to face the Internet so that they can communicate between themselves Correct Answer: B IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io Section: QUESTION 38 An attacker, using a rogue wireless AP, performed an MITM attack and injected an HTML code to embed a malicious applet in all HTTP connections. When users accessed any page, the applet ran and exploited many machines. Which one of the following tools the hacker probably used to inject HTML code? A. Wireshark B. Ettercap C. Aircrack-ng D. Tcpdump Correct Answer: B Section: QUESTION 39 Which mode of IPSec should you use to assure security and confidentiality of data within the same LAN? A. ESP transport mode B. ESP confidential C. AH permiscuous D. AH Tunnel mode Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 40 www.VCEplus.io Hackers often raise the trust level of a phishing message by modeling the email to look similar to the internal email used by the target company. This includes using logos, formatting, and names of the target company. The phishing message will often use the name of the company CEO, President, or Managers. The time a hacker spends performing research to locate this information about a company is known as? A. Exploration B. Investigation C. Reconnaissance D. Enumeration Correct Answer: C Section: QUESTION 41 Which of the following viruses tries to hide from anti-virus programs by actively altering and corrupting the chosen service call interruptions when they are being run? A. Macro virus B. Stealth/Tunneling virus C. Cavity virus D. Polymorphic virus Correct Answer: B Section: IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io QUESTION 42 The "Gray-box testing" methodology enforces what kind of restriction? A. Only the external operation of a system is accessible to the tester. B. The internal operation of a system in only partly accessible to the tester. C. Only the internal operation of a system is known to the tester. D. The internal operation of a system is completely known to the tester. Correct Answer: D Section: Explanation: White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of software testing that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing, an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the expected outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). White-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and system levels of the software testing process. Although traditional testers tended to think of white-box testing as being done at the unit level, it is used for integration and system testing more frequently today. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during integration, and between subsystems during a system-level test. Though this method of test design can uncover many errors or problems, it has the potential to miss unimplemented parts of the specification or missing requirements. Where white-box testing is design-driven, that is, driven exclusively by agreed specifications of how each component of the software is required to behave (as in DO-178C and ISO 26262 processes) then white-box test techniques can accomplish assessment for unimplemented or missing requirements. White-box test design techniques include the following code coverage criteria:. Control flow testing. Data flow testing. Branch testing. Statement coverage. Decision coverage. Modified condition/decision coverage. Prime path testing www.VCEplus.io. Path testing QUESTION 43 When analyzing the IDS logs, the system administrator noticed an alert was logged when the external router was accessed from the administrator's Computer to update the router configuration. What type of an alert is this? A. False negative B. True negative C. True positive D. False positive Correct Answer: D Section: Explanation: True Positive - IDS referring a behavior as an attack, in real life it is True Negative - IDS referring a behavior not an attack and in real life it is not False Positive - IDS referring a behavior as an attack, in real life it is not False Negative - IDS referring a behavior not an attack, but in real life is an attack. False Negative - is the most serious and dangerous state of all !!!! QUESTION 44 A large company intends to use Blackberry for corporate mobile phones and a security analyst is assigned to evaluate the possible threats. The analyst will use the Blackjacking attack method to demonstrate how an attacker could circumvent perimeter defenses and gain access to the Prometric Online Testing – Reports https://ibt1.prometric.com/users/custom/report_queue/rq_str... corporate network. What tool should the analyst use to perform a Blackjacking attack? IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io A. Paros Proxy B. BBProxy C. Blooover D. BBCrack Correct Answer: B Section: QUESTION 45 When you are getting information about a web server, it is very important to know the HTTPMethods (GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, DELETE, TRACE) that are available because there are two criticalmethods (PUT and DELETE). PUT can upload a file to the server and DELETE can delete a file from theserver. You can detect all these methods (GET, POST, HEAD, DELETE, PUT, TRACE) using NMAP scriptengine. What Nmap script will help you with this task? A. http-methods B. http enum C. http-headers D. http-git Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 46 Todd has been asked by the security officer to purchase a counter-based authentication system. Which of the following best describes this type of system? A. www.VCEplus.io A biometric system that bases authentication decisions on behavioral attributes. B. A biometric system that bases authentication decisions on physical attributes. C. An authentication system that creates one-time passwords that are encrypted with secret keys. D. An authentication system that uses passphrases that are converted into virtual passwords. Correct Answer: C Section: QUESTION 47 Which of the following is a low-tech way of gaining unauthorized access to systems? A. Social Engineering B. Eavesdropping C. Scanning D. Sniffing Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 48 Which system consists of a publicly available set of databases that contain domain name registration contact information? IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io A. WHOIS B. CAPTCHA C. IANA D. IETF Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 49 Why is a penetration test considered to be more thorough than vulnerability scan? A. Vulnerability scans only do host discovery and port scanning by default. B. A penetration test actively exploits vulnerabilities in the targeted infrastructure, while a vulnerability scan does not typically involve active exploitation. C. It is not – a penetration test is often performed by an automated tool, while a vulnerability scan requires active engagement. D. The tools used by penetration testers tend to have much more comprehensive vulnerability databases. Correct Answer: B Section: QUESTION 50 Bob received this text message on his mobile phone: "Hello, this is Scott Smelby from the Yahoo Bank. Kindly contact me for a vital transaction on: [email protected]". Which statement below is true? A. This is a scam as everybody can get a @yahoo address, not the Yahoo customer service employees. B. C. D. This is a scam because Bob does not know Scott. www.VCEplus.io Bob should write to [email protected] to verify the identity of Scott. This is probably a legitimate message as it comes from a respectable organization. Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 51 env x='(){ :;};echo exploit' bash –c 'cat/etc/passwd' What is the Shellshock bash vulnerability attempting to do on a vulnerable Linux host? A. Removes the passwd file B. Changes all passwords in passwd C. Add new user to the passwd file D. Display passwd content to prompt Correct Answer: D Section: QUESTION 52 Which of the following is assured by the use of a hash? A. Authentication B. Confidentiality C. Availability IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io D. Integrity Correct Answer: D Section: QUESTION 53 Which results will be returned with the following Google search query? site:target.com – site:Marketing.target.com accounting A. Results from matches on the site marketing.target.com that are in the domain target.com but do not include the word accounting. B. Results matching all words in the query. C. Results for matches on target.com and Marketing.target.com that include the word "accounting" D. Results matching "accounting" in domain target.com but not on the site Marketing.target.com Correct Answer: D Section: QUESTION 54 Email is transmitted across the Internet using the Simple Mail Transport Protocol. SMTP does not encrypt email, leaving the information in the message vulnerable to being read by an unauthorized person. SMTP can upgrade a connection between two mail servers to use TLS. Email transmitted by SMTP over TLS is encrypted. What is the name of the command used by SMTP to transmit email over TLS? A. OPPORTUNISTICTLS B. UPGRADETLS C. FORCETLS D. STARTTLS Correct Answer: D www.VCEplus.io Section: QUESTION 55 In the field of cryptanalysis, what is meant by a "rubber-hose" attack? A. Forcing the targeted keystream through a hardware-accelerated device such as an ASIC. B. A backdoor placed into a cryptographic algorithm by its creator. C. Extraction of cryptographic secrets through coercion or torture. D. Attempting to decrypt ciphertext by making logical assumptions about the contents of the original plaintext. Correct Answer: C Section: Explanation: A powerful and often the most effective cryptanalysis method in which the attack is directed at the most vulnerable link in the cryptosystem - the person. In this attack, the cryptanalyst uses blackmail, threats, torture, extortion, bribery, etc. This method's main advantage is the decryption time's fundamental independence from the volume of secret information, the length of the key, and the cipher's mathematical strength. The method can reduce the time to guess a password, for example, for AES, to an acceptable level; however, it requires special authorization from the relevant regulatory authorities. Therefore, it is outside the scope of this course and is not considered in its practical part. QUESTION 56 John, a disgruntled ex-employee of an organization, contacted a professional hacker to exploit the organization. In the attack process, the professional hacker Installed a scanner on a machine belonging to one of the vktims and scanned several machines on the same network to Identify vulnerabilities to perform further exploitation. What is the type of vulnerability assessment tool employed by John in the above scenario? IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io A. Proxy scanner B. Agent-based scanner C. Network-based scanner D. Cluster scanner Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: Agent-based scanners reside on a single machine but can scan several machines on the same network. Network-based scanner A network-based vulnerability scanner, in simplistic terms, is the process of identifying loopholes on a computer's network or IT assets, which hackers and threat actors can exploit. By implementing this process, one can successfully identify their organization's current risk(s). This is not where the buck stops; one can also verify the effectiveness of your system's security measures while improving internal and external defenses. Through this review, an organization is well equipped to take an extensive inventory of all systems, including operating systems, installed software, security patches, hardware, firewalls, anti-virus software, and much more. Agent-based scanner Agent-based scanners make use of software scanners on each and every device; the results of the scans are reported back to the central server. Such scanners are well equipped to find and report out on a range of vulnerabilities. NOTE: This option is not suitable for us, since for it to work, you need to install a special agent on each computer before you start collecting data from them. QUESTION 57 Clark is a professional hacker. He created and configured multiple domains pointing to the same host to switch quickly between the domains and avoid detection. Identify the behavior of the adversary In the above scenario. A. use of command-line interface B. C. D. Data staging Unspecified proxy activities Use of DNS tunneling www.VCEplus.io Correct Answer: C Section: Explanation: A proxy server acts as a gateway between you and therefore the internet. It's an intermediary server separating end users from the websites they browse. Proxy servers provide varying levels of functionality, security, and privacy counting on your use case, needs, or company policy. If you're employing a proxy server, internet traffic flows through the proxy server on its thanks to the address you requested. A proxy server is essentially a computer on the web with its own IP address that your computer knows. once you send an internet request, your request goes to the proxy server first. The proxy server then makes your web request on your behalf, collects the response from the online server, and forwards you the online page data so you'll see the page in your browser. QUESTION 58 There are multiple cloud deployment options depending on how isolated a customer's resources are from those of other customers. Shared environments share the costs and allow each customer to enjoy lower operations expenses. One solution Is for a customer to Join with a group of users or organizations to share a cloud environment. What is this cloud deployment option called? A. Hybrid B. Community C. Public D. Private Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io The purpose of this idea is to permit multiple customers to figure on joint projects and applications that belong to the community, where it's necessary to possess a centralized clouds infrastructure. In other words, Community Cloud may be a distributed infrastructure that solves the precise problems with business sectors by integrating the services provided by differing types of clouds solutions. The communities involved in these projects, like tenders, business organizations, and research companies, specialise in similar issues in their cloud interactions. Their shared interests may include concepts and policies associated with security and compliance considerations, and therefore the goals of the project also. Community Cloud computing facilitates its users to spot and analyze their business demands better. Community Clouds could also be hosted during a data center, owned by one among the tenants, or by a third-party cloud services provider and may be either on-site or off-site. Community Cloud Examples and Use Cases Cloud providers have developed Community Cloud offerings, and a few organizations are already seeing the advantages. the subsequent list shows a number of the most scenarios of the Community Cloud model that's beneficial to the participating organizations. Multiple governmental departments that perform transactions with each other can have their processing systems on shared infrastructure. This setup makes it cost-effective to the tenants, and may also reduce their data traffic. Benefits of Community Clouds Community Cloud provides benefits to organizations within the community, individually also as collectively. Organizations don't need to worry about the safety concerns linked with Public Cloud due to the closed user group. This recent cloud computing model has great potential for businesses seeking cost-effective cloud services to collaborate on joint projects, because it comes with multiple advantages. Openness and Impartiality Community Clouds are open systems, and that they remove the dependency organizations wear cloud service providers. Organizations are able to do many benefits while avoiding the disadvantages of both public and personal clouds. Flexibility and Scalability Ensures compatibility among each of its users, allowing them to switch properties consistent with their individual use cases. They also enable companies to interact with their remote employees and support the utilization of various devices, be it a smartphone or a tablet. This makes this sort of cloud solution more flexible to users' demands. Consists of a community of users and, as such, is scalable in several aspects like hardware resources, services, and manpower. It takes under consideration demand growth, and you simply need to increase the user-base. High Availability and Reliability Your cloud service must be ready to make sure the availability of knowledge and applications in the least times. Community Clouds secure your data within the same way as the other cloud service, by replicating data and applications in multiple secure locations to guard them from unforeseen circumstances. Cloud possesses redundant infrastructure to form sure data is out there whenever and wherever you would like it. High availability and reliability are critical concerns for any sort of cloud solution. Security and Compliance Two significant concerns discussed when organizations believe cloud computing are data security and compliance with relevant regulatory authorities. Compromising each other's data security isn't profitable to anyone during a Community Cloud. Users can configure various levels of security for his or her data. Common use cases: the power to dam users from editing and downloading specific datasets. What devices can store sensitive data. www.VCEplus.io Making sensitive data subject to strict regulations on who has access to Sharing sensitive data unique to a specific organization would bring harm to all or any the members involved. Convenience and Control Conflicts associated with convenience and control don't arise during a Community Cloud. Democracy may be a crucial factor the Community Cloud offers as all tenants share and own the infrastructure and make decisions collaboratively. This setup allows organizations to possess their data closer to them while avoiding the complexities of a personal Cloud. Less Work for the IT Department Having data, applications, and systems within the cloud means you are doing not need to manage them entirely. This convenience eliminates the necessity for tenants to use extra human resources to manage the system. Even during a self-managed solution, the work is split among the participating organizations. Environment Sustainability In the Community Cloud, organizations use one platform for all their needs, which dissuades them from investing in separate cloud facilities. This shift introduces a symbiotic relationship between broadening and shrinking the utilization of cloud among clients. With the reduction of organizations using different clouds, resources are used more efficiently, thus resulting in a smaller carbon footprint. QUESTION 59 Bob was recently hired by a medical company after it experienced a major cyber security breach. Many patients are complaining that their personal medical records are fully exposed on the Internet and someone can find them with a simple Google search. Bob's boss is very worried because of regulations that protect those dat a. Which of the following regulations is mostly violated? A. HIPPA/PHl B. Pll C. PCIDSS D. ISO 2002 Correct Answer: A Section: Explanation: PHI stands for Protected Health info. The HIPAA Privacy Rule provides federal protections for private health info held by lined entities and provides patients an array of rights with regard to that info. under HIPAA phi is IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io considered to be any identifiable health info that's used, maintained, stored, or transmitted by a HIPAA-covered entity – a healthcare provider, health plan or health insurer, or a aid clearinghouse – or a business associate of a HIPAA-covered entity, in relation to the availability of aid or payment for aid services. It is not only past and current medical info that's considered letter under HIPAA Rules, however also future info concerning medical conditions or physical and mental health related to the provision of care or payment for care. phi is health info in any kind, together with physical records, electronic records, or spoken info. Therefore, letter includes health records, medical histories, lab check results, and medical bills. basically, all health info is considered letter once it includes individual identifiers. Demographic info is additionally thought of phi underneath HIPAA Rules, as square measure several common identifiers like patient names, Social Security numbers, Driver's license numbers, insurance details, and birth dates, once they square measure connected with health info. The eighteen identifiers that create health info letter are: Names Dates, except year phonephone numbers Geographic information FAX numbers Social Security numbers Email addresses case history numbers Account numbers Health arrange beneficiary numbers Certificate/license numbers Vehicle identifiers and serial numbers together with license plates Web URLs Device identifiers and serial numbers net protocol addresses Full face photos and comparable pictures Biometric identifiers (i.e. retinal scan, fingerprints) Any distinctive identifying variety or code www.VCEplus.io One or a lot of of those identifiers turns health info into letter, and phi HIPAA Privacy Rule restrictions can then apply that limit uses and disclosures of the data. HIPAA lined entities and their business associates will ought to guarantee applicable technical, physical, and body safeguards are enforced to make sure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of phi as stipulated within the HIPAA Security Rule. QUESTION 60 What is the common name for a vulnerability disclosure program opened by companies In platforms such as HackerOne? A. Vulnerability hunting program B. Bug bounty program C. White-hat hacking program D. Ethical hacking program Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: Bug bounty programs allow independent security researchers to report bugs to an companies and receive rewards or compensation. These bugs area unit sometimes security exploits and vulnerabilities, although they will additionally embody method problems, hardware flaws, and so on. The reports area unit usually created through a program travel by associate degree freelance third party (like Bugcrowd or HackerOne). The companies can got wind of (and run) a program curated to the organization's wants. Programs is also non-public (invite-only) wherever reports area unit unbroken confidential to the organization or public (where anyone will sign in and join). they will happen over a collection timeframe or with without stopping date (though the second possibility is a lot of common). Who uses bug bounty programs? Many major organizations use bug bounties as an area of their security program, together with AOL, Android, Apple, Digital Ocean, and goldman Sachs. you'll read an inventory of all the programs offered by major bug bounty suppliers, IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io Bugcrowd and HackerOne, at these links. Why do corporations use bug bounty programs? Bug bounty programs provide corporations the flexibility to harness an outsized cluster of hackers so as to seek out bugs in their code. This gives them access to a bigger variety of hackers or testers than they'd be able to access on a one-on-one basis. It {can also|also will|can even|may also|may} increase the probabilities that bugs area unit found and reported to them before malicious hackers can exploit them. It may also be an honest publicity alternative for a firm. As bug bounties became a lot of common, having a bug bounty program will signal to the general public and even regulators that a corporation incorporates a mature security program. This trend is likely to continue, as some have began to see bug bounty programs as an business normal that all companies ought to invest in. Why do researchers and hackers participate in bug bounty programs? Finding and news bugs via a bug bounty program may end up in each money bonuses and recognition. In some cases, it will be a good thanks to show real-world expertise once you are looking for employment, or will even facilitate introduce you to parents on the protection team within an companies. This can be full time income for a few of us, income to supplement employment, or the way to point out off your skills and find a full time job. It may also be fun! it is a nice (legal) probability to check out your skills against huge companies and government agencies. What area unit the disadvantages of a bug bounty program for independent researchers and hackers? A lot of hackers participate in these varieties of programs, and it will be tough to form a major quantity of cash on the platform. In order to say the reward, the hacker has to be the primary person to submit the bug to the program. meaning that in apply, you may pay weeks searching for a bug to use, solely to be the person to report it and build no cash. Roughly ninety seven of participants on major bug bounty platforms haven't sold-out a bug. In fact, a 2019 report from HackerOne confirmed that out of quite three hundred,000 registered users, solely around two.5% received a bounty in their time on the platform. Essentially, most hackers are not creating a lot of cash on these platforms, and really few square measure creating enough to switch a full time wage (plus they do not have advantages like vacation days, insurance, and retirement planning). What square measure the disadvantages of bug bounty programs for organizations? These programs square measure solely helpful if the program ends up in the companies realizeing issues that they weren't able to find themselves (and if they'll fix those problems)! If the companies is not mature enough to be able to quickly rectify known problems, a bug bounty program is not the right alternative for his or her companies. Also, any bug bounty program is probably going to draw in an outsized range of submissions, several of which can not be high-quality submissions. a corporation must be ready to cope with the exaggerated volume of alerts, www.VCEplus.io and also the risk of a coffee signal to noise magnitude relation (essentially that it's probably that they're going to receive quite few unhelpful reports for each useful report). Additionally, if the program does not attract enough participants (or participants with the incorrect talent set, and so participants are not able to establish any bugs), the program is not useful for the companies. The overwhelming majority of bug bounty participants consider web site vulnerabilities (72%, per HackerOn), whereas solely a number of (3.5%) value more highly to seek for package vulnerabilities. This is probably because of the actual fact that hacking in operation systems (like network hardware and memory) needs a big quantity of extremely specialised experience. this implies that firms may even see vital come on investment for bug bounties on websites, and not for alternative applications, notably those that need specialised experience. This conjointly implies that organizations which require to look at AN application or web site among a selected time-frame may not need to rely on a bug bounty as there is no guarantee of once or if they receive reports. Finally, it are often probably risky to permit freelance researchers to try to penetrate your network. this could end in public speech act of bugs, inflicting name harm within the limelight (which could end in individuals not eager to purchase the organizations' product or service), or speech act of bugs to additional malicious third parties, United Nations agency may use this data to focus on the organization. QUESTION 61 You are a Network Security Officer. You have two machines. The first machine (192.168.0.99) has snort installed, and the second machine (192.168.0.150) has kiwi syslog installed. You perform a syn scan in your network, and you notice that kiwi syslog is not receiving the alert message from snort. You decide to run wireshark in the snort machine to check if the messages are going to the kiwi syslog machine. What Wireshark filter will show the connections from the snort machine to kiwi syslog machine? A. tcp.srcport= = 514 && ip.src= = 192.168.0.99 B. tcp.srcport= = 514 && ip.src= = 192.168.150 C. tcp.dstport= = 514 && ip.dst= = 192.168.0.99 D. tcp.dstport= = 514 && ip.dst= = 192.168.0.150 Correct Answer: D Section: QUESTION 62 What two conditions must a digital signature meet? IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io A. Has to be the same number of characters as a physical signature and must be unique. B. Has to be unforgeable, and has to be authentic. C. Must be unique and have special characters. D. Has to be legible and neat. Correct Answer: B Section: QUESTION 63 A company's security policy states that all Web browsers must automatically delete their HTTPbrowser cookies upon terminating. What sort of security breach is this policy attempting to mitigate? A. Attempts by attackers to access the user and password information stored in the company's SQL database. B. Attempts by attackers to access Web sites that trust the Web browser user by stealing the user's authentication credentials. C. Attempts by attackers to access password stored on the user's computer without the user's knowledge. D. Attempts by attackers to determine the user's Web browser usage patterns, including when sites were visited and for how long. Correct Answer: B Section: QUESTION 64 What is correct about digital signatures? A. B. C. www.VCEplus.io A digital signature cannot be moved from one signed document to another because it is the hash of the original document encrypted with the private key of the signing party. Digital signatures may be used in different documents of the same type. A digital signature cannot be moved from one signed document to another because it is a plain hash of the document content. D. Digital signatures are issued once for each user and can be used everywhere until they expire. Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 65 An attacker with access to the inside network of a small company launches a successful STP manipulation attack. What will he do next? A. He will create a SPAN entry on the spoofed root bridge and redirect traffic to his computer. B. He will activate OSPF on the spoofed root bridge. C. He will repeat this action so that it escalates to a DoS attack. D. He will repeat the same attack against all L2 switches of the network. Correct Answer: A Section: QUESTION 66 You have gained physical access to a Windows 2008 R2 server which has an accessible disc drive. When you attempt to boot the server and log in, you are unable to guess the password. In your toolkit, you have an Ubuntu 9.10 Linux LiveCD. Which Linux-based tool can change any user's password or activate disabled Windows accounts? IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io A. John the Ripper B. SET C. CHNTPW D. Cain & Abel Correct Answer: C Section: QUESTION 67 Techno Security Inc. recently hired John as a penetration tester. He was tasked with identifying open ports in the target network and determining whether the ports are online and any firewall rule sets are encountered. John decided to perform a TCP SYN ping scan on the target network. Which of the following Nmap commands must John use to perform the TCP SYN ping scan? A. nmap -sn -pp < target ip address > B. nmap -sn -PO < target IP address > C. nmap -sn -PS < target IP address > D. nmap -sn -PA < target IP address > Correct Answer: C Section: Explanation: https://hub.packtpub.com/discovering-network-hosts-with-tcp-syn-and-tcp-ack-ping-scans-innmaptutorial/ QUESTION 68 www.VCEplus.io Ricardo has discovered the username for an application in his targets environment. As he has a limited amount of time, he decides to attempt to use a list of common passwords he found on the Internet. He compiles them into a list and then feeds that list as an argument into his passwordcracking application, what type of attack is Ricardo performing? A. Known plaintext B. Password spraying C. Brute force D. Dictionary Correct Answer: D Section: Explanation: A dictionary Attack as an attack vector utilized by the attacker to break in a very system, that is password protected, by golf shot technically each word in a very dictionary as a variety of password for that system. This attack vector could be a variety of Brute Force Attack. The lexicon will contain words from an English dictionary and conjointly some leaked list of commonly used passwords and once combined with common character substitution with numbers, will generally be terribly effective and quick. How is it done? Basically, it's attempting each single word that's already ready. it's done victimization machinecontrolled tools that strive all the possible words within the dictionary. Some password Cracking Software: John the ripper L0phtCrack Aircrack-ng QUESTION 69 Richard, an attacker, aimed to hack loT devices connected to a target network. In this process. Richard recorded the frequency required to share information between connected devices. After obtaining the frequency, he captured the original data when commands were initiated by the connected devices. Once the IT Certification Exams - Questions & Answers | VCEplus.io original data were collected, he used free tools such as URH to segregate the command sequence. Subsequently, he started injecting the segregated command sequence on the same frequency into the loT network, which repeats the captured signals of the devices. What Is the type of attack performed by Richard In the above scenario? A. Side-channel attack B. Replay attack C. CrypTanalysis attack D. Reconnaissance attack Correct Answer: B Section: Explanation: Replay Attack could be a variety of security attack to the info sent over a network. In this attack, the hacker or a person with unauthorized access, captures the traffic and sends communication to its original destination, acting becau